Circularity thinking: systems thinking for circular product and business model (re)design: identifying waste flows and redirecting them for value creation and capture

How does one determine which of the many strategies associated with circular economy are appropriate to pursue? In this chapter we apply systems thinking to outline four steps that aid in identifying 1) where and why waste is being generated in the current system, 2) what the available circular strategies are, 3) the implications of different relationships between parts of the system in terms of cost, risk, dependency as well as infrastructure and knowledge requirements, in order to review 4) the implications for product and business model (re)design from an organisational perspective.