Effects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis: a pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331 288 participants

Article

Danaei, G., Fahimi, S., Lu, Y., Zhou, B., Hajifathalian, K., Di Cesare, M., Lo, W., Cowan, M., Reis-Santos, B., Shaw, J., Bentham, J., Lin, J., Magliano, D., Bovet, P., Miranda, J., Khang, Y., Stevens, G., Riley, L., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2015. Effects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis: a pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331 288 participants. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology. 3 (8), pp. 624-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00129-1
TypeArticle
TitleEffects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis: a pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331 288 participants
AuthorsDanaei, G., Fahimi, S., Lu, Y., Zhou, B., Hajifathalian, K., Di Cesare, M., Lo, W., Cowan, M., Reis-Santos, B., Shaw, J., Bentham, J., Lin, J., Magliano, D., Bovet, P., Miranda, J., Khang, Y., Stevens, G., Riley, L., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
Abstract

Background: Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA1c. We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classifi cation of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabetes in a pooled analysis of data from population-based health examination surveys in diff erent regions.
Methods: We used data from 96 population-based health examination surveys that had measured at least two of the biomarkers used for defining diabetes. Diabetes was defined using HbA1c (HbA1c ≥6·5% or history of diabetes diagnosis or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs) compared with either FPG only or FPG-or-2hOGTT definitions (FPG ≥7·0 mmol/L or 2hOGTT ≥11·1 mmol/L or history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated diabetes prevalence, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights. We compared the prevalences of diabetes using different definitions graphically and by regression analyses. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of diabetes diagnosis based on HbA1c compared with diagnosis based on glucose among previously undiagnosed individuals (ie, excluding those with history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated sensitivity and specificity in each survey, and then pooled results using a random-effects model. We assessed the sources of heterogeneity of sensitivity by meta-regressions for study characteristics selected a priori.
Findings: Population prevalence of diabetes based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was correlated with prevalence based on FPG alone (r=0·98), but was higher by 2–6 percentage points at different prevalence levels. Prevalence based on HbA1c was lower than prevalence based on FPG in 42·8% of age–sex–survey groups and higher in another 41·6%; in the other 15·6%, the two definitions provided similar prevalence estimates. The variation across studies in the relation between glucose-based and HbA1c-based prevalences was partly related to participants’ age, followed by natural logarithm of per person gross domestic product, the year of survey, mean BMI, and whether the survey population was national, subnational, or from specific communities. Diabetes defined as HbA1c 6·5% or more had a pooled sensitivity of 52·8% (95% CI 51·3–54·3%) and a pooled specificity of 99·74% (99·71–99·78%) compared with FPG 7·0 mmol/L or more for diagnosing previously undiagnosed participants; sensitivity compared with diabetes defined based on FPGor-2hOGTT was 30·5% (28·7–32·3%). None of the preselected study-level characteristics explained the heterogeneity in the sensitivity of HbA1c versus FPG.
Interpretation: Different biomarkers and definitions for diabetes can provide different estimates of population prevalence of diabetes, and differentially identify people without previous diagnosis as having diabetes. Using an HbA1c-based definition alone in health surveys will not identify a substantial proportion of previously undiagnosed people who would be considered as having diabetes using a glucose-based test.

PublisherElsevier
JournalLancet Diabetes Endocrinology
ISSN2213-8587
Publication dates
Print01 Aug 2015
Publication process dates
Deposited23 Sep 2015
Accepted01 Jun 2015
Output statusPublished
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© NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY

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NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00129-1
LanguageEnglish
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Mohammadi, Z., Mohammadifard, N., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohan, V., Mohanna, S., Yusoff, M., Mohebbi, I., Mohebi, F., Moitry, M., Møllehave, L., Møller, N., Molnár, D., Momenan, A., Mondo, C., Monterrubio-Flores, E., Moosazadeh, M., Morejon, A., Moreno, L., Morgan, K., Morin, S., Moschonis, G., Mossakowska, M., Mostafa, A., Mota, J., Motlagh, M., Motta, J., Msyamboza, K., Muiesan, M., Müller-Nurasyid, M., Mursu, J., Mustafa, N., Nabipour, I., Naderimagham, S., Nagel, G., Naidu, B., Najafi, F., Nakamura, H., Námešná, J., Nang, E., Nangia, V., Nauck, M., Neal, W., Nejatizadeh, A., Nenko, I., Nervi, F., Nguyen, N., Nguyen, Q., Nieto-Martínez, R., Nihal, T., Niiranen, T., Ning, G., Ninomiya, T., Noale, M., Noboa, O., Noto, D., Nsour, M., Nuhoğlu, I., O’Neill, T., O’Reilly, D., Ochoa-Avilés, A., Oh, K., Ohtsuka, R., Olafsson, Ö., Olié, V., Oliveira, I., Omar, M., Onat, A., Ong, S., Ordunez, P., Ornelas, R., Ortiz, P., Osmond, C., Ostojic, S., Ostovar, A., Otero, J., Owusu-Dabo, E., Paccaud, F., Pahomova, E., Pajak, A., Palmieri, L., Pan, W., Panda-Jonas, S., Panza, F., Parnell, W., Patel, N., Peer, N., Peixoto, S., Peltonen, M., Pereira, A., Peters, A., Petersmann, A., Petkeviciene, J., Peykari, N., Pham, S., Pichardo, R., Pigeot, I., Pilav, A., Pilotto, L., Piwonska, A., Pizarro, A., Plans-Rubió, P., Plata, S., Pohlabeln, H., Porta, M., Portegies, M., Poudyal, A., Pourfarzi, F., Poustchi, H., Pradeepa, R., Price, J., Providencia, R., Puder, J., Puhakka, S., Punab, M., Qorbani, M., Bao, T., Radisauskas, R., Rahimikazerooni, S., Raitakari, O., Rao, S., Ramachandran, A., Ramos, E., Ramos, R., Rampal, L., Rampal, S., Redon, J., Reganit, P., Revilla, L., Rezaianzadeh, A., Ribeiro, R., Richter, A., Rigo, F., Rinke de Wit, T., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, M., Rodríguez-Villamizar, L., Roggenbuck, U., Rojas-Martinez, R., Romaguera, D., Romeo, E., Rosengren, A., Roy, J., Rubinstein, A., Ruidavets, J., Ruiz-Betancourt, B., Russo, P., Rust, P., Rutkowski, M., Sabanayagam, C., Sachdev, H., Sadjadi, A., Safarpour, A., Safiri, S., Saidi, O., Saki, N., Salanave, B., Salmerón, D., Salomaa, V., Salonen, J., Salvetti, M., Sánchez-Abanto, J., Sans, S., Santaliestra-Pasías, A., Santos, D., Santos, M., Santos, R., Saramies, J., Sardinha, L., Sarrafzadegan, N., Saum, K., Savva, S., Sawada, N., Sbaraini, M., Scazufca, M., Schaan, B., Schargrodsky, H., Scheidt-Nave, C., Schienkiewitz, A., Schipf, S., Schmidt, C., Schöttker, B., Schramm, S., Sebert, S., Sein, A., Sen, A., Sepanlou, S., Servais, J., Shakeri, R., Shalnova, S., Shamah-Levy, T., Sharafkhah, M., Sharma, S., Shaw, J., Shayanrad, A., Shi, Z., Shibuya, K., Shimizu-Furusawa, H., Shin, D., Shin, Y., Shirani, M., Shiri, R., Shrestha, N., Si-Ramlee, K., Siani, A., Siantar, R., Sibai, A., Silva, D., Simon, M., Simons, J., Simons, L., Sjöström, M., Skaaby, T., Slowikowska-Hilczer, J., Slusarczyk, P., Smeeth, L., Snijder, M., Söderberg, S., Soemantri, A., Sofat, R., Solfrizzi, V., Somi, M., Sonestedt, E., Sørensen, T., Jérome, C., Soumaré, A., Sozmen, K., Sparrenberger, K., Staessen, J., Stathopoulou, M., Stavreski, B., Steene-Johannessen, J., Stehle, P., Stein, A., Stessman, J., Stevanović, R., Stieber, J., Stöckl, D., Stokwiszewski, J., Stronks, K., Strufaldi, M., Suárez-Medina, R., Sun, C., Sundström, J., Suriyawongpaisal, P., Sy, R., Sylva, R., Szklo, M., Tai, E., Tamosiunas, A., Tan, E., Tarawneh, M., Tarqui-Mamani, C., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tell, G., Tello, T., Thankappan, K., Thijs, L., Thuesen, B., Toft, U., Tolonen, H., Tolstrup, J., Topbas, M., Topór-Madry, R., Tormo, M., Tornaritis, M., Torrent, M., Torres-Collado, L., Traissac, P., Trinh, O., Truthmann, J., Tsugane, S., Tulloch-Reid, M., Tuomainen, T., Tuomilehto, J., Tybjaerg-Hansen, A., Tzourio, C., Ueda, P., Ugel, E., Ulmer, H., Unal, B., Uusitalo, H., Valdivia, G., Valvi, D., van Dam, R., van der Schouw, Y., Van Herck, K., Van Minh, H., van Rossem, L., Van Schoor, N., van Valkengoed, I., Vanderschueren, D., Vanuzzo, D., Varbo, A., Varona-Pérez, P., Vasan, S., Vatten, L., Vega, T., Veidebaum, T., Velasquez-Melendez, G., Venero-Fernández, S., Veronesi, G., Verschuren, W., Victora, C., Vidiawati, D., Viet, L., Villalpando, S., Vioque, J., Virtanen, J., Visvikis-Siest, S., Viswanathan, B., Vlasoff, T., Vollenweider, P., Voutilainen, A., Wade, A., Wagner, A., Walton, J., Bebakar, W., Mohamud, W., Wang, M., Wang, N., Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Wannamethee, S., Wedderkopp, N., Wei, W., Whincup, P., Widhalm, K., Widyahening, I., Wiecek, A., Wijga, A., Wilks, R., Willeit, J., Willeit, P., Wilsgaard, T., Wojtyniak, B., Wong-McClure, R., Wong, A., Wong, T., Woo, J., Woodward, M., Wu, F., Wu, S., Xu, H., Xu, L., Yan, W., Yang, X., Yasuharu, T., Ye, X., Yeow, T., Yiallouros, P., Yoosefi, M., Yoshihara, A., You, S., Younger-Coleman, N., Yusoff, A., Zainuddin, A., Zakavi, S., Zali, M., Zamani, F., Zambon, S., Zampelas, A., Zaw, K., Zdrojewski, T., Vrkic, T., Zhang, Z., Zhao, W., Zhen, S., Zheng, Y., Zholdin, B., Zhussupov, B., Zoghlami, N., Cisneros, J., Gregg, E. and Ezzati, M. 2020. Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol. Nature. 582 (7810), pp. 73-77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1
Transitions of cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Americas between 1980 and 2014
Miranda, J., NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) Americas Working Group and Di Cesare, M. 2020. Transitions of cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Americas between 1980 and 2014. Lancet Global Health. 8 (1), pp. e123-e133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30484-X
Human fertility: sociodemographic aspects
Pinnelli, A. and Di Cesare, M. 2005. Human fertility: sociodemographic aspects. Contraception. 72 (4), pp. 303-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2005.01.008
Comparison between the effects of trigger point mesotherapy versus acupuncture points mesotherapy in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a short term randomized controlled trial
Di Cesare, A., Giombini, A., Di Cesare, M., Ripani, M., Vulpiani, M. and Saraceni, V. 2011. Comparison between the effects of trigger point mesotherapy versus acupuncture points mesotherapy in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a short term randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 19 (1), pp. 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2010.11.002
Environmental and health inequalities in England (2000-2015)
Roca-Barceló, A., Di Cesare, M. and Fecht, D. 2019. Environmental and health inequalities in England (2000-2015). 31st annual conference of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE 2019). Utrecht, the Netherlands 25 - 28 Aug 2019 Wolters Kluwer. pp. 335 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.EE9.0000609688.41583.c8
How fertility and union stability interact in shaping new family patterns in Italy and Spain
Coppola, L. and Di Cesare, M. 2008. How fertility and union stability interact in shaping new family patterns in Italy and Spain. Demographic Research. 18, pp. 117-144. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2008.18.4
Use of an age-period-cohort model to reveal the impact of cigarette smoking on trends in Twentieth-century adult cohort mortality in England and Wales
Murphy, M. and Di Cesare, M. 2012. Use of an age-period-cohort model to reveal the impact of cigarette smoking on trends in Twentieth-century adult cohort mortality in England and Wales. Population Studies. 66 (3), pp. 259-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2012.678881
Forecasting mortality, different approaches for different cause of deaths? The cases of lung cancer; influenza, pneumonia, and bronchitis; and motor vehicle accidents
Di Cesare, M. and Murphy, M. 2009. Forecasting mortality, different approaches for different cause of deaths? The cases of lung cancer; influenza, pneumonia, and bronchitis; and motor vehicle accidents. British Actuarial Journal. 15 (S1), pp. 185-211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357321700005560
Access to antenatal care and children’s cognitive development: a comparative analysis in Ethiopia, Peru, Vietnam and India
Di Cesare, M. and Sabates, R. 2013. Access to antenatal care and children’s cognitive development: a comparative analysis in Ethiopia, Peru, Vietnam and India. International Journal of Public Health. 58 (3), pp. 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0418-1
The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action
Di Cesare, M., Sorić, M., Bovet, P., Miranda, J., Bhutta, Z., Stevens, G., Laxmaiah, A., Kengne, A. and Bentham, J. 2019. The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action. BMC Medicine. 17 (1), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1449-8
Global trends of chronic non-communicable diseases risk factors
Di Cesare, M. 2019. Global trends of chronic non-communicable diseases risk factors. 12th European Public Health Conference: Building bridges for solidarity and public health. Marseille, France 20 - 23 Nov 2019 Oxford University Press (OUP). https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.196
Can maternal education sustain or enhance the benefits of early life interventions? Evidence from the Young Lives longitudinal study
Sabates, R. and Di Cesare, M. 2021. Can maternal education sustain or enhance the benefits of early life interventions? Evidence from the Young Lives longitudinal study. Compare: a Journal of Comparative and International Education. 51 (5), pp. 651-669. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2019.1653171
National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries
Taddei, C., Jackson, R., Zhou, B., Bixby, H., Danaei, G., Di Cesare, M., Kuulasmaa, K., Hajifathalian, K., Bentham, J., Bennett, J., Aekplakorn, W., Cifkova, R., Dallongeville, J., De Bacquer, D., Giampaoli, S., Gudnason, V., Khang, Y., Laatikainen, T., Mann, J., Marques-Vidal, P., Mensah, G., Müller-Nurasyid, M., Ninomiya, T., Petkeviciene, J., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., Servais, J., Söderberg, S., Stavreski, B., Wilsgaard, T., Zdrojewski, T., Zhao, D., Stevens, G., Savin, S., Cowan, M., Riley, L., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2020. National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries. International Journal of Epidemiology. 49 (1), pp. 173-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz099
Long-term and recent trends in hypertension awareness, treatment and control in twelve high-income countries: an analysis of 123 nationally representative surveys
Zhou, B., Danaei, G., Stevens, G., Bixby, H., Taddei, C., Carrillo-Larco, R., solomon, B., Riley, L., Di Cesare, M., Iurilli, N. and et al. 2019. Long-term and recent trends in hypertension awareness, treatment and control in twelve high-income countries: an analysis of 123 nationally representative surveys. The Lancet. 394 (10199), pp. 639-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31145-6
Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults [Letter]
Bixby, H., Bentham, J., Zhou, B., Di Cesare, M., Paciorek, C. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2019. Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults [Letter]. Nature. 569 (7755), pp. 260-264. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x
2018 Global Nutrition Report: Shining a light to spur action on nutrition
Fanzo, J., Hawkes, C., Udomkesmalee, E., Afshin, A., Allemandi, L., Assery, O., Baker, P., Battersby, J., Bhutta, Z., Chen, K., Corvalan, C., Di Cesare, M., Dolan, C., Fonseca, J., Grummer-Strawn, L., Hayashi, C., McArthur, J., Rao, A., Rosenzweig, C. and Schofield, D. 2018. 2018 Global Nutrition Report: Shining a light to spur action on nutrition. Bristol, UK: Development Initiatives.
Absence of excess body fatness
IARC Working Group, Anderson, A., Baker, J., Breda, J., Byers, T., Clearly, M., Colditz, G., Di Cesare, M., Gapstur, S., Gunter, M., Herbert, R., Hursting, S., Kaaks, R., Leitzmann, M., Ligibel, J., Renehan, A., Romieu, I., Shimokawa, I., Thompson, H., Ulrich, C., Wade, K. and Weiderpass, E. 2019. Absence of excess body fatness. France International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses
Di Cesare, M., Khang, Y., Asaria, P., Blakely, T., Cowan, M., Farzadfar, F., Guerrero, R., Ikeda, N., Kyobutungi, C., Msyamboza, K., Oum, S., Lynch, J., Marmot, M. and Ezzati, M. 2013. Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. The Lancet. 381 (9866), pp. 585-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61851-0
Determining the worldwide prevalence of obesity - Authors' reply
Ezzati, M., Di Cesare, M. and Bentham, J. 2018. Determining the worldwide prevalence of obesity - Authors' reply. The Lancet. 391 (10132), p. 1774. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30781-5
The contributions of risk factor trends to cardiometabolic mortality decline in 26 industrialized countries
Di Cesare, M., Bennett, J., Best, N., Stevens, G., Danaei, G. and Ezzati, M. 2013. The contributions of risk factor trends to cardiometabolic mortality decline in 26 industrialized countries. International Journal of Epidemiology. 42 (3), pp. 838-848. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt063
Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: a pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants
Zhou, B., Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Danaei, G., Hajifathalian, K., Taddei, C., Carrillo-Larco, R., Djalalinia, S., Khatibzadeh, S., Lugero, C., Peykari, N., Zhang, W., Bilano, V., Stevens, G., Cowan, M., Riley, L., Zhengming, C., Hambleton, I., Jackson, R., Kengne, A., Khang, Y., Laxmaiah, A., Liu, J., Malekzadeh, R., Neuhauser, H., Soric, M., Starc, G., Sundstrom, J., Woodward, M., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2018. Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: a pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants. International Journal of Epidemiology. 47 (3), pp. 872-883i. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy016
Student-generated pre-exam questions is an effective tool for participatory learning: a case study from Ecology of Waterborne Pathogens course
Teplitski, M., Irani, T., Krediet, C., Di Cesare, M. and Marvasi, M. 2018. Student-generated pre-exam questions is an effective tool for participatory learning: a case study from Ecology of Waterborne Pathogens course. Journal of Food Science Education. 17 (3), pp. 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4329.12129
Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: an analysis of pooled population-based studies
Kengne, A., Bentham, J., Zhou, B., Peer, N., Matsha, T., Bixby, H., Di Cesare, M., Hajifathalian, K., Lu, Y., Taddei, C., Bovet, P., Kyobutungi, C., Ezzati, M., Mbanya, J. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) Africa Working Group 2017. Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: an analysis of pooled population-based studies. International Journal of Epidemiology. 46 (5), pp. 1421-1432. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx078
Laboratory-based and office-based risk scores and charts to predict 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in 182 countries: a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health surveys
Ueda, P., Woodward, M., Lu, Y., Hajifathalian, K., Al-Wotayan, R., Aguilar-Salinas, C., Ahmadvand, A., Azizi, F., Bentham, J., Cifkova, R., Di Cesare, M., Eriksen, L., Farzadfar, F., Ferguson, T., Ikeda, N., Khalili, D., Khang, Y., Lanska, V., León-Muñoz, L., Magliano, D., Margozzini, P., Msyamboza, K., Mutungi, G., Oh, K., Oum, S., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., Rojas-Martinez, R., Valdivia, G., Wilks, R., Shaw, J., Stevens, G., Tolstrup, J., Zhou, B., Salomon, J., Ezzati, M. and Danaei, G. 2017. Laboratory-based and office-based risk scores and charts to predict 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in 182 countries: a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health surveys. Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 5 (3), pp. 196-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30015-3
Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies with 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults
Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Bilano, V., Bixby, H., Zhou, B., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2017. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies with 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet. 390 (10113), pp. 2627-2642. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3
Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants
Zhou, B., Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Bixby, H., Danaei, G., Cowan, M., Paciorek, C., Singh, G., Hajifathalian, K., Bennett, J., Taddei, C., Bilano, V., Carrillo-Larco, R., Djalalinia, S., Khatibzadeh, S., Lugero, C., Peykari, N., Zhang, W., Lu, Y., Stevens, G., Riley, L., Bovet, P., Elliott, P., Gu, D., Ikeda, N., Jackson, R., Joffres, M., Kengne, A., Laatikainen, T., Lam, T., Laxmaiah, A., Liu, J., Miranda, J., Mondo, C., Neuhauser, H., Sundstrom, J., Smeeth, L., Soric, M., Woodward, M., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2017. Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants. The Lancet. 389 (10064), pp. 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5
Body fatness and cancer - viewpoint of the IARC working group
Lauby-Secretan, B., Scoccianti, C., Loomis, D., Grosse, Y., Bianchini, F., Straif, K., Colditz, G., Anderson, A., Herbert, R., Kaaks, R., Thompson, H., Baker, J., Breda, J., Byers, T., Clearly, M., Di Cesare, M., Gapstur, S., Gunter, M., Hursting, S., Leitzmann, M., Ligibel, J., Renehan, A., Romieu, I., Shimokawa, I., Ulrich, C., Wade, K. and Weiderpass, E. 2016. Body fatness and cancer - viewpoint of the IARC working group. New England Journal of Medicine. 375, pp. 794-798. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1606602
A century of trends in adult human height
Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Stevens, G., Zhou, B., Bixby, H., Cowan, M., Fortunato, L., Bennett, J., Danaei, G., Hajifathalian, K., Lu, Y., Riley, L., Laxmaiah, A., Kontis, V., Paciorek, C., Riboli, E., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2016. A century of trends in adult human height. 5, pp. 1-29. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13410
Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
Zhou, B., Lu, Y., Hajifathalian, K., Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2016. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. The Lancet. 387 (10027), pp. 1513-1530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00618-8
Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants
Di Cesare, M., Bentham, J., Stevens, G., Zhou, B., Danaei, G., Lu, Y., Bixby, H., Cowan, M., Riley, L., Hajifathalian, K., Fortunato, L., Taddei, C., Bennett, J., Ikeda, N., Khang, Y., Kyobutungi, C., Laxmaiah, A., Li, Y., Lin, H., Miranda, J., Mostafa, A., Turley, M., Paciorek, C., Gunter, M., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2016. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. The Lancet. 387 (10026), pp. 1377-1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X
Fecundidad adolescente en los países desarrollados: niveles, tendencias y políticas
Di Cesare, M. 2015. Fecundidad adolescente en los países desarrollados: niveles, tendencias y políticas. CEPAL.
Does educational exclusion explain health differentials among children? An empirical analysis of children in Ethiopia using Young Lives data
Sabates, R., Di Cesare, M. and Railly, B. 2015. Does educational exclusion explain health differentials among children? An empirical analysis of children in Ethiopia using Young Lives data. in: Routledge Handbook of International Education and Development Routledge. pp. 182-195
A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys
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Geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in women and children’s nutritional status in Pakistan in 2011: an analysis of data from a nationally representative survey
Di Cesare, M., Bhatti, Z., Soofi, S., Fortunato, L., Ezzati, M. and Bhutta, Z. 2015. Geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in women and children’s nutritional status in Pakistan in 2011: an analysis of data from a nationally representative survey. Lancet Global Health. 3 (4), pp. e229-e239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70001-X