Steinmetz, J.; Bourne, R.; Briant, P.; Flaxman, S.; Taylor, H.; Jonas, J.; Abdoli, A.; Abrha, W.; Abualhasan, A.; Abu-Gharbieh, E.; Adal, T.; Afshin, A.; Ahmadieh, H.; Alemayehu, W.; Alemzadeh, S.; Alfaar, A.; Alipour, V.; Androudi, S.; Arabloo, J.; Arditi, A.; Aregawi, B.; Arrigo, A.; Ashbaugh, C.; Ashrafi, E.; Atnafu, D.; Bagli, E.; Baig, A.; Bärnighausen, T.; Battaglia Parodi, M.; Beheshti, M.; Bhagavathula, A.; Bhardwaj, N.; Bhardwaj, P.; Bhattacharyya, K.; Bijani, A.; Bikbov, M.; Bottone, M.; Braithwaite, T.; Bron, A.; Burugina Nagaraja, S.; Butt, Z.; Caetano dos Santos, F.; Carneiro, V.; Casson, R.; Cheng, C.; Choi, J.; Chu, D.; Cicinelli, M.; Coelho, J.; Congdon, N.; Couto, R.; Cromwell, E.; Dahlawi, S.; Dai, X.; Dana, R.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Del Monte, M.; Derbew Molla, M.; Dervenis, N.; Desta, A.; Deva, J.; Diaz, D.; Djalalinia, S.; Ehrlich, J.; Elayedath, R.; Elhabashy, H.; Ellwein, L.; Emamian, M.; Eskandarieh, S.; Farzadfar, F.; Fernandes, A.; Fischer, F.; Friedman, D.; Furtado, J.; Gaidhane, S.; Gazzard, G.; Gebremichael, B.; George, R.; Ghashghaee, A.; Gilani, S.; Golechha, M.; Hamidi, S.; Hammond, B.; Hartnett, M.; Hartono, R.; Hashi, A.; Hay, S.; Hayat, K.; Heidari, G.; Ho, H.; Holla, R.; Househ, M.; Huang, J.; Ibitoye, S.; Ilic, I.; Ilic, M.; Ingram, A.; Irvani, S.; Islam, S.; Itumalla, R.; Jayaram, S.; Jha, R.; Kahloun, R.; Kalhor, R.; Kandel, H.; Kasa, A.; Kavetskyy, T.; Kayode, G.; Kempen, J.; Khairallah, M.; Khalilov, R.; Khan, E.; Khanna, R.; Khatib, M.; Khoja, T.; Kim, J.; Kim, Y.; Kim, G.; Kisa, S.; Kisa, A.; Kosen, S.; Koyanagi, A.; Kucuk Bicer, B.; Kulkarni, V.; Kurmi, O.; Landires, I.; Lansingh, V.; Leasher, J.; LeGrand, K.; Leveziel, N.; Limburg, H.; Liu, X.; Madhava Kunjathur, S.; Maleki, S.; Manafi, N.; Mansouri, K.; McAlinden, C.; Meles, G.; Mersha, A.; Michalek, I.; Miller, T.; Misra, S.; Mohammad, Y.; Mohammadi, S.; Mohammed, J.; Mokdad, A.; Moni, M.; Montasir, A.; Morse, A.; Mulaw, G.; Naderi, M.; Naderifar, H.; Naidoo, K.; Naimzada, M.; Nangia, V.; Narasimha Swamy, S.; Naveed, D.; Negash, H.; Nguyen, H.; Nunez-Samudio, V.; Ogbo, F.; Ogundimu, K.; Olagunju, A.; Onwujekwe, O.; Otstavnov, N.; Owolabi, M.; Pakshir, K.; Panda-Jonas, S.; Parekh, U.; Park, E.; Pasovic, M.; Pawar, S.; Pesudovs, K.; Peto, T.; Pham, H.; Pinheiro, M.; Podder, V.; Rahimi-Movaghar, V.; Rahman, M.; Ramulu, P.; Rathi, P.; Rawaf, S.; Rawaf, D.; Rawal, L.; Reinig, N.; Renzaho, A.; Rezapour, A.; Robin, A.; Rossetti, L.; Sabour, S.; Safi, S.; Sahebkar, A.; Sahraian, M.; Samy, A.; Sathian, B.; Saya, G.; Saylan, M.; Shaheen, A.; Shaikh, M.; Shen, T.; Shibuya, K.; Shiferaw, W.; Shigematsu, M.; Shin, J.; Silva, J.; Silvester, A.; Singh, J.; Singhal, D.; Sitorus, R.; Skiadaresi, E.; Skryabin, V.; Skryabina, A.; Soheili, A.; Sorrie, M.; Sousa, R.; Sreeramareddy, C.; Stambolian, D.; Tadesse, E.; Tahhan, N.; Tareque, M.; Topouzis, F.; Tran, B.; Tsegaye, G.; Tsilimbaris, M.; Varma, R.; Virgili, G.; Vongpradith, A.; Vu, G.; Wang, Y.; Wang, N.; Weldemariam, A.; West, S.; Wondmeneh, T.; Wong, T.; Yaseri, M.; Yonemoto, N.; Yu, C.; Zastrozhin, M.; Zhang, Z.; Zimsen, S.; Resnikoff, S.; Vos, T.

Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Article

Steinmetz, J., Bourne, R., Briant, P., Flaxman, S., Taylor, H., Jonas, J., Abdoli, A., Abrha, W., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Adal, T., Afshin, A., Ahmadieh, H., Alemayehu, W., Alemzadeh, S., Alfaar, A., Alipour, V., Androudi, S., Arabloo, J., Arditi, A., Aregawi, B., Arrigo, A., Ashbaugh, C., Ashrafi, E., Atnafu, D., Bagli, E., Baig, A., Bärnighausen, T., Battaglia Parodi, M., Beheshti, M., Bhagavathula, A., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, M., Bottone, M., Braithwaite, T., Bron, A., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Butt, Z., Caetano dos Santos, F., Carneiro, V., Casson, R., Cheng, C., Choi, J., Chu, D., Cicinelli, M., Coelho, J., Congdon, N., Couto, R., Cromwell, E., Dahlawi, S., Dai, X., Dana, R., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Del Monte, M., Derbew Molla, M., Dervenis, N., Desta, A., Deva, J., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Ehrlich, J., Elayedath, R., Elhabashy, H., Ellwein, L., Emamian, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Fernandes, A., Fischer, F., Friedman, D., Furtado, J., Gaidhane, S., Gazzard, G., Gebremichael, B., George, R., Ghashghaee, A., Gilani, S., Golechha, M., Hamidi, S., Hammond, B., Hartnett, M., Hartono, R., Hashi, A., Hay, S., Hayat, K., Heidari, G., Ho, H., Holla, R., Househ, M., Huang, J., Ibitoye, S., Ilic, I., Ilic, M., Ingram, A., Irvani, S., Islam, S., Itumalla, R., Jayaram, S., Jha, R., Kahloun, R., Kalhor, R., Kandel, H., Kasa, A., Kavetskyy, T., Kayode, G., Kempen, J., Khairallah, M., Khalilov, R., Khan, E., Khanna, R., Khatib, M., Khoja, T., Kim, J., Kim, Y., Kim, G., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Kosen, S., Koyanagi, A., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kulkarni, V., Kurmi, O., Landires, I., Lansingh, V., Leasher, J., LeGrand, K., Leveziel, N., Limburg, H., Liu, X., Madhava Kunjathur, S., Maleki, S., Manafi, N., Mansouri, K., McAlinden, C., Meles, G., Mersha, A., Michalek, I., Miller, T., Misra, S., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadi, S., Mohammed, J., Mokdad, A., Moni, M., Montasir, A., Morse, A., Mulaw, G., Naderi, M., Naderifar, H., Naidoo, K., Naimzada, M., Nangia, V., Narasimha Swamy, S., Naveed, D., Negash, H., Nguyen, H., Nunez-Samudio, V., Ogbo, F., Ogundimu, K., Olagunju, A., Onwujekwe, O., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M., Pakshir, K., Panda-Jonas, S., Parekh, U., Park, E., Pasovic, M., Pawar, S., Pesudovs, K., Peto, T., Pham, H., Pinheiro, M., Podder, V., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Ramulu, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D., Rawal, L., Reinig, N., Renzaho, A., Rezapour, A., Robin, A., Rossetti, L., Sabour, S., Safi, S., Sahebkar, A., Sahraian, M., Samy, A., Sathian, B., Saya, G., Saylan, M., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M., Shen, T., Shibuya, K., Shiferaw, W., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J., Silva, J., Silvester, A., Singh, J., Singhal, D., Sitorus, R., Skiadaresi, E., Skryabin, V., Skryabina, A., Soheili, A., Sorrie, M., Sousa, R., Sreeramareddy, C., Stambolian, D., Tadesse, E., Tahhan, N., Tareque, M., Topouzis, F., Tran, B., Tsegaye, G., Tsilimbaris, M., Varma, R., Virgili, G., Vongpradith, A., Vu, G., Wang, Y., Wang, N., Weldemariam, A., West, S., Wondmeneh, T., Wong, T., Yaseri, M., Yonemoto, N., Yu, C., Zastrozhin, M., Zhang, Z., Zimsen, S., Resnikoff, S. and Vos, T. 2021. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet Global Health. 9 (2), pp. e144-e160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30489-7

ISSN
Type	Article
Title	Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
Authors	Steinmetz, J., Bourne, R., Briant, P., Flaxman, S., Taylor, H., Jonas, J., Abdoli, A., Abrha, W., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Adal, T., Afshin, A., Ahmadieh, H., Alemayehu, W., Alemzadeh, S., Alfaar, A., Alipour, V., Androudi, S., Arabloo, J., Arditi, A., Aregawi, B., Arrigo, A., Ashbaugh, C., Ashrafi, E., Atnafu, D., Bagli, E., Baig, A., Bärnighausen, T., Battaglia Parodi, M., Beheshti, M., Bhagavathula, A., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, M., Bottone, M., Braithwaite, T., Bron, A., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Butt, Z., Caetano dos Santos, F., Carneiro, V., Casson, R., Cheng, C., Choi, J., Chu, D., Cicinelli, M., Coelho, J., Congdon, N., Couto, R., Cromwell, E., Dahlawi, S., Dai, X., Dana, R., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Del Monte, M., Derbew Molla, M., Dervenis, N., Desta, A., Deva, J., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Ehrlich, J., Elayedath, R., Elhabashy, H., Ellwein, L., Emamian, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Fernandes, A., Fischer, F., Friedman, D., Furtado, J., Gaidhane, S., Gazzard, G., Gebremichael, B., George, R., Ghashghaee, A., Gilani, S., Golechha, M., Hamidi, S., Hammond, B., Hartnett, M., Hartono, R., Hashi, A., Hay, S., Hayat, K., Heidari, G., Ho, H., Holla, R., Househ, M., Huang, J., Ibitoye, S., Ilic, I., Ilic, M., Ingram, A., Irvani, S., Islam, S., Itumalla, R., Jayaram, S., Jha, R., Kahloun, R., Kalhor, R., Kandel, H., Kasa, A., Kavetskyy, T., Kayode, G., Kempen, J., Khairallah, M., Khalilov, R., Khan, E., Khanna, R., Khatib, M., Khoja, T., Kim, J., Kim, Y., Kim, G., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Kosen, S., Koyanagi, A., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kulkarni, V., Kurmi, O., Landires, I., Lansingh, V., Leasher, J., LeGrand, K., Leveziel, N., Limburg, H., Liu, X., Madhava Kunjathur, S., Maleki, S., Manafi, N., Mansouri, K., McAlinden, C., Meles, G., Mersha, A., Michalek, I., Miller, T., Misra, S., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadi, S., Mohammed, J., Mokdad, A., Moni, M., Montasir, A., Morse, A., Mulaw, G., Naderi, M., Naderifar, H., Naidoo, K., Naimzada, M., Nangia, V., Narasimha Swamy, S., Naveed, D., Negash, H., Nguyen, H., Nunez-Samudio, V., Ogbo, F., Ogundimu, K., Olagunju, A., Onwujekwe, O., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M., Pakshir, K., Panda-Jonas, S., Parekh, U., Park, E., Pasovic, M., Pawar, S., Pesudovs, K., Peto, T., Pham, H., Pinheiro, M., Podder, V., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Ramulu, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D., Rawal, L., Reinig, N., Renzaho, A., Rezapour, A., Robin, A., Rossetti, L., Sabour, S., Safi, S., Sahebkar, A., Sahraian, M., Samy, A., Sathian, B., Saya, G., Saylan, M., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M., Shen, T., Shibuya, K., Shiferaw, W., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J., Silva, J., Silvester, A., Singh, J., Singhal, D., Sitorus, R., Skiadaresi, E., Skryabin, V., Skryabina, A., Soheili, A., Sorrie, M., Sousa, R., Sreeramareddy, C., Stambolian, D., Tadesse, E., Tahhan, N., Tareque, M., Topouzis, F., Tran, B., Tsegaye, G., Tsilimbaris, M., Varma, R., Virgili, G., Vongpradith, A., Vu, G., Wang, Y., Wang, N., Weldemariam, A., West, S., Wondmeneh, T., Wong, T., Yaseri, M., Yonemoto, N., Yu, C., Zastrozhin, M., Zhang, Z., Zimsen, S., Resnikoff, S. and Vos, T.
Abstract	Background Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation) by cause, age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older. Findings Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010 and 2019 (percentage change −0·2% [95% UI −1·5 to 1·0]; 2019 prevalence 9·58 cases per 1000 people [95% IU 8·51 to 10·8], 2010 prevalence 96·0 cases per 1000 people [86·0 to 107·0]). Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by −15·4% [–16·8 to −14·3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0·5% [–0·8 to 1·6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable blindness (10·8% [8·9 to 12·4]) and MSVI (31·5% [30·0 to 33·1]). The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older in 2020 were cataract (15·2 million cases [9% IU 12·7–18·0]), followed by glaucoma (3·6 million cases [2·8–4·4]), undercorrected refractive error (2·3 million cases [1·8–2·8]), age-related macular degeneration (1·8 million cases [1·3–2·4]), and diabetic retinopathy (0·86 million cases [0·59–1·23]). Leading causes of MSVI were undercorrected refractive error (86·1 million cases [74·2–101·0]) and cataract (78·8 million cases [67·2–91·4]). Interpretation Results suggest eye care services contributed to the observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not reached.
Sustainable Development Goals	3 Good health and well-being
	5 Gender equality
	10 Reduced inequalities
Middlesex University Theme	Health & Wellbeing
Publisher	Elsevier
Journal	The Lancet Global Health
Electronic	2214-109X
Publication dates
Online	01 Dec 2020
Print	Feb 2021
Publication process dates
Deposited	08 Jun 2023
Accepted	01 Dec 2020
Output status	Published
Publisher's version	PIIS2214109X20304897.pdf License CC BY 4.0
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30489-7
Web of Science identifier	WOS:000632898500019
Language	English

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