The multiform motor cortical output: kinematic, predictive and response coding

Article

Sartori, L., Betti, S., Chinellato, E. and Castiello, U. 2015. The multiform motor cortical output: kinematic, predictive and response coding. Cortex. 70, pp. 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.01.019
TypeArticle
TitleThe multiform motor cortical output: kinematic, predictive and response coding
AuthorsSartori, L., Betti, S., Chinellato, E. and Castiello, U.
Abstract

Observing actions performed by others entails a subliminal activation of primary motor cortex reflecting the components encoded in the observed action. One of the most debated issues concerns the role of this output: Is it a mere replica of the incoming flow of information (kinematic coding), is it oriented to anticipate the forthcoming events (predictive coding) or is it aimed at responding in a suitable fashion to the actions of others (response coding)? The aim of the present study was to disentangle the relative contribution of these three levels and unify them into an integrated view of cortical motor coding. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electromyography recordings at different timings to probe the excitability of corticospinal projections to upper and lower limb muscles of participants observing a soccer player performing: (i) a penalty kick straight in their direction and then coming to a full stop, (ii) a penalty kick straight in their direction and then continuing to run, (iii) a penalty kick to the side and then continuing to run. The results show a modulation of the observer's corticospinal excitability in different effectors at different times reflecting a multiplicity of motor coding. The internal replica of the observed action, the predictive activation, and the adaptive integration of congruent and non-congruent responses to the actions of others can coexist in a not mutually exclusive way. Such a view offers reconciliation among different (and apparently divergent) frameworks in action observation literature, and will promote a more complete and integrated understanding of recent findings on motor simulation, motor resonance and automatic imitation.

KeywordsAction observation; Motor resonance; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Motor evoked potentials
PublisherElsevier
JournalCortex
ISSN0010-9452
Publication dates
Online10 Feb 2015
Print01 Sep 2015
Publication process dates
Deposited05 May 2016
Accepted27 Jan 2015
Output statusPublished
Accepted author manuscript
License
Copyright Statement

© 2015. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Additional information

Special issue: Neuro-cognitive mechanisms of social interaction

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.01.019
LanguageEnglish
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