A critical race analysis of structural and institutional racism: rethinking overseas registered nurses' recruitment to and working conditions in the United Kingdom

Article

Ugiagbe, M., Liu, L., Markowski, M. and Allan, H. 2023. A critical race analysis of structural and institutional racism: rethinking overseas registered nurses' recruitment to and working conditions in the United Kingdom. Nursing Inquiry. 30 (1). https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12512
TypeArticle
TitleA critical race analysis of structural and institutional racism: rethinking overseas registered nurses' recruitment to and working conditions in the United Kingdom
AuthorsUgiagbe, M., Liu, L., Markowski, M. and Allan, H.
Abstract

Language tests for overseas registered nurses (ORN) working outside their home country are essential for patient safety, as communication competency needs to be established in any workforce. We argue that the current employment of existing language tests is structurally and institutionally racist and disadvantages ORNs from non‐European Union (EU) and non‐White countries seeking to work in the United Kingdom. Using Critical Race Theory (CRT), we argue that existing English language tests for ORNs seeking registration in the United Kingdom are discriminatory due to the UK's racist migration policies and a regulatory body for nursing and midwifery that fails to acknowledge and understand its own institutionally racist practices.

Keywordscommunication; discrimination; language competency; language test; overseas registered nurse; transition
PublisherWiley
JournalNursing Inquiry
ISSN1320-7881
Electronic1440-1800
Publication dates
Online13 Jul 2022
Print22 Jan 2023
Publication process dates
Submitted12 Jun 2022
Accepted23 Jun 2022
Deposited14 Jul 2022
Output statusPublished
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Copyright Statement

© 2022 The Authors. Nursing Inquiry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12512
Web of Science identifierWOS:000824097700001
LanguageEnglish
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The effect of applying pressure to the LIV3 and LI4 on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome: a randomized clinical trial
Bazarganipour, F., Taghavi, S., Allan, H., Beheshti, F., Khalili, A., Miri, F., Rezaei, M., Mojgori, M., Imaninasab, F., Irani, F. and Salari, S. 2017. The effect of applying pressure to the LIV3 and LI4 on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 31, pp. 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.02.003
Value-based recruitment in midwifery: do the values align with what women say is important to them?
Callwood, A., Cooke, D. and Allan, H. 2016. Value-based recruitment in midwifery: do the values align with what women say is important to them? Journal of Advanced Nursing. 72 (10), pp. 2358-2368. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13038
Governing body nurses' experiences of clinical commissioning groups: an observational study of two clinical commissioning groups in England
Allan, H., Dixon, R., Lee, G., Savage, J. and Tapson, C. 2017. Governing body nurses' experiences of clinical commissioning groups: an observational study of two clinical commissioning groups in England. Journal of Research in Nursing. 22 (3), pp. 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987117702694
Editorial: Shining a light into an unexplored area of nursing: infertility and in vitro fertilisation
Allan, H. 2017. Editorial: Shining a light into an unexplored area of nursing: infertility and in vitro fertilisation. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 26 (7-8), pp. 887-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13528
Guyanese expatriate women ask: “is it a touch of sugar?”
Mitchell, A., Allan, H. and Koch, T. 2020. Guyanese expatriate women ask: “is it a touch of sugar?”. Action Research. 18 (4), pp. 433-447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750317721303
Blood perfusion changes during sacral nerve root stimulation versus surface gluteus electrical stimulation on in seated spinal cord injury
Liu, L. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2019. Blood perfusion changes during sacral nerve root stimulation versus surface gluteus electrical stimulation on in seated spinal cord injury. Assistive Technology: the Official Journal of RESNA. 31 (1), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2017.1340360
Student midwives use of stereotypes in perinatal mental health care
Jarrett, P., Allan, H. and Ryan, P. 2016. Student midwives use of stereotypes in perinatal mental health care. Middlesex University Summer Conference. Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom 29 - 30 Jun 2016
The extent, variability, and attitudes towards volunteering among undergraduate nursing students: implications for pedagogy in nurse education
Dyson, S., Liu, L., van den Akker, O. and O'Driscoll, M. 2017. The extent, variability, and attitudes towards volunteering among undergraduate nursing students: implications for pedagogy in nurse education. Nurse Education in Practice. 23, pp. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.01.004
An analysis of delegation styles among newly qualified nurses
Magnusson, C., Allan, H., Horton, K., Johnson, M., Evans, K. and Ball, E. 2017. An analysis of delegation styles among newly qualified nurses. Nursing Standard. 31 (25), pp. 46-53. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e9780
Editorial: Ethnocentrism and racism in nursing: reflections on the Brexit vote
Allan, H. 2017. Editorial: Ethnocentrism and racism in nursing: reflections on the Brexit vote. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 26 (9-10), pp. 1149-1151. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13627
From transformative learning to social change? Using action research to explore and improve informal complaints management in an NHS trust
Odelius, A., Allan, H., Hunter, B., Bryan, K., Knibb, W. and Shawe, J. 2015. From transformative learning to social change? Using action research to explore and improve informal complaints management in an NHS trust. International Practice Development Journal. 5 (1).
A qualitative study of advanced nurse practitioners’ use of physical assessment skills in the community: shifting skills across professional boundaries
Raleigh, M. and Allan, H. 2017. A qualitative study of advanced nurse practitioners’ use of physical assessment skills in the community: shifting skills across professional boundaries. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 26 (13-14), pp. 2025-2035. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13613
Editorial: the anxiety of caring and the devaluing of nursing
Allan, H. 2017. Editorial: the anxiety of caring and the devaluing of nursing. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 26 (3-4), pp. 299-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13380
Adherence to ‘pressure-relief’ regimen for pressure ulcer (PrU) prevention in spinal cord injury (SCI)
Liu, L., Chapman, S., Deegan, R., Allan, H., Traynor, M. and Gall, A. 2016. Adherence to ‘pressure-relief’ regimen for pressure ulcer (PrU) prevention in spinal cord injury (SCI). The 55th ISCoS Annual Scientific Meeting. Vienna, Austria 14 - 16 Sep 2016
A quantitative, pooled analysis and systematic review of controlled trials on the impact of electrical stimulation settings and placement on pressure ulcer healing rates in persons with spinal cord injuries
Liu, L., Moody, J. and Gall, A. 2016. A quantitative, pooled analysis and systematic review of controlled trials on the impact of electrical stimulation settings and placement on pressure ulcer healing rates in persons with spinal cord injuries. Ostomy Wound Management. 62 (7), pp. 16-34.
Nurses’ experiences of clinical commissioning group boards
Allan, H., O'Driscoll, M., Savage, J., Lee, G. and Dixon, R. 2016. Nurses’ experiences of clinical commissioning group boards. Nursing Standard. 30 (42), pp. 46-55. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2016.e9633
The effects of surgical hand scrubbing protocols on skin integrity and surgical site infection rates: a systematic review
Liu, L. and Mehigan, S. 2016. The effects of surgical hand scrubbing protocols on skin integrity and surgical site infection rates: a systematic review. AORN Journal. 103 (5), pp. 468-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2016.03.003
Executive summary of the RESPONSE project (responding effectively to services users (patients and cares) and practitioners' (nurses and midwives) perspectives on care concerns: developing sustainable responses through educational action research
Allan, H., Shawe, J., Odelius, A., Knibb, W., Gallagher, A., Hunter, B. and Bryan, K. 2014. Executive summary of the RESPONSE project (responding effectively to services users (patients and cares) and practitioners' (nurses and midwives) perspectives on care concerns: developing sustainable responses through educational action research. University of Surrey.
An investigation into newly qualified nurse' ability to recontextualise knowledge to allow them to delegate and supervise care(AaRK)
Magnusson, C., Westwood, S., Ball, E., Curtis, K., Evans, K., Horton, K., Johnson, M. and Allan, H. 2014. An investigation into newly qualified nurse' ability to recontextualise knowledge to allow them to delegate and supervise care(AaRK). University of Surrey.
Understanding sociology in nursing
Allan, H., Traynor, M., Kelly, D. and Smith, P. 2016. Understanding sociology in nursing. London SAGE Publications.
New role raises questions
Traynor, M., Allan, H., Allan, H., Dyson, S., Corbett, K. and Centre for Criitcal Research in Nursing and Midwifery 2016. New role raises questions. Nursing Standard. 30 (29), pp. 26-27. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.30.29.26.s25
Are senior nurses on clinical commissioning groups in England inadvertently supporting the devaluation of their profession?: A critical integrative review of the literature
Allan, H., Dixon, R., Lee, G., O'Driscoll, M., Savage, J. and Tapson, C. 2016. Are senior nurses on clinical commissioning groups in England inadvertently supporting the devaluation of their profession?: A critical integrative review of the literature. Nursing Inquiry. 23 (2), pp. 178-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12129
Delegation and supervision of health care assistants’ work in the daily management of uncertainty and the unexpected in clinical practice: invisible learning among newly qualified nurses
Allan, H., Magnusson, C., Evans, K., Ball, E., Westwood, S., Curtis, K., Horton, K. and Johnson, M. 2016. Delegation and supervision of health care assistants’ work in the daily management of uncertainty and the unexpected in clinical practice: invisible learning among newly qualified nurses. Nursing Inquiry. 23 (4), pp. 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12155
Survey of the Commissioning Nurse Leaders’ Network membership 2015: summary of results
Allan, H. and O'Driscoll, M. 2016. Survey of the Commissioning Nurse Leaders’ Network membership 2015: summary of results. online Middlesex University.
What are the evidence about electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in Spinal Cord Injury? – A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, L., Moody, J., Deegan, R. and Gall, A. 2016. What are the evidence about electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in Spinal Cord Injury? – A systematic review and meta-analysis. in: Costa, A. and Villalba, E. (ed.) Horizons in Neuroscience Research. Volume 24. Nova Science Publishers.
A mini review of physiotherapies for patellofemoral pain syndrome
Hall, S. and Liu, L. 2015. A mini review of physiotherapies for patellofemoral pain syndrome. SM Journal of Orthopedics. 1 (4), p. 1018.
An evaluation of the impact of ‘Compassion in practice: nursing, midwifery and care staff - our vision and strategy’ on staff experience in NHS Trusts in England.
Allan, H., O'Driscoll, M., Liu, L., Corbett, K. and Department of Adult, Child and Midwifery, School of Health and Education, Middlesex University 2015. An evaluation of the impact of ‘Compassion in practice: nursing, midwifery and care staff - our vision and strategy’ on staff experience in NHS Trusts in England. School of Health and Education, Middlesex University.
The rate of publication of abstracts in solid organ transplantation presented at scientific meetings
Zucker, K., Pengel, L., Liu, L. and Morris, P. 2012. The rate of publication of abstracts in solid organ transplantation presented at scientific meetings. Transplantation. 94 (10s), p. 246.
Skin blood perfusion (BP) changes under ischial tuberosity (IT) during gluteal neuromuscular stimulation (GNMS) in spinal cord injury (SCI)
Liu, L., Gall, A. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2015. Skin blood perfusion (BP) changes under ischial tuberosity (IT) during gluteal neuromuscular stimulation (GNMS) in spinal cord injury (SCI). 18th Annual Meeting of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Ghent, Belgium 16 - 18 Sep 2015
Non-invasive technologies of tissue viability measurement for pressure ulcer prevention in spinal cord injury
Liu, L., Deegan, R. and Gall, A. 2015. Non-invasive technologies of tissue viability measurement for pressure ulcer prevention in spinal cord injury. HSOA Journal of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation & Disabilities. 1 (1).
Non-European nurses’ perceived barriers to UK nurse registration
Allan, H. and Westwood, S. 2016. Non-European nurses’ perceived barriers to UK nurse registration. Nursing Standard. 30 (37), pp. 45-51. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.30.37.45.s41
White British researchers and internationally educated research participants: insights from reflective practices on issues of language and culture in nursing contexts
Allan, H. and Westwood, S. 2015. White British researchers and internationally educated research participants: insights from reflective practices on issues of language and culture in nursing contexts. Journal of Research in Nursing. 20 (8), pp. 640-652. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987115618236
Managing infertility in primary care
Allan, H. and Mounce, G. 2015. Managing infertility in primary care. Practice Nursing. 26 (9), pp. 440-443. https://doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2015.26.9.440
Learning from people with long-term conditions: new insights for governance in primary health care
Ross, F., Smith, P., Byng, R., Christian, S., Allan, H., Price, L. and Brearley, S. 2014. Learning from people with long-term conditions: new insights for governance in primary health care. Health and Social Care in the Community. 22 (4), pp. 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12097
Cervical screening and the aftermath of childhood sexual abuse: are clinical staff trained to recognise and manage the effect this has on their patients?
Walker, J. and Allan, H. 2014. Cervical screening and the aftermath of childhood sexual abuse: are clinical staff trained to recognise and manage the effect this has on their patients? Journal of Clinical Nursing. 23 (13-14), pp. 1857-1865. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12390
Early intervention screening involves more than “simple” screening
Lee, H., Lu, Z., Allan, H., Yeh, M. and Chang, S. 2015. Early intervention screening involves more than “simple” screening. International Journal of Healthcare, Insurance and Equity. 2 (1).
Factors perceived to influence exercise adherence in women with breast cancer participating in an exercise programme during adjuvant chemotherapy: a focus group study
Husebø, A., Karlsen, B., Allan, H., Søreide, J. and Bru, E. 2015. Factors perceived to influence exercise adherence in women with breast cancer participating in an exercise programme during adjuvant chemotherapy: a focus group study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 24 (3-4), pp. 500-510. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12633
Exercise: a path to wellness during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer?
Husebø, A., Allan, H., Karlsen, B., Soreide, J. and Bru, E. 2015. Exercise: a path to wellness during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer? Cancer Nursing. 38 (5), pp. E13-E20. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000000205
Supporting staff to respond effectively to informal complaints: findings from an action research study
Allan, H., Odelius, A., Hunter, B., Bryan, K., Knibb, W., Shawe, J. and Gallagher, A. 2015. Supporting staff to respond effectively to informal complaints: findings from an action research study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12770
Gatekeeping access to the midwifery unit: managing complaints by bending the rules
Allan, H., Odelius, A., Hunter, B., Bryan, K., Knibb, W. and Shawe, J. 2015. Gatekeeping access to the midwifery unit: managing complaints by bending the rules. Health. 19 (6), pp. 652-669. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459314567791
Do electrical stimulation enhance pressure ulcer healing in people living with spinal cord injuries: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials
Liu, L., Moody, J. and Gall, A. 2015. Do electrical stimulation enhance pressure ulcer healing in people living with spinal cord injuries: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. 25th Conference of the European Wound Management Association (EWMA 2015). ExCeL London, UK 13 - 15 May 2015
English language skills requirements for internationally educated nurses working in the care industry: barriers to UK registration or institutionalised discrimination?
Allan, H. and Westwood, S. 2016. English language skills requirements for internationally educated nurses working in the care industry: barriers to UK registration or institutionalised discrimination? International Journal of Nursing Studies. 54, pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.12.006
'Doing the writing' and 'working in parallel': How 'distal nursing' affects delegation and supervision in the emerging role of the newly qualified nurse
Johnson, M., Magnusson, C., Allan, H., Evans, K., Ball, E., Horton, K., Curtis, K. and Westwood, S. 2015. 'Doing the writing' and 'working in parallel': How 'distal nursing' affects delegation and supervision in the emerging role of the newly qualified nurse. Nurse Education Today. 35 (2), pp. e29-e33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.11.020
Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities during gluteal neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury: a comparison of sacral nerve root stimulation with surface functional electrical stimulation
Liu, L. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2015. Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities during gluteal neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury: a comparison of sacral nerve root stimulation with surface functional electrical stimulation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 96 (4), pp. 620-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.10.008
Developing a robust tool: Advancing the multiple mini interview in pre-registration student midwife selection in a UK setting
Callwood, A., Cooke, D. and Allan, H. 2014. Developing a robust tool: Advancing the multiple mini interview in pre-registration student midwife selection in a UK setting. Nurse Education Today. 34 (12), pp. 1450-1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.023
People, liminal spaces and experience: Understanding recontextualisation of knowledge for newly qualified nurses
Allan, H., Magnusson, C., Horton, K., Evans, K., Ball, E., Curtis, K. and Johnson, M. 2015. People, liminal spaces and experience: Understanding recontextualisation of knowledge for newly qualified nurses. Nurse Education Today. 35 (2), pp. e78-e83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.10.018
Electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer treatment in people with spinal cord injuries: a meta analysis and systematic review
Liu, L., Moody, J. and Gall, A. 2014. Electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer treatment in people with spinal cord injuries: a meta analysis and systematic review. The 17th European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Annual Meeting 2014 (EPUAP 2014). Stockholm, Sweden 27 - 29 Aug 2014
A systematic review of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer care in spinal cord injuries
Liu, L., Moody, J., Dyson, S., Traynor, M. and Gall, A. 2014. A systematic review of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer care in spinal cord injuries. The 53rd ISCoS Annual Scientific Meeting. Maastricht, The Netherlands 02 - 04 Sep 2014
A systematic review of electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in people with spinal cord injuries
Liu, L., Moody, J., Traynor, M., Dyson, S. and Gall, A. 2014. A systematic review of electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in people with spinal cord injuries. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 37 (6), pp. 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1179/2045772314Y.0000000226
Topographical optimisation of functional magnetic stimulation of the lower thoracic nerve roots for achieving increased intra-abdominal pressure-therapeutic applications in spinal cord injury
Chelvarajah, R., Liu, L. and Craggs, M. 2004. Topographical optimisation of functional magnetic stimulation of the lower thoracic nerve roots for achieving increased intra-abdominal pressure-therapeutic applications in spinal cord injury. European Association of Neurosurgeons Winter Meeting. Budapest, Hungary Feb 2004
Functional magnetic stimulation of the lower thoracic nerve roots for assessment of spinal column deformity
Chelvarajah, R., Liu, L., Chung, E., Bycroft, J., Casy, A. and Craggs, M. 2004. Functional magnetic stimulation of the lower thoracic nerve roots for assessment of spinal column deformity. International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS) Annual Scientific Meeting. Athens, Greece Sep 2004
Neuromuscular stimulation for pressure and cutaneous blood perfusion changes under the ischial tuberosities
Liu, L., Knight, S., Ferguson-Pell, M. and Craggs, M. 2005. Neuromuscular stimulation for pressure and cutaneous blood perfusion changes under the ischial tuberosities. British Neurosurgical Research Group Meeting. London, UK 03 - 04 Mar 2005
Ischial pressure and skin blood volume changes during sacral nerve root stimulation in SCI
Liu, L., Craggs, M., Knight, S. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2006. Ischial pressure and skin blood volume changes during sacral nerve root stimulation in SCI. Meeting for Clinician Scientists in Training. London, UK 23 Feb 2006
Variation in diagnostic criteria for DDH among orthopaedic surgeons
Roposch, A. and Liu, L. 2010. Variation in diagnostic criteria for DDH among orthopaedic surgeons. 29th Annual EPOS Meeting. Zagreb, Croatia 07 - 10 Apr 2010
Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities of seated individuals during sacral nerve root stimulation
Liu, L., Craggs, M., Knight, S. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2004. Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities of seated individuals during sacral nerve root stimulation. in: Wood, D. and Taylor, P. (ed.) Proceedings of 9th Annual Conference of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Bournemouth University.
Pressure and cutaneous blood perfusion changes under the Ischial tuberosities during sacral nerve root stimulation
Liu, L., Craggs, M., Knight, S. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2005. Pressure and cutaneous blood perfusion changes under the Ischial tuberosities during sacral nerve root stimulation. International Conference on Posture and Wheeled Mobility. Exeter, Exeter University, South West England, U.K
Sacral nerve roots stimulation for Ischial pressure and blood perfusion changes in SCI
Liu, L., Knight, S., Nicholson, G., Chelvarajah, R., Middleton, F., Gall, A., Ferguson-Pell, M. and Craggs, M. 2005. Sacral nerve roots stimulation for Ischial pressure and blood perfusion changes in SCI. 44th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Spinal Cord Society. Munich and Murnau, Germany 04 - 08 Oct 2005
Pressure changes under the Ischial tuberosities during gluteal neuromuscular stimulations in SCI : a comparison of sacral nerve root stimulation(SNRS) against surface FES’
Liu, L., Knight, S., Chelvarajah, R., Gall, A., Middleton, F. and Ferguson-Pell, M. 2006. Pressure changes under the Ischial tuberosities during gluteal neuromuscular stimulations in SCI : a comparison of sacral nerve root stimulation(SNRS) against surface FES’. 45th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Spinal Cord Society. Boston 25 - 28 Jun 2006
Reporting quality of randomised controlled trials in solid organ transplantation
Liu, L., Pengel, L. and Morris, P. 2011. Reporting quality of randomised controlled trials in solid organ transplantation. European Society of Transplantation Congress. Glasgow, Scotland 05 - 07 Sep 2011
Do reporting of randomised controlled trials in solid organ transplantation adherence to CONSORT statement? A 3 year overview
Liu, L., Pengel, L. and Morris, P. 2012. Do reporting of randomised controlled trials in solid organ transplantation adherence to CONSORT statement? A 3 year overview. 15th British Transplant Society Congress. Glasgow, Scotland 22 - 25 Feb 2012
Capillary density and endothelial function in patients with treated essential hypertension and in patients with typical chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms
Antonios, T., Liu, L., Pizzi, C., Cosin-Sales, J., Fredericks, S. and Kaski, J. 2004. Capillary density and endothelial function in patients with treated essential hypertension and in patients with typical chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms. Journal of Hypertension. 22, p. S168.
Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging of capillary microcirculation in AfroCarribean and caucasian subjects with essential hypertension
Liu, L., Simmon, J., Markandu, N., MacGregor, G. and Antonios, T. 2004. Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging of capillary microcirculation in AfroCarribean and caucasian subjects with essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, Supplement. 22 (S132).
Skin capillary density in hypertensive and normotensive individuals and its correlation with plasma rennin activity and ambulatory blood pressure
Liu, L., Simmon, J., Markandu, N., MacGregor, G. and Antonios, T. 2004. Skin capillary density in hypertensive and normotensive individuals and its correlation with plasma rennin activity and ambulatory blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension. 22, p. S132.
Diffuse endothelial dysfunction is common to ANCA associated systemic vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa.
Filer, A., Gardner-Medwin, J., Thambyrajah, J., Raza, K., Carruthers, D., Stevens, R., Liu, L., Lowe, S., Townend, J. and Bacon, P. 2003. Diffuse endothelial dysfunction is common to ANCA associated systemic vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 62 (2), pp. 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.62.2.162
Variation in diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip among orthopaedic surgeons
Roposch, A. and Liu, L. 2010. Variation in diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip among orthopaedic surgeons. Journal of Children's Orthopaedics. 4 (1), p. S23.
Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities of seated individuals during sacral nerve root stimulation
Liu, L., Nicholson, G., Knight, S., Chelvarajah, R., Gall, A., Middleton, F., Ferguson-Pell, M. and Craggs, M. 2006. Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities of seated individuals during sacral nerve root stimulation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development. 43 (2), pp. 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2005.04.0078
Interface pressure and cutaneous hemoglobin and oxygenation changes under ischial tuberosities during sacral nerve root stimulation in spinal cord injury
Liu, L., Nicholson, G., Knight, S., Chelvarajah, R., Gall, A., Middleton, F., Ferguson-Pell, M. and Craggs, M. 2006. Interface pressure and cutaneous hemoglobin and oxygenation changes under ischial tuberosities during sacral nerve root stimulation in spinal cord injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development. 43 (4), pp. 553-564. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2005.08.0135
A systematic review of interventions for anxiety in people with HIV
Clucas, C., Sibley, E., Harding, R. and Liu, L. 2011. A systematic review of interventions for anxiety in people with HIV. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 16 (5), pp. 528-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2011.579989
What is the evidence for effectiveness of interventions to enhance coping among people living with HIV disease? a systematic review
Harding, R., Liu, L., Catalan, J. and Sherrd, L. 2011. What is the evidence for effectiveness of interventions to enhance coping among people living with HIV disease? a systematic review. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 16 (5), pp. 564-587. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2011.580352
Variations in the use of diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip
Roposch, A., Liu, L. and Protopapa, E. 2013. Variations in the use of diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 471 (6), pp. 1946-1954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-2846-5
Standardized diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip in early infancy
Roposch, A., Liu, L., Hefti, F., Clarke, N. and Wedge, J. 2011. Standardized diagnostic criteria for developmental dysplasia of the hip in early infancy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 469 (12), pp. 3451-3461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-011-2066-9
Compliance to the CONSORT statement of randomized controlled trials in solid organ transplantation: a 3-year overview
Liu, L., Morris, P. and Pengel, L. 2013. Compliance to the CONSORT statement of randomized controlled trials in solid organ transplantation: a 3-year overview. Transplant International. 26 (3), pp. 300-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.12034
Do wound complications or lymphoceles occur more often in solid organ transplant recipients on mTOR inhibitors? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Pengel, L., Liu, L. and Morris, P. 2011. Do wound complications or lymphoceles occur more often in solid organ transplant recipients on mTOR inhibitors? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Transplant International. 24 (12), pp. 1216-1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01357.x
Functional outcomes in children with osteonecrosis secondary to treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip
Roposch, A., Liu, L., Offiah, A. and Wedge, J. 2011. Functional outcomes in children with osteonecrosis secondary to treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery (American). 93 (24). https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01623
A programme of supervised practice in a primary care trust
Ugiagbe, M. 2005. A programme of supervised practice in a primary care trust. Nursing Times. 101 (22), pp. 32-34.
Tapping into talent
Ugiagbe, M. 2000. Tapping into talent. Nursing Standard. 14 (36), pp. 18-19. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.14.36.18.s31
A passage to practice
Ugiagbe, M. 2000. A passage to practice. Nursing Standard. 14 (22), pp. 63-63. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.14.22.63.s57
Making a come-back
Ugiagbe, M. 2000. Making a come-back. Nursing Standard. 14 (12), pp. 61-61. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.14.21.61.s59