Analysing contemporary Shi'a political landscape in post-2003 Iraq: a Bourdieusian perspective on power dynamics

This dissertation investigates the evolving power dynamics within the Shi'a political landscape in post-2003 Iraq. The study employs Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical framework and conflict resolution theories to dissect the interplay of historical legacies, cultural, symbolic, and coercive capital among Shi'a factions. The research also highlights the significance of the hawza (Shi'a religious seminary) and religious authority in shaping political alignments and power relations, underscoring the complex and heterogeneous nature of the Shi'a community. Furthermore, the research examines the Muhāsasa system, a post-2003 political patronage system in Iraq, and its influence on intra-sect power dynamics and political divisions.

Employing qualitative methodologies, including Political Discourse Analysis (PDA) and Thematic Analysis (TA), and drawing on semi-structured interviews, the study conceptualises the power dynamics and explores how cultural and symbolic capital are utilised to establish and maintain power relations.

The study’s findings reveal that intra-Shi'a power conflicts manifest through elite discourse, with political actors strategically utilising religious symbolism and coercion to assert dominance. This strategic manipulation is exemplified by figures such as Muqtada al-Sadr, who leverages his symbolic capital and coercive power to navigate and influence the Shi'a political field, positioning himself as a nationalist and protector of Iraqi interests.

The dissertation also examines the role of foreign intervention, particularly by Iran and the United States, in shaping Shi'a political dynamics. It highlights the challenges posed by the proliferation of paramilitary groups like the Popular Mobilisation Forces (PMF), which operate outside state control, undermining governance and stability.

Furthermore, the study addresses the need for constitutional and political reforms to address the pervasive issues of corruption, sectarianism, and ineffective governance. It emphasises the importance of developing a more unified foreign policy and engaging in comprehensive security sector reforms to mitigate the influence of coercive capital and promote inclusive governance.

By applying Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, field, and capital, this research offers a nuanced understanding of the power structures within the Shi'a political landscape in Iraq. The dissertation provides valuable insights into the socio-political complexities of post-2003 Iraq, contributing to the broader discourse on stability, state-building, and political development in the region.