The knowledge and attitudes regarding pressure ulcer prevention among healthcare support workers in the UK: a cross-sectional study

Conference item

Liu, L., Kelly, J., Di Cesare, M., Allan, H. and Traynor, M. 2022. The knowledge and attitudes regarding pressure ulcer prevention among healthcare support workers in the UK: a cross-sectional study. Society of Tissue Viability 2022 Conference: Solving skin and wound challenges together. Glasgow, UK 18 - 19 May 2022
TitleThe knowledge and attitudes regarding pressure ulcer prevention among healthcare support workers in the UK: a cross-sectional study
AuthorsLiu, L., Kelly, J., Di Cesare, M., Allan, H. and Traynor, M.
Abstract

Background: Pressure Ulcer has a significant psychological, economic and social impact on individuals and family. It also represents a significant cost burden for health and social care systems. Nurses and healthcare professionals are primarily accountable for preventing pressure ulcers. Healthcare support workers are an expanding group of key workers in the UK, with healthcare assistants alone constituting approximately one third of the caring workforce in UK hospitals.
Objective: To examine healthcare support workers knowledge and attitudes regarding to pressure ulcer prevention.
Methods: A cross-sectional study using validated Knowledge Assessment Tool and Attitudes toward Pressure Ulcer Prevention Tool was conducted from December 2020 to June 2021 among UK healthcare support workers across different settings.
Results: A total of 226 participants completed the questionnaires partially (n=62) or fully (n= 164). Lower mean knowledge score of 42%, but positive attitude score of 75.4% were reported among healthcare support workers. Participants working in acute hospital wards (46%) and nursing home (47%) scored higher in knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention than those in other settings, participants working in primary care scored lowest 8.95 (34.4%) (p<0.05, ANOVA). The weakest areas of knowledge include the aetiology of ulcers, risk assessment of pressure ulcer and addressing pressure-reducing interventions for patients at risk of developing pressure ulcer. Participants who had positive attitude towards pressure ulcer prevention significantly correlated to higher total score of knowledge in pressure ulcer prevention (p<0.005, Pearson correlation).
Conclusion:
While positive attitude towards pressure ulcer prevention exist among healthcare support workers, this is overshadowed by significant knowledge deficits. Findings highlight the importance of continuing structured pressure ulcer prevention education for support workers across both acute and community settings, particular primary care and acute hospital outpatients departments. Future a national survey and interventional study is needed to examine healthcare support workers’ pressure ulcer knowledge and to inform a national continuous education strategy.
Acknowledgement
This research project was funded by Burdett Trust for Nursing

ConferenceSociety of Tissue Viability 2022 Conference: Solving skin and wound challenges together
Publication dates
Print18 May 2022
Publication process dates
Deposited10 May 2022
Accepted18 May 2022
Output statusIn press
Accepted author manuscript
File Access Level
Controlled
Web address (URL)https://societyoftissueviability.org/person/liang-liu/
LanguageEnglish
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Magnusson, C., Allan, H., Horton, K., Johnson, M., Evans, K. and Ball, E. 2017. An analysis of delegation styles among newly qualified nurses. Nursing Standard. 31 (25), pp. 46-53. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e9780
Editorial: Ethnocentrism and racism in nursing: reflections on the Brexit vote
Allan, H. 2017. Editorial: Ethnocentrism and racism in nursing: reflections on the Brexit vote. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 26 (9-10), pp. 1149-1151. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13627
From transformative learning to social change? Using action research to explore and improve informal complaints management in an NHS trust
Odelius, A., Allan, H., Hunter, B., Bryan, K., Knibb, W. and Shawe, J. 2015. From transformative learning to social change? Using action research to explore and improve informal complaints management in an NHS trust. International Practice Development Journal. 5 (1).
A qualitative study of advanced nurse practitioners’ use of physical assessment skills in the community: shifting skills across professional boundaries
Raleigh, M. and Allan, H. 2017. A qualitative study of advanced nurse practitioners’ use of physical assessment skills in the community: shifting skills across professional boundaries. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 26 (13-14), pp. 2025-2035. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13613
Editorial: the anxiety of caring and the devaluing of nursing
Allan, H. 2017. Editorial: the anxiety of caring and the devaluing of nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 26 (3-4), pp. 299-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13380
Adherence to ‘pressure-relief’ regimen for pressure ulcer (PrU) prevention in spinal cord injury (SCI)
Liu, L., Chapman, S., Deegan, R., Allan, H., Traynor, M. and Gall, A. 2016. Adherence to ‘pressure-relief’ regimen for pressure ulcer (PrU) prevention in spinal cord injury (SCI). The 55th ISCoS Annual Scientific Meeting. Vienna, Austria 14 - 16 Sep 2016
A quantitative, pooled analysis and systematic review of controlled trials on the impact of electrical stimulation settings and placement on pressure ulcer healing rates in persons with spinal cord injuries
Liu, L., Moody, J. and Gall, A. 2016. A quantitative, pooled analysis and systematic review of controlled trials on the impact of electrical stimulation settings and placement on pressure ulcer healing rates in persons with spinal cord injuries. Ostomy Wound Management. 62 (7), pp. 16-34.
Nurses’ experiences of clinical commissioning group boards
Allan, H., O'Driscoll, M., Savage, J., Lee, G. and Dixon, R. 2016. Nurses’ experiences of clinical commissioning group boards. Nursing Standard. 30 (42), pp. 46-55. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2016.e9633
The effects of surgical hand scrubbing protocols on skin integrity and surgical site infection rates: a systematic review
Liu, L. and Mehigan, S. 2016. The effects of surgical hand scrubbing protocols on skin integrity and surgical site infection rates: a systematic review. AORN Journal. 103 (5), pp. 468-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2016.03.003
Executive summary of the RESPONSE project (responding effectively to services users (patients and cares) and practitioners' (nurses and midwives) perspectives on care concerns: developing sustainable responses through educational action research
Allan, H., Shawe, J., Odelius, A., Knibb, W., Gallagher, A., Hunter, B. and Bryan, K. 2014. Executive summary of the RESPONSE project (responding effectively to services users (patients and cares) and practitioners' (nurses and midwives) perspectives on care concerns: developing sustainable responses through educational action research. University of Surrey.
An investigation into newly qualified nurse' ability to recontextualise knowledge to allow them to delegate and supervise care(AaRK)
Magnusson, C., Westwood, S., Ball, E., Curtis, K., Evans, K., Horton, K., Johnson, M. and Allan, H. 2014. An investigation into newly qualified nurse' ability to recontextualise knowledge to allow them to delegate and supervise care(AaRK). University of Surrey.
Understanding sociology in nursing
Allan, H., Traynor, M., Kelly, D. and Smith, P. 2016. Understanding sociology in nursing. London SAGE Publications.
New role raises questions
Traynor, M., Allan, H., Allan, H., Dyson, S., Corbett, K. and Centre for Criitcal Research in Nursing and Midwifery 2016. New role raises questions. Nursing Standard. 30 (29), pp. 26-27. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.30.29.26.s25
Are senior nurses on clinical commissioning groups in England inadvertently supporting the devaluation of their profession?: A critical integrative review of the literature
Allan, H., Dixon, R., Lee, G., O'Driscoll, M., Savage, J. and Tapson, C. 2016. Are senior nurses on clinical commissioning groups in England inadvertently supporting the devaluation of their profession?: A critical integrative review of the literature. Nursing Inquiry. 23 (2), pp. 178-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12129
Delegation and supervision of health care assistants’ work in the daily management of uncertainty and the unexpected in clinical practice: invisible learning among newly qualified nurses
Allan, H., Magnusson, C., Evans, K., Ball, E., Westwood, S., Curtis, K., Horton, K. and Johnson, M. 2016. Delegation and supervision of health care assistants’ work in the daily management of uncertainty and the unexpected in clinical practice: invisible learning among newly qualified nurses. Nursing Inquiry. 23 (4), pp. 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12155
Survey of the Commissioning Nurse Leaders’ Network membership 2015: summary of results
Allan, H. and O'Driscoll, M. 2016. Survey of the Commissioning Nurse Leaders’ Network membership 2015: summary of results. online Middlesex University.
What are the evidence about electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in Spinal Cord Injury? – A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, L., Moody, J., Deegan, R. and Gall, A. 2016. What are the evidence about electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in Spinal Cord Injury? – A systematic review and meta-analysis. in: Costa, A. and Villalba, E. (ed.) Horizons in Neuroscience Research. Volume 24. Nova Science Publishers.
A mini review of physiotherapies for patellofemoral pain syndrome
Hall, S. and Liu, L. 2015. A mini review of physiotherapies for patellofemoral pain syndrome. SM Journal of Orthopedics. 1 (4), p. 1018.
An evaluation of the impact of ‘Compassion in practice: nursing, midwifery and care staff - our vision and strategy’ on staff experience in NHS Trusts in England.
Allan, H., O'Driscoll, M., Liu, L., Corbett, K. and Department of Adult, Child and Midwifery, School of Health and Education, Middlesex University 2015. An evaluation of the impact of ‘Compassion in practice: nursing, midwifery and care staff - our vision and strategy’ on staff experience in NHS Trusts in England. School of Health and Education, Middlesex University.
The rate of publication of abstracts in solid organ transplantation presented at scientific meetings
Zucker, K., Pengel, L., Liu, L. and Morris, P. 2012. The rate of publication of abstracts in solid organ transplantation presented at scientific meetings. Transplantation. 94 (10s), p. 246.
Skin blood perfusion (BP) changes under ischial tuberosity (IT) during gluteal neuromuscular stimulation (GNMS) in spinal cord injury (SCI)
Liu, L., Gall, A. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2015. Skin blood perfusion (BP) changes under ischial tuberosity (IT) during gluteal neuromuscular stimulation (GNMS) in spinal cord injury (SCI). 18th Annual Meeting of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Ghent, Belgium 16 - 18 Sep 2015
Non-invasive technologies of tissue viability measurement for pressure ulcer prevention in spinal cord injury
Liu, L., Deegan, R. and Gall, A. 2015. Non-invasive technologies of tissue viability measurement for pressure ulcer prevention in spinal cord injury. HSOA Journal of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation & Disabilities. 1 (1).
Non-European nurses’ perceived barriers to UK nurse registration
Allan, H. and Westwood, S. 2016. Non-European nurses’ perceived barriers to UK nurse registration. Nursing Standard. 30 (37), pp. 45-51. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.30.37.45.s41
White British researchers and internationally educated research participants: insights from reflective practices on issues of language and culture in nursing contexts
Allan, H. and Westwood, S. 2015. White British researchers and internationally educated research participants: insights from reflective practices on issues of language and culture in nursing contexts. Journal of Research in Nursing. 20 (8), pp. 640-652. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987115618236
Managing infertility in primary care
Allan, H. and Mounce, G. 2015. Managing infertility in primary care. Practice Nursing. 26 (9), pp. 440-443. https://doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2015.26.9.440
Learning from people with long-term conditions: new insights for governance in primary health care
Ross, F., Smith, P., Byng, R., Christian, S., Allan, H., Price, L. and Brearley, S. 2014. Learning from people with long-term conditions: new insights for governance in primary health care. Health and Social Care in the Community. 22 (4), pp. 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12097
Cervical screening and the aftermath of childhood sexual abuse: are clinical staff trained to recognise and manage the effect this has on their patients?
Walker, J. and Allan, H. 2014. Cervical screening and the aftermath of childhood sexual abuse: are clinical staff trained to recognise and manage the effect this has on their patients? Journal of Clinical Nursing. 23 (13-14), pp. 1857-1865. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12390
Early intervention screening involves more than “simple” screening
Lee, H., Lu, Z., Allan, H., Yeh, M. and Chang, S. 2015. Early intervention screening involves more than “simple” screening. International Journal of Healthcare, Insurance and Equity. 2 (1).
Factors perceived to influence exercise adherence in women with breast cancer participating in an exercise programme during adjuvant chemotherapy: a focus group study
Husebø, A., Karlsen, B., Allan, H., Søreide, J. and Bru, E. 2015. Factors perceived to influence exercise adherence in women with breast cancer participating in an exercise programme during adjuvant chemotherapy: a focus group study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 24 (3-4), pp. 500-510. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12633
Exercise: a path to wellness during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer?
Husebø, A., Allan, H., Karlsen, B., Soreide, J. and Bru, E. 2015. Exercise: a path to wellness during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer? Cancer Nursing. 38 (5), pp. E13-E20. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000000205
Supporting staff to respond effectively to informal complaints: findings from an action research study
Allan, H., Odelius, A., Hunter, B., Bryan, K., Knibb, W., Shawe, J. and Gallagher, A. 2015. Supporting staff to respond effectively to informal complaints: findings from an action research study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12770
Gatekeeping access to the midwifery unit: managing complaints by bending the rules
Allan, H., Odelius, A., Hunter, B., Bryan, K., Knibb, W. and Shawe, J. 2015. Gatekeeping access to the midwifery unit: managing complaints by bending the rules. Health. 19 (6), pp. 652-669. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459314567791
Do electrical stimulation enhance pressure ulcer healing in people living with spinal cord injuries: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials
Liu, L., Moody, J. and Gall, A. 2015. Do electrical stimulation enhance pressure ulcer healing in people living with spinal cord injuries: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. 25th Conference of the European Wound Management Association (EWMA 2015). ExCeL London, UK 13 - 15 May 2015
English language skills requirements for internationally educated nurses working in the care industry: barriers to UK registration or institutionalised discrimination?
Allan, H. and Westwood, S. 2016. English language skills requirements for internationally educated nurses working in the care industry: barriers to UK registration or institutionalised discrimination? International Journal of Nursing Studies. 54, pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.12.006
'Doing the writing' and 'working in parallel': How 'distal nursing' affects delegation and supervision in the emerging role of the newly qualified nurse
Johnson, M., Magnusson, C., Allan, H., Evans, K., Ball, E., Horton, K., Curtis, K. and Westwood, S. 2015. 'Doing the writing' and 'working in parallel': How 'distal nursing' affects delegation and supervision in the emerging role of the newly qualified nurse. Nurse Education Today. 35 (2), pp. e29-e33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.11.020
Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities during gluteal neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury: a comparison of sacral nerve root stimulation with surface functional electrical stimulation
Liu, L. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2015. Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities during gluteal neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury: a comparison of sacral nerve root stimulation with surface functional electrical stimulation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 96 (4), pp. 620-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.10.008
Developing a robust tool: Advancing the multiple mini interview in pre-registration student midwife selection in a UK setting
Callwood, A., Cooke, D. and Allan, H. 2014. Developing a robust tool: Advancing the multiple mini interview in pre-registration student midwife selection in a UK setting. Nurse Education Today. 34 (12), pp. 1450-1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.023
People, liminal spaces and experience: Understanding recontextualisation of knowledge for newly qualified nurses
Allan, H., Magnusson, C., Horton, K., Evans, K., Ball, E., Curtis, K. and Johnson, M. 2015. People, liminal spaces and experience: Understanding recontextualisation of knowledge for newly qualified nurses. Nurse Education Today. 35 (2), pp. e78-e83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.10.018
Electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer treatment in people with spinal cord injuries: a meta analysis and systematic review
Liu, L., Moody, J. and Gall, A. 2014. Electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer treatment in people with spinal cord injuries: a meta analysis and systematic review. The 17th European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Annual Meeting 2014 (EPUAP 2014). Stockholm, Sweden 27 - 29 Aug 2014
A systematic review of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer care in spinal cord injuries
Liu, L., Moody, J., Dyson, S., Traynor, M. and Gall, A. 2014. A systematic review of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer care in spinal cord injuries. The 53rd ISCoS Annual Scientific Meeting. Maastricht, The Netherlands 02 - 04 Sep 2014
A systematic review of electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in people with spinal cord injuries
Liu, L., Moody, J., Traynor, M., Dyson, S. and Gall, A. 2014. A systematic review of electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in people with spinal cord injuries. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 37 (6), pp. 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1179/2045772314Y.0000000226
Topographical optimisation of functional magnetic stimulation of the lower thoracic nerve roots for achieving increased intra-abdominal pressure-therapeutic applications in spinal cord injury
Chelvarajah, R., Liu, L. and Craggs, M. 2004. Topographical optimisation of functional magnetic stimulation of the lower thoracic nerve roots for achieving increased intra-abdominal pressure-therapeutic applications in spinal cord injury. European Association of Neurosurgeons Winter Meeting. Budapest, Hungary Feb 2004
Functional magnetic stimulation of the lower thoracic nerve roots for assessment of spinal column deformity
Chelvarajah, R., Liu, L., Chung, E., Bycroft, J., Casy, A. and Craggs, M. 2004. Functional magnetic stimulation of the lower thoracic nerve roots for assessment of spinal column deformity. International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS) Annual Scientific Meeting. Athens, Greece Sep 2004
Neuromuscular stimulation for pressure and cutaneous blood perfusion changes under the ischial tuberosities
Liu, L., Knight, S., Ferguson-Pell, M. and Craggs, M. 2005. Neuromuscular stimulation for pressure and cutaneous blood perfusion changes under the ischial tuberosities. British Neurosurgical Research Group Meeting. London, UK 03 - 04 Mar 2005
Ischial pressure and skin blood volume changes during sacral nerve root stimulation in SCI
Liu, L., Craggs, M., Knight, S. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2006. Ischial pressure and skin blood volume changes during sacral nerve root stimulation in SCI. Meeting for Clinician Scientists in Training. London, UK 23 Feb 2006
Variation in diagnostic criteria for DDH among orthopaedic surgeons
Roposch, A. and Liu, L. 2010. Variation in diagnostic criteria for DDH among orthopaedic surgeons. 29th Annual EPOS Meeting. Zagreb, Croatia 07 - 10 Apr 2010
Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities of seated individuals during sacral nerve root stimulation
Liu, L., Craggs, M., Knight, S. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2004. Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities of seated individuals during sacral nerve root stimulation. in: Wood, D. and Taylor, P. (ed.) Proceedings of 9th Annual Conference of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Bournemouth University.
Pressure and cutaneous blood perfusion changes under the Ischial tuberosities during sacral nerve root stimulation
Liu, L., Craggs, M., Knight, S. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2005. Pressure and cutaneous blood perfusion changes under the Ischial tuberosities during sacral nerve root stimulation. International Conference on Posture and Wheeled Mobility. Exeter, Exeter University, South West England, U.K
Sacral nerve roots stimulation for Ischial pressure and blood perfusion changes in SCI
Liu, L., Knight, S., Nicholson, G., Chelvarajah, R., Middleton, F., Gall, A., Ferguson-Pell, M. and Craggs, M. 2005. Sacral nerve roots stimulation for Ischial pressure and blood perfusion changes in SCI. 44th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Spinal Cord Society. Munich and Murnau, Germany 04 - 08 Oct 2005
Pressure changes under the Ischial tuberosities during gluteal neuromuscular stimulations in SCI : a comparison of sacral nerve root stimulation(SNRS) against surface FES’
Liu, L., Knight, S., Chelvarajah, R., Gall, A., Middleton, F. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2006. Pressure changes under the Ischial tuberosities during gluteal neuromuscular stimulations in SCI : a comparison of sacral nerve root stimulation(SNRS) against surface FES’. 45th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Spinal Cord Society. Boston 25 - 28 Jun 2006
Reporting quality of randomised controlled trials in solid organ transplantation
Liu, L., Pengel, L. and Morris, P. 2011. Reporting quality of randomised controlled trials in solid organ transplantation. European Society of Transplantation Congress. Glasgow, Scotland 05 - 07 Sep 2011
Do reporting of randomised controlled trials in solid organ transplantation adherence to CONSORT statement? A 3 year overview
Liu, L., Pengel, L. and Morris, P. 2012. Do reporting of randomised controlled trials in solid organ transplantation adherence to CONSORT statement? A 3 year overview. 15th British Transplant Society Congress. Glasgow, Scotland 22 - 25 Feb 2012
Capillary density and endothelial function in patients with treated essential hypertension and in patients with typical chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms
Antonios, T., Liu, L., Pizzi, C., Cosin-Sales, J., Fredericks, S. and Kaski, J. 2004. Capillary density and endothelial function in patients with treated essential hypertension and in patients with typical chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms. Journal of Hypertension. 22, p. S168.
Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging of capillary microcirculation in AfroCarribean and caucasian subjects with essential hypertension
Liu, L., Simmon, J., Markandu, N., MacGregor, G. and Antonios, T. 2004. Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging of capillary microcirculation in AfroCarribean and caucasian subjects with essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, Supplement. 22 (S132).
Skin capillary density in hypertensive and normotensive individuals and its correlation with plasma rennin activity and ambulatory blood pressure
Liu, L., Simmon, J., Markandu, N., MacGregor, G. and Antonios, T. 2004. Skin capillary density in hypertensive and normotensive individuals and its correlation with plasma rennin activity and ambulatory blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension. 22, p. S132.
Diffuse endothelial dysfunction is common to ANCA associated systemic vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa.
Filer, A., Gardner-Medwin, J., Thambyrajah, J., Raza, K., Carruthers, D., Stevens, R., Liu, L., Lowe, S., Townend, J. and Bacon, P. 2003. Diffuse endothelial dysfunction is common to ANCA associated systemic vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 62 (2), pp. 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.62.2.162
Variation in diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip among orthopaedic surgeons
Roposch, A. and Liu, L. 2010. Variation in diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip among orthopaedic surgeons. Journal of Children's Orthopaedics. 4 (1), p. S23.
Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities of seated individuals during sacral nerve root stimulation
Liu, L., Nicholson, G., Knight, S., Chelvarajah, R., Gall, A., Middleton, F., Ferguson-Pell, M. and Craggs, M. 2006. Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities of seated individuals during sacral nerve root stimulation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development. 43 (2), pp. 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2005.04.0078
Interface pressure and cutaneous hemoglobin and oxygenation changes under ischial tuberosities during sacral nerve root stimulation in spinal cord injury
Liu, L., Nicholson, G., Knight, S., Chelvarajah, R., Gall, A., Middleton, F., Ferguson-Pell, M. and Craggs, M. 2006. Interface pressure and cutaneous hemoglobin and oxygenation changes under ischial tuberosities during sacral nerve root stimulation in spinal cord injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development. 43 (4), pp. 553-564. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2005.08.0135
A systematic review of interventions for anxiety in people with HIV
Clucas, C., Sibley, E., Harding, R. and Liu, L. 2011. A systematic review of interventions for anxiety in people with HIV. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 16 (5), pp. 528-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2011.579989
What is the evidence for effectiveness of interventions to enhance coping among people living with HIV disease? a systematic review
Harding, R., Liu, L., Catalan, J. and Sherrd, L. 2011. What is the evidence for effectiveness of interventions to enhance coping among people living with HIV disease? a systematic review. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 16 (5), pp. 564-587. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2011.580352
Variations in the use of diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip
Roposch, A., Liu, L. and Protopapa, E. 2013. Variations in the use of diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 471 (6), pp. 1946-1954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-2846-5
Standardized diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip in early infancy
Roposch, A., Liu, L., Hefti, F., Clarke, N. and Wedge, J. 2011. Standardized diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip in early infancy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 469 (12), pp. 3451-3461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-011-2066-9
Compliance to the CONSORT statement of randomized controlled trials in solid organ transplantation: a 3-year overview
Liu, L., Morris, P. and Pengel, L. 2013. Compliance to the CONSORT statement of randomized controlled trials in solid organ transplantation: a 3-year overview. Transplant International. 26 (3), pp. 300-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.12034
Do wound complications or lymphoceles occur more often in solid organ transplant recipients on mTOR inhibitors? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Pengel, L., Liu, L. and Morris, P. 2011. Do wound complications or lymphoceles occur more often in solid organ transplant recipients on mTOR inhibitors? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Transplant International. 24 (12), pp. 1216-1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01357.x
Functional outcomes in children with osteonecrosis secondary to treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip
Roposch, A., Liu, L., Offiah, A. and Wedge, J. 2011. Functional outcomes in children with osteonecrosis secondary to treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery (American). 93 (24). https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01623