The evolutionary genetics of highly divergent alleles of the mimicry locus in Papilio dardanus

Article


Thompson, M., Timmermans, M., Jiggins, C. and Vogler, A. 2014. The evolutionary genetics of highly divergent alleles of the mimicry locus in Papilio dardanus. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-140
TypeArticle
TitleThe evolutionary genetics of highly divergent alleles of the mimicry locus in Papilio dardanus
AuthorsThompson, M., Timmermans, M., Jiggins, C. and Vogler, A.
Abstract

Background: The phylogenetic history of genes underlying phenotypic diversity can offer insight into the evolutionary origin of adaptive traits. This is especially true where single genes have large phenotypic effects, for example in determining polymorphic mimicry in butterflies. Here, we characterise the evolutionary history of two candidate genes for the mimicry switch in the polymorphic Batesian mimic Papilio dardanus coding for the transcription factors engrailed and invected.
Results: We show that phased haplotypes associated with the dominant morphs f. poultoni and f. planemoides are phylogenetically highly divergent, in particular at non-synonymous sites. Some non-synonymous changes are shared between the divergent alleles suggesting either convergence or a shared ancestry. Gene trees for invected
do not show this pattern. Despite their great divergence, all engrailed alleles of P. dardanus were monophyletic with respect to alleles of closely related species. Phylogenetic analyses therefore reveal no evidence for introgression from other species. A McDonald-Kreitman test conducted on a population sample from South Africa confirms a significant excess of intraspecific non-synonymous diversity in P. dardanus engrailed, suggesting long-term balanced polymorphism at this locus.
Conclusions: The divergence between engrailed haplotypes suggests an evolutionary history distorted by selection with multiple changes reflecting recurrent selective sweeps. The high level of intraspecific polymorphism observed is characteristic of balancing selection on this locus, as expected if the gene engrailed is under phenotypic selection for the maintenance of multiple mimetic morphs. Non-synonymous changes in key functional portions of a major transcription factor are likely to be deleterious but if maintained in a dominant allele at low frequency, heterozygosity would reduce the associated genetic load.

KeywordsMimicry, balanced polymorphism, supergene, engrailed, phylogenetics, molecular evolution
PublisherBioMed Central
JournalBMC Evolutionary Biology
ISSN1471-2148
Publication dates
Print31 Aug 2014
Publication process dates
Deposited29 Apr 2015
Accepted19 Jun 2014
Output statusPublished
Publisher's version
File Access Level
Open
Copyright Statement

© 2014 Thompson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-140
LanguageEnglish
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