Re-spatializing the creative industries: a relational examination of underground spaces and professional and organisational lock-in

The accelerated growth of the creative economy poses two problems for policy analysts.The first is the disconnect that exists between the use of conventional economic accounting tools used to capture skills and innovations in quantitative ways, and
the qualitative essence of the creativity itself. The second problem is the tendency to examine and portray the creative economy in theoretical terms rather than through empirical studies, which creates an artificial basis for policy design. In this article,
‘relational mapping’ is outlined as an alternative empirical model and as a possible solution to both sets of problems. Relational mapping portrays the creative economy as a system of relations between workers and networks, which represent the principal
creative spaces through which creative enterprise takes hold. In categorizing the creative economy in this way, it is possible to uncover new patterns and regularities in creative practices, which open up new avenues of enquiry. As an example, a relational
map of arts-based organizations and networks operating in the West Midlands, United Kingdom is examined here, which magnifies the importance of underground scenes in creative economic activities, and from which it is possible to conceive of
an upperground, middleground and underground of creative spaces taking hold and driving creativity in different ways.