Young adults’ experiences of a specialist probation hub: procedural justice, trust and hope

Article

Ward, J., Phillips, J., Duke, K., Albertson, K., Cracknell, M., Fowler, A. and Riley, L. 2026. Young adults’ experiences of a specialist probation hub: procedural justice, trust and hope. The British Journal of Criminology: An International Review of Crime and Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azag053
TypeArticle
TitleYoung adults’ experiences of a specialist probation hub: procedural justice, trust and hope
AuthorsWard, J., Phillips, J., Duke, K., Albertson, K., Cracknell, M., Fowler, A. and Riley, L.
Abstract

There are growing calls for young adults (18- to 25-year-olds) in the criminal justice system to be treated as a distinct group and for service responses more attuned to this developmental life-course phase. This article draws on an evaluation of a specialist young adult probation ‘Hub’ analysing results within a linked conceptual framework of procedural justice, building trust and instilling hope. A dominant finding was how the bespoke Hub service and the probation practice that flowed from it, led young adults to experience it as a service they wanted to engage with, that had tangible benefits and which led to a more substantive form of compliance. The article contributes valuable insights and knowledge on procedural justice in young adult probation.

Keywordsyoung adults; criminal justice; probation practice; procedural justice; penal supervision; substantive compliance
Sustainable Development Goals16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
Middlesex University ThemeHealth & Wellbeing
Research GroupCente for Social and Criminological Research (CSCR)
PublisherOxford University Press (OUP)
JournalThe British Journal of Criminology: An International Review of Crime and Society
ISSN0007-0955
Electronic1464-3529
Publication dates
Online24 Jun 2026
Publication process dates
Accepted15 Jun 2026
Deposited07 Jul 2026
Output statusPublished
Accepted author manuscript
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File Access Level
Open
Copyright Statement

© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press.
This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in The British Journal of Criminology: An International Review of Crime and Society following peer review.

The version of record:
Jenni Ward, Jake Phillips, Karen Duke, Katherine Albertson, Matthew Cracknell, Andrew Fowler, Laura Riley, Young adults’ experiences of a specialist probation Hub: Procedural justice, trust and hope, The British Journal of Criminology, 2026;, azag053,
is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azag053

For the purpose of open access, the author(s) has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azag053
LanguageEnglish
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Substitution treatment in the era of recovery: an analysis of stakeholder roles and policy windows in Britain
Duke, K., Herring, R., Thickett, A. and Thom, B. 2013. Substitution treatment in the era of recovery: an analysis of stakeholder roles and policy windows in Britain. Substance Use and Misuse. 48 (11), pp. 966-976. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.797727
Stakeholders in opioid substitution treatment policy: similarities and differences in six European countries
Thom, B., Duke, K., Frank, V. and Bjerge, B. 2013. Stakeholders in opioid substitution treatment policy: similarities and differences in six European countries. Substance Use and Misuse. 48 (11), pp. 933-942. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.797720
Containing contradictions: the development of prison drugs policy in England since 1980
Duke, K. 1999. Containing contradictions: the development of prison drugs policy in England since 1980. PhD thesis Middlesex University
Punishing drug possession in the magistrates’ courts: time for a rethink
Ward, J. 2013. Punishing drug possession in the magistrates’ courts: time for a rethink. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 19 (4), pp. 289-307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-012-9191-1
From crime to recovery: the reframing of British drugs policy?
Duke, K. 2012. From crime to recovery: the reframing of British drugs policy? Journal of Drug Issues. 43 (1), pp. 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042612466614
Policing public drugs nuisance through the anti-social behaviour legislation: questions and contradictions
Ward, J. 2011. Policing public drugs nuisance through the anti-social behaviour legislation: questions and contradictions. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 17 (4), pp. 323-341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-011-9155-x
Reconceptualising harm reduction in prisons
Duke, K. 2011. Reconceptualising harm reduction in prisons. in: Fraser, S. and Moore, D. (ed.) The drug effect: health, crime and society Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 209-224
One problem among many: drug use among care leavers in transition to independent living
Ward, J., Henderson, Z. and Pearson, G. 2003. One problem among many: drug use among care leavers in transition to independent living. London, UK Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
Tracking care leavers as they move to independence.
Ward, J. and Pearson, G. 2003. Tracking care leavers as they move to independence. Economic and Social Research Council.
Flashback: drugs and dealing in the golden age of the London rave scene
Ward, J. 2010. Flashback: drugs and dealing in the golden age of the London rave scene. Cullompton, UK Willan Publishing.
Clashes in culture? the 'professionalisation' and 'criminalisation' of the drugs workforce
Duke, K. 2010. Clashes in culture? the 'professionalisation' and 'criminalisation' of the drugs workforce. The British Journal of Community Justice. 8 (2), pp. 31-43.
Young people’s perceptions of risk
Ward, J. and Bayley, M. 2007. Young people’s perceptions of risk. in: Thom, B., Sales, R. and Pearce, J. (ed.) Growing up with risk London Policy Press. pp. 37-56
The focus on crime and coercion in UK drugs policy
Duke, K. 2009. The focus on crime and coercion in UK drugs policy. in: MacGregor, S. (ed.) Responding to drugs misuse: research and policy priorities in health and social care London Routledge. pp. 14-24
Evidence-based policy-making?: research utilisation and the development of prison drugs policy.
Duke, K. 2000. Evidence-based policy-making?: research utilisation and the development of prison drugs policy. Social Policy Association Conference. University of Surrey 18 - 20 Jul 2000
Drug consumption in London - A city of diverse and changing scenes
Ward, J. and Thom, B. 2009. Drug consumption in London - A city of diverse and changing scenes. in: Eisenbach-Stangl, I., Moskalewicz, J. and Thom, B. (ed.) Two worlds of drug consumption in late modern societies England Ashgate. pp. 39-56
Quantities, quality, costs and sources.
Moskalewicz, J., Ward, J. and Thom, B. 2009. Quantities, quality, costs and sources. in: Eisenbach-Stangl, I., Moskalewicz, J. and Thom, B. (ed.) Two worlds of drug consumption in late modern societies. Ashgate. pp. 247-280
Researching drug sellers: an 'experiential' account from 'the field'
Ward, J. 2008. Researching drug sellers: an 'experiential' account from 'the field'. Sociological Research Online. 13 (1), pp. 31-42. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.1673
Drug use and drug dealing in the rave club culture
Ward, J. 2007. Drug use and drug dealing in the rave club culture. PhD thesis Goldsmiths College (University of London)
Broadening the discussion on sexual exploitation: ethnicity, sexual exploitation and young people
Ward, J. and Patel, N. 2006. Broadening the discussion on sexual exploitation: ethnicity, sexual exploitation and young people. Child Abuse Review. 15 (5), pp. 341-350.
Out of crime and into treatment? The criminalisation of contemporary drug policy since Tackling Drugs Together
Duke, K. 2006. Out of crime and into treatment? The criminalisation of contemporary drug policy since Tackling Drugs Together. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 13 (5), pp. 409-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630600613520
Déjà vu?: Opportunities and obstacles in developing alcohol policy in English prisons
Duke, K. 2005. Déjà vu?: Opportunities and obstacles in developing alcohol policy in English prisons. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 12 (5), pp. 417-430. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630500281873
Some practical and ethical issues encountered while conducting tracking research with young people leaving the 'care' system
Ward, J. and Henderson, Z. 2003. Some practical and ethical issues encountered while conducting tracking research with young people leaving the 'care' system. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 6 (3), pp. 255-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000091851
Drugs, prisons and policy-making
Duke, K. 2003. Drugs, prisons and policy-making. London Palgrave Macmillan.
Getting beyond the 'official line': reflections on dilemmas of access, knowledge, and power in researching policy networks
Duke, K. 2002. Getting beyond the 'official line': reflections on dilemmas of access, knowledge, and power in researching policy networks. Journal of Social Policy. 31 (1), pp. 39-59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279402006505
Review essay
Ward, J. 2001. Review essay. Policy Studies. 22 (2), pp. 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870120096376
Results of a screening survey for co-morbid substance misuse amongst patients in treatment for psychotic disorders: prevalence and service needs in an inner London borough
Weaver, T., Rutter, D., Madden, P., Ward, J., Stimson, G. and Renton, A. 2001. Results of a screening survey for co-morbid substance misuse amongst patients in treatment for psychotic disorders: prevalence and service needs in an inner London borough. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 36 (8), pp. 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270170030
The prevalence and management of co-morbid substance misuse and mental illness: results of a screening survey in substance misuse and mental health treatment populations
Weaver, T., Hickman, M., Rutter, D., Ward, J., Stimson, G. and Renton, A. 2001. The prevalence and management of co-morbid substance misuse and mental illness: results of a screening survey in substance misuse and mental health treatment populations. Drug and Alcohol Review. 20 (4), pp. 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230120092724
Evidence-based policy making?: The interplay between research and the development of prison drugs policy
Duke, K. 2001. Evidence-based policy making?: The interplay between research and the development of prison drugs policy. Criminal Justice. 1 (3), pp. 277-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802501001003002
Prison drugs policy since 1980: shifting agendas and policy networks
Duke, K. 2000. Prison drugs policy since 1980: shifting agendas and policy networks. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 7 (4), pp. 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/dep.7.4.393.408
Refugee resettlement in Europe
Duke, K., Sales, R. and Gregory, J. 1999. Refugee resettlement in Europe. in: Bloch, A. and Levy, C. (ed.) Refugees, social policy and citizenship in Europe Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 105-131
Opportunities for research: Changing Youth Transitions—new risks and vulnerabilities
Ward, J. 1998. Opportunities for research: Changing Youth Transitions—new risks and vulnerabilities. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 5 (1), pp. 105-108. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687639809035776
Substance use among young people 'looked after' by social services
Ward, J. 1998. Substance use among young people 'looked after' by social services. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 5 (3), pp. 257-267. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687639809034087
Peer education as a means of drug prevention and education among young people: an evaluation
Ward, J., Hunter, G. and Power, R. 1997. Peer education as a means of drug prevention and education among young people: an evaluation. Health Education Journal. 56 (3), pp. 251-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/001789699705600305
The resettlement experiences of refugees in the UK: main findings from an interview study
Duke, K. 1996. The resettlement experiences of refugees in the UK: main findings from an interview study. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 22 (3), pp. 461-478. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1996.9976550
The settlement of refugees in Britain
Carey-Wood, J., Duke, K., Karn, V. and Marshall, T. 1995. The settlement of refugees in Britain. London HMSO.
Vietnamese refugees since 1982
Duke, K. and Marshall, T. 1995. Vietnamese refugees since 1982. London HMSO.