Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018

Article


Bhattacharjee, N., Schaeffer, L., Hay, S., Lu, D., Schipp, M., Lazzar-Atwood, A., Donkers, K., Abady, G., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abebo, Z., Abejie, A., Abosetugn, A., Abreu, L., Abrigo, M., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abushouk, A., Adamu, A., Adedeji, I., Adegbosin, A., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O., Agudelo-Botero, M., Aji, B., Akinyemi, O., Alamneh, A., Alanezi, F., Alanzi, T., Albright, J., Alcalde-Rabanal, J., Alemu, B., Alhassan, R., Ali, B., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Amit, A., Amugsi, D., Anbesu, E., Ancuceanu, R., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Antonio, C., Anvari, D., Arabloo, J., Arora, A., Artanti, K., Asemahagn, M., Asmare, W., Atout, M., Ausloos, M., Awoke, N., Quintanilla, B., Ayanore, M., Aynalem, Y., Ayza, M., Azene, Z., Darshan, B., Badiye, A., Baig, A., Bakkannavar, S., Banach, M., Banik, P., Bärnighausen, T., Basaleem, H., Bayati, M., Baye, B., Bedi, N., Belay, S., Bhagavathula, A., Bhandari, D., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhutta, Z., Bijani, A., Birhan, T., Birihane, B., Bitew, Z., Bohlouli, S., Bohluli, M., Bojia, H., Boloor, A., Brady, O., Bragazzi, N., Brunoni, A., Budhathoki, S., Nagaraja, S., Butt, Z., Cárdenas, R., Castaldelli-Maia, J., Castro, F., Cernigliaro, A., Charan, J., Chatterjee, P., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, V., Chaturvedi, S., Chowdhury, M., Chu, D., Collison, M., Cook, A., Cork, M., Couto, R., Dagnew, B., Dai, H., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Darwesh, A., Darwish, A., Daryani, A., Das, J., Gupta, R., Dávila-Cervantes, C., Davis, A., Weaver, N., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Deribe, K., Desalew, A., Deshpande, A., Dessie, A., Deuba, K., Dharmaratne, S., Dhimal, M., Dhungana, G., Diaz, D., Didarloo, A., Dipeolu, I., Doan, L., Duko, B., Duraes, A., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Earl, L., Zaki, M., Tantawi, M., Elema, T., Elhabashy, H., El-Jaafary, S., Faris, P., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feleke, B., Ferede, T., Fischer, F., Foigt, N., Folayan, M., Franklin, R., Gad, M., Gaidhane, S., Gardner, W., Geberemariyam, B., Gebregiorgis, B., Gebremedhin, K., Gebremichael, B., Ghaffarpasand, F., Gilani, S., Ginindza, T., Glagn, M., Golechha, M., Gonfa, K., Goulart, B., Gudi, N., Guido, D., Guled, R., Guo, Y., Hamidi, S., Handiso, D., Hasaballah, A., Hassan, A., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M., Heidari, B., Henry, N., Herteliu, C., de Hidru, H., Ho, H., Hoang, C., Holla, R., Hon, J., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Househ, M., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Huda, T., Hwang, B., Ibitoye, S., Ilesanmi, O., Ilic, I., Ilic, M., Inbaraj, L., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S., Islam, M., Iwu, C., Iwu, C., Jain, A., Janodia, M., Javaheri, T., John-Akinola, Y., Johnson, K., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J., Kabir, A., Kalankesh, L., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A., Kamyari, N., Kanchan, O., Kapoor, N., Matin, B., Karimi, S., Kasaye, H., Kassahun, G., Kassebaum, N., Kayode, G., Karyani, A., Keiyoro, P., Kelkay, B., Khalid, N., Khan, M., Khatab, K., Khater, A., Khater, M., Khatib, M., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinyoki, D., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kosen, S., Krishan, K., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Kumar, P., Kurmi, O., Kusuma, D., Vecchia, C., Lad, S., Lami, F., Landires, I., Lansingh, V., Lasrado, S., Lee, P., LeGrand, K., Letourneau, I., Lewycka, S., Li, B., Li, M., Li, S., Liu, X., Lodha, R., Lopez, J., Louie, C., Machado, D., Maled, V., Maleki, S., Malta, D., Mamun, A., Manafi, N., Mansournia, M., Mapoma, C., Marczak, L., Martins-Melo, F., Mehndiratta, M., Mejia-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, T., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R., Mengesha, E., Mersha, A., Miller, T., Mini, G., Mirrakhimov, E., Misra, S., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohammad, D., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, J., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A., Montero-Zamora, P., Moradi, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Mosser, J., Mousavi, S., Khaneghah, A., Munro, S., Muriithi, M., Mustafa, G., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A., Naik, G., Naimzada, M., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B., Nayak, V., Ndejjo, R., Ndwandwe, D., Negoi, I., Nguefack-Tsague, G., Ngunjiri, J., Nguyen, C., Nguyen, D., Nguyen, H., Nigussie, S., Nigussie, T., Nikbakhsh, R., Nnaji, C., Nunez-Samudio, V., Oancea, B., Oghenetega, O., Olagunju, A., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Omer, M., Onwujekwe, O., Ortega-Altamirano, D., Osgood-Zimmerman, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S., Owolabi, M., Mahesh, P., Padubidri, J., Pana, A., Pandey, A., Pandi-Perumal, S., Pangaribuan, H., Parsekar, S., Pasupula, D., Patel, U., Pathak, A., Pathak, M., Pattanshetty, S., Patton, G., Paulos, K., Pepito, V., Pickering, B., Pinheiro, M., Piwoz, E., Pokhrel, K., Pourjafar, H., Prada, S., Pribadi, D., Syed, Z., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimzadeh, S., Rahman, A., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A., Rai, R., Ranabhat, C., Rao, S., Rastogi, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D., Rawaf, S., Rawassizadeh, R., Rawat, R., Rawat, R., Regassa, L., Rego, M., Reiner, R., Reshmi, B., Rezapour, A., Ribeiro, A., Rickard, J., Roever, L., Rumisha, S., Rwegerera, G., Sagar, R., Sajadi, S., Salem, M., Samy, A., Santric-Milicevic, M., Saraswathy, S., Sarker, A., Sartorius, B., Sathian, B., Saxena, D., Sbarra, A., Sengupta, D., Senthilkumaran, S., Sha, F., Shafaat, O., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M., Shalash, A., Shannawaz, M., Sheikh, A., Shetty, B., Shetty, R., Shibuya, K., Shiferaw, W., Shin, J., Silva, D., Singh, N., Singh, P., Singh, S., Sintayehu, Y., Skryabin, V., Skryabina, A., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Sorrie, M., Spurlock, E., Steuben, K., Sudaryanto, A., Sufiyan, M., Swartz, S., Tadesse, E., Tamiru, A., Tapak, L., Tareque, M., Tarigan, I., Tesema, G., Tesfay, F., Teshome, A., Tessema, Z., Thankappan, K., Thapar, R., Thomas, N., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M., Traini, E., Tran, B., Truong, P., Tsegaye, B., Ullah, I., Umeokonkwo, C., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Uzochukwu, B., VanderHeide, J., Violante, F., Vo, B., Wado, Y., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R., Wang, F., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Wickramasinghe, N., Wiens, K., Wiysonge, C., Woyczynski, L., Wu, A., Wu, C., Yamada, T., Yaya, S., Yeshaneh, A., Yeshaw, Y., Yeshitila, Y., Yilma, M., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yosef, T., Younis, M., Yousuf, A., Yu, C., Yu, Y., Yuce, D., Zafar, S., Zaidi, S., Zaki, L., Zakzuk, J., Zamanian, M., Zar, H., Zastrozhin, M., Zastrozhina, A., Zelellw, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhao, X., Zodpey, S., Zuniga, Y. and Hay, S. 2021. Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018. Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (8), pp. 1027-1045. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01108-6
TypeArticle
TitleMapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018
AuthorsBhattacharjee, N., Schaeffer, L., Hay, S., Lu, D., Schipp, M., Lazzar-Atwood, A., Donkers, K., Abady, G., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abebo, Z., Abejie, A., Abosetugn, A., Abreu, L., Abrigo, M., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abushouk, A., Adamu, A., Adedeji, I., Adegbosin, A., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O., Agudelo-Botero, M., Aji, B., Akinyemi, O., Alamneh, A., Alanezi, F., Alanzi, T., Albright, J., Alcalde-Rabanal, J., Alemu, B., Alhassan, R., Ali, B., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Amit, A., Amugsi, D., Anbesu, E., Ancuceanu, R., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Antonio, C., Anvari, D., Arabloo, J., Arora, A., Artanti, K., Asemahagn, M., Asmare, W., Atout, M., Ausloos, M., Awoke, N., Quintanilla, B., Ayanore, M., Aynalem, Y., Ayza, M., Azene, Z., Darshan, B., Badiye, A., Baig, A., Bakkannavar, S., Banach, M., Banik, P., Bärnighausen, T., Basaleem, H., Bayati, M., Baye, B., Bedi, N., Belay, S., Bhagavathula, A., Bhandari, D., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhutta, Z., Bijani, A., Birhan, T., Birihane, B., Bitew, Z., Bohlouli, S., Bohluli, M., Bojia, H., Boloor, A., Brady, O., Bragazzi, N., Brunoni, A., Budhathoki, S., Nagaraja, S., Butt, Z., Cárdenas, R., Castaldelli-Maia, J., Castro, F., Cernigliaro, A., Charan, J., Chatterjee, P., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, V., Chaturvedi, S., Chowdhury, M., Chu, D., Collison, M., Cook, A., Cork, M., Couto, R., Dagnew, B., Dai, H., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Darwesh, A., Darwish, A., Daryani, A., Das, J., Gupta, R., Dávila-Cervantes, C., Davis, A., Weaver, N., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Deribe, K., Desalew, A., Deshpande, A., Dessie, A., Deuba, K., Dharmaratne, S., Dhimal, M., Dhungana, G., Diaz, D., Didarloo, A., Dipeolu, I., Doan, L., Duko, B., Duraes, A., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Earl, L., Zaki, M., Tantawi, M., Elema, T., Elhabashy, H., El-Jaafary, S., Faris, P., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feleke, B., Ferede, T., Fischer, F., Foigt, N., Folayan, M., Franklin, R., Gad, M., Gaidhane, S., Gardner, W., Geberemariyam, B., Gebregiorgis, B., Gebremedhin, K., Gebremichael, B., Ghaffarpasand, F., Gilani, S., Ginindza, T., Glagn, M., Golechha, M., Gonfa, K., Goulart, B., Gudi, N., Guido, D., Guled, R., Guo, Y., Hamidi, S., Handiso, D., Hasaballah, A., Hassan, A., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M., Heidari, B., Henry, N., Herteliu, C., de Hidru, H., Ho, H., Hoang, C., Holla, R., Hon, J., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Househ, M., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Huda, T., Hwang, B., Ibitoye, S., Ilesanmi, O., Ilic, I., Ilic, M., Inbaraj, L., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S., Islam, M., Iwu, C., Iwu, C., Jain, A., Janodia, M., Javaheri, T., John-Akinola, Y., Johnson, K., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J., Kabir, A., Kalankesh, L., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A., Kamyari, N., Kanchan, O., Kapoor, N., Matin, B., Karimi, S., Kasaye, H., Kassahun, G., Kassebaum, N., Kayode, G., Karyani, A., Keiyoro, P., Kelkay, B., Khalid, N., Khan, M., Khatab, K., Khater, A., Khater, M., Khatib, M., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinyoki, D., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kosen, S., Krishan, K., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Kumar, P., Kurmi, O., Kusuma, D., Vecchia, C., Lad, S., Lami, F., Landires, I., Lansingh, V., Lasrado, S., Lee, P., LeGrand, K., Letourneau, I., Lewycka, S., Li, B., Li, M., Li, S., Liu, X., Lodha, R., Lopez, J., Louie, C., Machado, D., Maled, V., Maleki, S., Malta, D., Mamun, A., Manafi, N., Mansournia, M., Mapoma, C., Marczak, L., Martins-Melo, F., Mehndiratta, M., Mejia-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, T., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R., Mengesha, E., Mersha, A., Miller, T., Mini, G., Mirrakhimov, E., Misra, S., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohammad, D., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, J., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A., Montero-Zamora, P., Moradi, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Mosser, J., Mousavi, S., Khaneghah, A., Munro, S., Muriithi, M., Mustafa, G., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A., Naik, G., Naimzada, M., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B., Nayak, V., Ndejjo, R., Ndwandwe, D., Negoi, I., Nguefack-Tsague, G., Ngunjiri, J., Nguyen, C., Nguyen, D., Nguyen, H., Nigussie, S., Nigussie, T., Nikbakhsh, R., Nnaji, C., Nunez-Samudio, V., Oancea, B., Oghenetega, O., Olagunju, A., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Omer, M., Onwujekwe, O., Ortega-Altamirano, D., Osgood-Zimmerman, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S., Owolabi, M., Mahesh, P., Padubidri, J., Pana, A., Pandey, A., Pandi-Perumal, S., Pangaribuan, H., Parsekar, S., Pasupula, D., Patel, U., Pathak, A., Pathak, M., Pattanshetty, S., Patton, G., Paulos, K., Pepito, V., Pickering, B., Pinheiro, M., Piwoz, E., Pokhrel, K., Pourjafar, H., Prada, S., Pribadi, D., Syed, Z., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimzadeh, S., Rahman, A., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A., Rai, R., Ranabhat, C., Rao, S., Rastogi, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D., Rawaf, S., Rawassizadeh, R., Rawat, R., Rawat, R., Regassa, L., Rego, M., Reiner, R., Reshmi, B., Rezapour, A., Ribeiro, A., Rickard, J., Roever, L., Rumisha, S., Rwegerera, G., Sagar, R., Sajadi, S., Salem, M., Samy, A., Santric-Milicevic, M., Saraswathy, S., Sarker, A., Sartorius, B., Sathian, B., Saxena, D., Sbarra, A., Sengupta, D., Senthilkumaran, S., Sha, F., Shafaat, O., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M., Shalash, A., Shannawaz, M., Sheikh, A., Shetty, B., Shetty, R., Shibuya, K., Shiferaw, W., Shin, J., Silva, D., Singh, N., Singh, P., Singh, S., Sintayehu, Y., Skryabin, V., Skryabina, A., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Sorrie, M., Spurlock, E., Steuben, K., Sudaryanto, A., Sufiyan, M., Swartz, S., Tadesse, E., Tamiru, A., Tapak, L., Tareque, M., Tarigan, I., Tesema, G., Tesfay, F., Teshome, A., Tessema, Z., Thankappan, K., Thapar, R., Thomas, N., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M., Traini, E., Tran, B., Truong, P., Tsegaye, B., Ullah, I., Umeokonkwo, C., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Uzochukwu, B., VanderHeide, J., Violante, F., Vo, B., Wado, Y., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R., Wang, F., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Wickramasinghe, N., Wiens, K., Wiysonge, C., Woyczynski, L., Wu, A., Wu, C., Yamada, T., Yaya, S., Yeshaneh, A., Yeshaw, Y., Yeshitila, Y., Yilma, M., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yosef, T., Younis, M., Yousuf, A., Yu, C., Yu, Y., Yuce, D., Zafar, S., Zaidi, S., Zaki, L., Zakzuk, J., Zamanian, M., Zar, H., Zastrozhin, M., Zastrozhina, A., Zelellw, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhao, X., Zodpey, S., Zuniga, Y. and Hay, S.
Abstract

Abstract: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.

KeywordsDeveloping world, Nutrition disorders, Risk factors
PublisherNature Publishing Group UK
JournalNature Human Behaviour
ISSN2397-3374
Electronic2397-3374
Publication dates
Online03 Jun 2021
Print01 Aug 2021
Publication process dates
Deposited06 Oct 2021
Accepted31 Mar 2021
Output statusPublished
Publisher's version
License
Copyright Statement

© The Author(s) 2021
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01108-6
LanguageEnglish
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