Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies with 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults

Article

Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Bilano, V., Bixby, H., Zhou, B., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2017. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies with 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet. 390 (10113), pp. 2627-2642. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3
TypeArticle
TitleWorldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies with 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults
AuthorsBentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Bilano, V., Bixby, H., Zhou, B., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
Abstract

Background: Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults.
Methods: We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5–19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity).
Findings: Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (−0·01 kg/m2 per decade; 95% credible interval −0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m2 per decade (0·69–1·35, PP>0·9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m2 per decade (0·64–1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m2 per decade (−0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m2 per decade (0·50–1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4–1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8–6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9% (0·5–1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7–9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9·2% (6·0–12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8–10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4–19·5) in 1975 to 12·4% (10·3–14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7–29·6) among girls and 30·7% (23·5–38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44–117) million girls and 117 (70–178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24–89) million girls and 74 (39–125) million boys worldwide were obese.
Interpretation: The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults.

PublisherElsevier
JournalThe Lancet
ISSN0140-6736
Publication dates
Online10 Oct 2017
Print16 Dec 2017
Publication process dates
Deposited11 Oct 2017
Accepted19 Jul 2017
Output statusPublished
Publisher's version
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Accepted author manuscript
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File Access Level
Restricted
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3
LanguageEnglish
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Mohammadi, Z., Mohammadifard, N., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohan, V., Mohanna, S., Yusoff, M., Mohebbi, I., Mohebi, F., Moitry, M., Møllehave, L., Møller, N., Molnár, D., Momenan, A., Mondo, C., Monterrubio-Flores, E., Moosazadeh, M., Morejon, A., Moreno, L., Morgan, K., Morin, S., Moschonis, G., Mossakowska, M., Mostafa, A., Mota, J., Motlagh, M., Motta, J., Msyamboza, K., Muiesan, M., Müller-Nurasyid, M., Mursu, J., Mustafa, N., Nabipour, I., Naderimagham, S., Nagel, G., Naidu, B., Najafi, F., Nakamura, H., Námešná, J., Nang, E., Nangia, V., Nauck, M., Neal, W., Nejatizadeh, A., Nenko, I., Nervi, F., Nguyen, N., Nguyen, Q., Nieto-Martínez, R., Nihal, T., Niiranen, T., Ning, G., Ninomiya, T., Noale, M., Noboa, O., Noto, D., Nsour, M., Nuhoğlu, I., O’Neill, T., O’Reilly, D., Ochoa-Avilés, A., Oh, K., Ohtsuka, R., Olafsson, Ö., Olié, V., Oliveira, I., Omar, M., Onat, A., Ong, S., Ordunez, P., Ornelas, R., Ortiz, P., Osmond, C., Ostojic, S., Ostovar, A., Otero, J., Owusu-Dabo, E., Paccaud, F., Pahomova, E., Pajak, A., Palmieri, L., Pan, W., Panda-Jonas, S., Panza, F., Parnell, W., Patel, N., Peer, N., Peixoto, S., Peltonen, M., Pereira, A., Peters, A., Petersmann, A., Petkeviciene, J., Peykari, N., Pham, S., Pichardo, R., Pigeot, I., Pilav, A., Pilotto, L., Piwonska, A., Pizarro, A., Plans-Rubió, P., Plata, S., Pohlabeln, H., Porta, M., Portegies, M., Poudyal, A., Pourfarzi, F., Poustchi, H., Pradeepa, R., Price, J., Providencia, R., Puder, J., Puhakka, S., Punab, M., Qorbani, M., Bao, T., Radisauskas, R., Rahimikazerooni, S., Raitakari, O., Rao, S., Ramachandran, A., Ramos, E., Ramos, R., Rampal, L., Rampal, S., Redon, J., Reganit, P., Revilla, L., Rezaianzadeh, A., Ribeiro, R., Richter, A., Rigo, F., Rinke de Wit, T., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, M., Rodríguez-Villamizar, L., Roggenbuck, U., Rojas-Martinez, R., Romaguera, D., Romeo, E., Rosengren, A., Roy, J., Rubinstein, A., Ruidavets, J., Ruiz-Betancourt, B., Russo, P., Rust, P., Rutkowski, M., Sabanayagam, C., Sachdev, H., Sadjadi, A., Safarpour, A., Safiri, S., Saidi, O., Saki, N., Salanave, B., Salmerón, D., Salomaa, V., Salonen, J., Salvetti, M., Sánchez-Abanto, J., Sans, S., Santaliestra-Pasías, A., Santos, D., Santos, M., Santos, R., Saramies, J., Sardinha, L., Sarrafzadegan, N., Saum, K., Savva, S., Sawada, N., Sbaraini, M., Scazufca, M., Schaan, B., Schargrodsky, H., Scheidt-Nave, C., Schienkiewitz, A., Schipf, S., Schmidt, C., Schöttker, B., Schramm, S., Sebert, S., Sein, A., Sen, A., Sepanlou, S., Servais, J., Shakeri, R., Shalnova, S., Shamah-Levy, T., Sharafkhah, M., Sharma, S., Shaw, J., Shayanrad, A., Shi, Z., Shibuya, K., Shimizu-Furusawa, H., Shin, D., Shin, Y., Shirani, M., Shiri, R., Shrestha, N., Si-Ramlee, K., Siani, A., Siantar, R., Sibai, A., Silva, D., Simon, M., Simons, J., Simons, L., Sjöström, M., Skaaby, T., Slowikowska-Hilczer, J., Slusarczyk, P., Smeeth, L., Snijder, M., Söderberg, S., Soemantri, A., Sofat, R., Solfrizzi, V., Somi, M., Sonestedt, E., Sørensen, T., Jérome, C., Soumaré, A., Sozmen, K., Sparrenberger, K., Staessen, J., Stathopoulou, M., Stavreski, B., Steene-Johannessen, J., Stehle, P., Stein, A., Stessman, J., Stevanović, R., Stieber, J., Stöckl, D., Stokwiszewski, J., Stronks, K., Strufaldi, M., Suárez-Medina, R., Sun, C., Sundström, J., Suriyawongpaisal, P., Sy, R., Sylva, R., Szklo, M., Tai, E., Tamosiunas, A., Tan, E., Tarawneh, M., Tarqui-Mamani, C., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tell, G., Tello, T., Thankappan, K., Thijs, L., Thuesen, B., Toft, U., Tolonen, H., Tolstrup, J., Topbas, M., Topór-Madry, R., Tormo, M., Tornaritis, M., Torrent, M., Torres-Collado, L., Traissac, P., Trinh, O., Truthmann, J., Tsugane, S., Tulloch-Reid, M., Tuomainen, T., Tuomilehto, J., Tybjaerg-Hansen, A., Tzourio, C., Ueda, P., Ugel, E., Ulmer, H., Unal, B., Uusitalo, H., Valdivia, G., Valvi, D., van Dam, R., van der Schouw, Y., Van Herck, K., Van Minh, H., van Rossem, L., Van Schoor, N., van Valkengoed, I., Vanderschueren, D., Vanuzzo, D., Varbo, A., Varona-Pérez, P., Vasan, S., Vatten, L., Vega, T., Veidebaum, T., Velasquez-Melendez, G., Venero-Fernández, S., Veronesi, G., Verschuren, W., Victora, C., Vidiawati, D., Viet, L., Villalpando, S., Vioque, J., Virtanen, J., Visvikis-Siest, S., Viswanathan, B., Vlasoff, T., Vollenweider, P., Voutilainen, A., Wade, A., Wagner, A., Walton, J., Bebakar, W., Mohamud, W., Wang, M., Wang, N., Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Wannamethee, S., Wedderkopp, N., Wei, W., Whincup, P., Widhalm, K., Widyahening, I., Wiecek, A., Wijga, A., Wilks, R., Willeit, J., Willeit, P., Wilsgaard, T., Wojtyniak, B., Wong-McClure, R., Wong, A., Wong, T., Woo, J., Woodward, M., Wu, F., Wu, S., Xu, H., Xu, L., Yan, W., Yang, X., Yasuharu, T., Ye, X., Yeow, T., Yiallouros, P., Yoosefi, M., Yoshihara, A., You, S., Younger-Coleman, N., Yusoff, A., Zainuddin, A., Zakavi, S., Zali, M., Zamani, F., Zambon, S., Zampelas, A., Zaw, K., Zdrojewski, T., Vrkic, T., Zhang, Z., Zhao, W., Zhen, S., Zheng, Y., Zholdin, B., Zhussupov, B., Zoghlami, N., Cisneros, J., Gregg, E. and Ezzati, M. 2020. Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol. Nature. 582 (7810), pp. 73-77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1
Transitions of cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Americas between 1980 and 2014
Miranda, J., NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) Americas Working Group and Di Cesare, M. 2020. Transitions of cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Americas between 1980 and 2014. Lancet Global Health. 8 (1), pp. e123-e133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30484-X
Human fertility: sociodemographic aspects
Pinnelli, A. and Di Cesare, M. 2005. Human fertility: sociodemographic aspects. Contraception. 72 (4), pp. 303-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2005.01.008
Comparison between the effects of trigger point mesotherapy versus acupuncture points mesotherapy in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a short term randomized controlled trial
Di Cesare, A., Giombini, A., Di Cesare, M., Ripani, M., Vulpiani, M. and Saraceni, V. 2011. Comparison between the effects of trigger point mesotherapy versus acupuncture points mesotherapy in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a short term randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 19 (1), pp. 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2010.11.002
Environmental and health inequalities in England (2000-2015)
Roca-Barceló, A., Di Cesare, M. and Fecht, D. 2019. Environmental and health inequalities in England (2000-2015). 31st annual conference of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE 2019). Utrecht, the Netherlands 25 - 28 Aug 2019 Wolters Kluwer. pp. 335 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.EE9.0000609688.41583.c8
How fertility and union stability interact in shaping new family patterns in Italy and Spain
Coppola, L. and Di Cesare, M. 2008. How fertility and union stability interact in shaping new family patterns in Italy and Spain. Demographic Research. 18, pp. 117-144. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2008.18.4
Use of an age-period-cohort model to reveal the impact of cigarette smoking on trends in Twentieth-century adult cohort mortality in England and Wales
Murphy, M. and Di Cesare, M. 2012. Use of an age-period-cohort model to reveal the impact of cigarette smoking on trends in Twentieth-century adult cohort mortality in England and Wales. Population Studies. 66 (3), pp. 259-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2012.678881
Forecasting mortality, different approaches for different cause of deaths? The cases of lung cancer; influenza, pneumonia, and bronchitis; and motor vehicle accidents
Di Cesare, M. and Murphy, M. 2009. Forecasting mortality, different approaches for different cause of deaths? The cases of lung cancer; influenza, pneumonia, and bronchitis; and motor vehicle accidents. British Actuarial Journal. 15 (S1), pp. 185-211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357321700005560
Access to antenatal care and children’s cognitive development: a comparative analysis in Ethiopia, Peru, Vietnam and India
Di Cesare, M. and Sabates, R. 2013. Access to antenatal care and children’s cognitive development: a comparative analysis in Ethiopia, Peru, Vietnam and India. International Journal of Public Health. 58 (3), pp. 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0418-1
The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action
Di Cesare, M., Sorić, M., Bovet, P., Miranda, J., Bhutta, Z., Stevens, G., Laxmaiah, A., Kengne, A. and Bentham, J. 2019. The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action. BMC Medicine. 17 (1), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1449-8
Global trends of chronic non-communicable diseases risk factors
Di Cesare, M. 2019. Global trends of chronic non-communicable diseases risk factors. 12th European Public Health Conference: Building bridges for solidarity and public health. Marseille, France 20 - 23 Nov 2019 Oxford University Press (OUP). https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.196
Can maternal education sustain or enhance the benefits of early life interventions? Evidence from the Young Lives longitudinal study
Sabates, R. and Di Cesare, M. 2021. Can maternal education sustain or enhance the benefits of early life interventions? Evidence from the Young Lives longitudinal study. Compare: a Journal of Comparative and International Education. 51 (5), pp. 651-669. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2019.1653171
National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries
Taddei, C., Jackson, R., Zhou, B., Bixby, H., Danaei, G., Di Cesare, M., Kuulasmaa, K., Hajifathalian, K., Bentham, J., Bennett, J., Aekplakorn, W., Cifkova, R., Dallongeville, J., De Bacquer, D., Giampaoli, S., Gudnason, V., Khang, Y., Laatikainen, T., Mann, J., Marques-Vidal, P., Mensah, G., Müller-Nurasyid, M., Ninomiya, T., Petkeviciene, J., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., Servais, J., Söderberg, S., Stavreski, B., Wilsgaard, T., Zdrojewski, T., Zhao, D., Stevens, G., Savin, S., Cowan, M., Riley, L., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2020. National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries. International Journal of Epidemiology. 49 (1), pp. 173-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz099
Long-term and recent trends in hypertension awareness, treatment and control in twelve high-income countries: an analysis of 123 nationally representative surveys
Zhou, B., Danaei, G., Stevens, G., Bixby, H., Taddei, C., Carrillo-Larco, R., solomon, B., Riley, L., Di Cesare, M., Iurilli, N. and et al. 2019. Long-term and recent trends in hypertension awareness, treatment and control in twelve high-income countries: an analysis of 123 nationally representative surveys. The Lancet. 394 (10199), pp. 639-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31145-6
Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults [Letter]
Bixby, H., Bentham, J., Zhou, B., Di Cesare, M., Paciorek, C. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2019. Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults [Letter]. Nature. 569 (7755), pp. 260-264. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x
2018 Global Nutrition Report: Shining a light to spur action on nutrition
Fanzo, J., Hawkes, C., Udomkesmalee, E., Afshin, A., Allemandi, L., Assery, O., Baker, P., Battersby, J., Bhutta, Z., Chen, K., Corvalan, C., Di Cesare, M., Dolan, C., Fonseca, J., Grummer-Strawn, L., Hayashi, C., McArthur, J., Rao, A., Rosenzweig, C. and Schofield, D. 2018. 2018 Global Nutrition Report: Shining a light to spur action on nutrition. Bristol, UK: Development Initiatives.
Absence of excess body fatness
IARC Working Group, Anderson, A., Baker, J., Breda, J., Byers, T., Clearly, M., Colditz, G., Di Cesare, M., Gapstur, S., Gunter, M., Herbert, R., Hursting, S., Kaaks, R., Leitzmann, M., Ligibel, J., Renehan, A., Romieu, I., Shimokawa, I., Thompson, H., Ulrich, C., Wade, K. and Weiderpass, E. 2019. Absence of excess body fatness. France International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses
Di Cesare, M., Khang, Y., Asaria, P., Blakely, T., Cowan, M., Farzadfar, F., Guerrero, R., Ikeda, N., Kyobutungi, C., Msyamboza, K., Oum, S., Lynch, J., Marmot, M. and Ezzati, M. 2013. Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. The Lancet. 381 (9866), pp. 585-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61851-0
Determining the worldwide prevalence of obesity - Authors' reply
Ezzati, M., Di Cesare, M. and Bentham, J. 2018. Determining the worldwide prevalence of obesity - Authors' reply. The Lancet. 391 (10132), p. 1774. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30781-5
The contributions of risk factor trends to cardiometabolic mortality decline in 26 industrialized countries
Di Cesare, M., Bennett, J., Best, N., Stevens, G., Danaei, G. and Ezzati, M. 2013. The contributions of risk factor trends to cardiometabolic mortality decline in 26 industrialized countries. International Journal of Epidemiology. 42 (3), pp. 838-848. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt063
Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: a pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants
Zhou, B., Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Danaei, G., Hajifathalian, K., Taddei, C., Carrillo-Larco, R., Djalalinia, S., Khatibzadeh, S., Lugero, C., Peykari, N., Zhang, W., Bilano, V., Stevens, G., Cowan, M., Riley, L., Zhengming, C., Hambleton, I., Jackson, R., Kengne, A., Khang, Y., Laxmaiah, A., Liu, J., Malekzadeh, R., Neuhauser, H., Soric, M., Starc, G., Sundstrom, J., Woodward, M., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2018. Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: a pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants. International Journal of Epidemiology. 47 (3), pp. 872-883i. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy016
Student-generated pre-exam questions is an effective tool for participatory learning: a case study from Ecology of Waterborne Pathogens course
Teplitski, M., Irani, T., Krediet, C., Di Cesare, M. and Marvasi, M. 2018. Student-generated pre-exam questions is an effective tool for participatory learning: a case study from Ecology of Waterborne Pathogens course. Journal of Food Science Education. 17 (3), pp. 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4329.12129
Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: an analysis of pooled population-based studies
Kengne, A., Bentham, J., Zhou, B., Peer, N., Matsha, T., Bixby, H., Di Cesare, M., Hajifathalian, K., Lu, Y., Taddei, C., Bovet, P., Kyobutungi, C., Ezzati, M., Mbanya, J. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) Africa Working Group 2017. Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: an analysis of pooled population-based studies. International Journal of Epidemiology. 46 (5), pp. 1421-1432. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx078
Laboratory-based and office-based risk scores and charts to predict 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in 182 countries: a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health surveys
Ueda, P., Woodward, M., Lu, Y., Hajifathalian, K., Al-Wotayan, R., Aguilar-Salinas, C., Ahmadvand, A., Azizi, F., Bentham, J., Cifkova, R., Di Cesare, M., Eriksen, L., Farzadfar, F., Ferguson, T., Ikeda, N., Khalili, D., Khang, Y., Lanska, V., León-Muñoz, L., Magliano, D., Margozzini, P., Msyamboza, K., Mutungi, G., Oh, K., Oum, S., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., Rojas-Martinez, R., Valdivia, G., Wilks, R., Shaw, J., Stevens, G., Tolstrup, J., Zhou, B., Salomon, J., Ezzati, M. and Danaei, G. 2017. Laboratory-based and office-based risk scores and charts to predict 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in 182 countries: a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health surveys. Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 5 (3), pp. 196-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30015-3
Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants
Zhou, B., Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Bixby, H., Danaei, G., Cowan, M., Paciorek, C., Singh, G., Hajifathalian, K., Bennett, J., Taddei, C., Bilano, V., Carrillo-Larco, R., Djalalinia, S., Khatibzadeh, S., Lugero, C., Peykari, N., Zhang, W., Lu, Y., Stevens, G., Riley, L., Bovet, P., Elliott, P., Gu, D., Ikeda, N., Jackson, R., Joffres, M., Kengne, A., Laatikainen, T., Lam, T., Laxmaiah, A., Liu, J., Miranda, J., Mondo, C., Neuhauser, H., Sundstrom, J., Smeeth, L., Soric, M., Woodward, M., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2017. Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants. The Lancet. 389 (10064), pp. 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5
Body fatness and cancer - viewpoint of the IARC working group
Lauby-Secretan, B., Scoccianti, C., Loomis, D., Grosse, Y., Bianchini, F., Straif, K., Colditz, G., Anderson, A., Herbert, R., Kaaks, R., Thompson, H., Baker, J., Breda, J., Byers, T., Clearly, M., Di Cesare, M., Gapstur, S., Gunter, M., Hursting, S., Leitzmann, M., Ligibel, J., Renehan, A., Romieu, I., Shimokawa, I., Ulrich, C., Wade, K. and Weiderpass, E. 2016. Body fatness and cancer - viewpoint of the IARC working group. New England Journal of Medicine. 375, pp. 794-798. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1606602
A century of trends in adult human height
Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Stevens, G., Zhou, B., Bixby, H., Cowan, M., Fortunato, L., Bennett, J., Danaei, G., Hajifathalian, K., Lu, Y., Riley, L., Laxmaiah, A., Kontis, V., Paciorek, C., Riboli, E., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2016. A century of trends in adult human height. 5, pp. 1-29. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13410
Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
Zhou, B., Lu, Y., Hajifathalian, K., Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2016. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. The Lancet. 387 (10027), pp. 1513-1530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00618-8
Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants
Di Cesare, M., Bentham, J., Stevens, G., Zhou, B., Danaei, G., Lu, Y., Bixby, H., Cowan, M., Riley, L., Hajifathalian, K., Fortunato, L., Taddei, C., Bennett, J., Ikeda, N., Khang, Y., Kyobutungi, C., Laxmaiah, A., Li, Y., Lin, H., Miranda, J., Mostafa, A., Turley, M., Paciorek, C., Gunter, M., Ezzati, M. and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2016. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. The Lancet. 387 (10026), pp. 1377-1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X
Fecundidad adolescente en los países desarrollados: niveles, tendencias y políticas
Di Cesare, M. 2015. Fecundidad adolescente en los países desarrollados: niveles, tendencias y políticas. CEPAL.
Does educational exclusion explain health differentials among children? An empirical analysis of children in Ethiopia using Young Lives data
Sabates, R., Di Cesare, M. and Railly, B. 2015. Does educational exclusion explain health differentials among children? An empirical analysis of children in Ethiopia using Young Lives data. in: Routledge Handbook of International Education and Development Routledge. pp. 182-195
A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys
Hajifathalian, K., Ueda, P., Lu, Y., Woodward, M., Ahmadvand, A., Aguilar-Salinas, C., Azizi, F., Cifkova, R., Di Cesare, M., Eriksen, L., Farzadfar, F., Ikeda, N., Khalili, D., Khang, Y., Lanska, V., León-Muñoz, L., Magliano, D., Msyamboza, K., Oh, K., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., Rojas-Martinez, R., Shaw, J., Stevens, G., Tolstrup, J., Zhou, B., Salomon, J., Ezzati, M. and Danaei, G. 2015. A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys. Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 3 (5), pp. 339-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00081-9
Geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in women and children’s nutritional status in Pakistan in 2011: an analysis of data from a nationally representative survey
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