Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Danube river in Serbia associated with the discharge of untreated wastewaters

Article

Kolarević, S., Micsinai, A., Szántó-Egész, R., Lukács, A., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Lundy, L., Kirschner, A., Farnleitner, A., Djukic, A., Čolić, J., Nenin, T., Sunjog, K. and Paunović, M. 2021. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Danube river in Serbia associated with the discharge of untreated wastewaters. Science of the Total Environment. 783, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146967
TypeArticle
TitleDetection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Danube river in Serbia associated with the discharge of untreated wastewaters
AuthorsKolarević, S., Micsinai, A., Szántó-Egész, R., Lukács, A., Kračun-Kolarević, M., Lundy, L., Kirschner, A., Farnleitner, A., Djukic, A., Čolić, J., Nenin, T., Sunjog, K. and Paunović, M.
Abstract

In Serbia less than 13 % of collected municipal wastewaters is being treated before their release in the environment. This includes all municipal wastewater discharges from Belgrade (capital city of Serbia; population 1,700,000). Previous research has identified the impacts of raw wastewater discharges from Belgrade on the Danube River, and this study investigated if such discharges also provided a pathway for SARS-CoV-2 RNA material. Samples were collected during the most critical circumstances that occurred so far within the COVID-19 pandemics in Serbia. Grab and composite samples were collected in December 2020, during the peak of the third wave (in terms of reported cases) at the site which receives the wastewater loads in Belgrade. Grab samples collected upstream and downstream of Belgrade were also analyzed. RNA was quantified using RT-qPCR with primer sets targeting nucleocapsid (N1 and N2) and envelope (E) protein genes. SARS-CoV-2 RNA (5.97×103 to 1.32×104 copies/L) was detected only in samples collected at the site strongly impacted by the wastewaters where all three applied primer sets gave positive signals. Determined concentrations correspond to those reported in wastewater influents sampled at treatment plants in other countries indicating an epidemiological indicator function of used approach for rivers with high pollution loads in countries with poor
wastewater treatment.

KeywordsSARS-CoV-2, Danube river, Faecal pollution, Untreated wastewaters, Serbia
PublisherElsevier
JournalScience of the Total Environment
ISSN0048-9697
Electronic1879-1026
Publication dates
Online08 Apr 2021
Print20 Aug 2021
Publication process dates
Deposited26 Apr 2021
Accepted01 Apr 2021
Output statusPublished
Publisher's version
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Copyright Statement

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146967
LanguageEnglish
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The DayWater decision support approach to the selection of sustainable drainage systems.
Ellis, J., Deutsch, J., Legret, M., Martin, C., Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Seiker, H. and Zimmerman, U. 2006. The DayWater decision support approach to the selection of sustainable drainage systems. Water Practice & Technology. 1 (1).
Multicriteria decision approaches to support sustainable drainage options for the treatment of highway and urban runoff
Ellis, J., Deutsch, J., Mouchel, J., Lundy, L. and Revitt, D. 2004. Multicriteria decision approaches to support sustainable drainage options for the treatment of highway and urban runoff. Science of the Total Environment. 334-35, pp. 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.066
Constructed wetlands for flood prevention and water reuse
Shutes, B., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2010. Constructed wetlands for flood prevention and water reuse. 12th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control. Venice 04 - 08 Oct 2010
Sustainable stormwater management in the city of the future
Shutes, B., Revitt, D., Ellis, J. and Lundy, L. 2010. Sustainable stormwater management in the city of the future. International forum on construction of water system and waterfront living environment in urban areas.. Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Behaviour of water framework directive priority substances in stormwater and greywater treatment systems.
Donner, E., Revitt, D., Eriksson, E. and Lundy, L. 2009. Behaviour of water framework directive priority substances in stormwater and greywater treatment systems. Water Environment Federation Annual Conference (WEFTEC 2009) (Proceedings of). Orlando, Florida, USA 12 - 14 Oct 2009
Partitioning of European water framework directive priority substances in greywater treatment systems and implications for sludge management.
Donner, E., Eriksson, E., Lundy, L. and Revitt, D. 2009. Partitioning of European water framework directive priority substances in greywater treatment systems and implications for sludge management. SETAC Europe, 19th Annual Meeting (Proceedings of). Gothenburg, Sweden 31 May - 04 Jun 2009
Development of a database to support the assessment of potential source control and treatment options for priority pollutants.
Viavattene, C., Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Donner, E., Cerk, M., Eriksson, E. and Seriki, K. 2009. Development of a database to support the assessment of potential source control and treatment options for priority pollutants. SETAC Europe, 19th Annual Meeting (Proceedings of). Gothenburg, Sweden 31 May - 04 Jun 2009
The fate and behaviour of priority pollutants in end-of-pipe wastewater treatment plants.
Revitt, D., Gasperi, J., Lundy, L. and Donner, E. 2009. The fate and behaviour of priority pollutants in end-of-pipe wastewater treatment plants. International Conference on Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle (Proceedings of). Paphos, Cyprus 11 - 13 Mar 2009
The xenobiotic impact of sedimentary metals in an urban river
Adeyemi, A., Lundy, L., Revitt, D., Jones, H. and Faulkner, H. 2009. The xenobiotic impact of sedimentary metals in an urban river. International Conference on Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle (Proceedings of). Paphos, Cyprus 11 - 13 Mar 2009
Implications of greywater treatment and recycling for municipal wastewater flows and pollutant loads.
Donner, E., Eriksson, E., Lundy, L. and Revitt, D. 2009. Implications of greywater treatment and recycling for municipal wastewater flows and pollutant loads. International Conference on Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle (Proceedings of). Paphos, Cyprus 11 - 13 Mar 2009
Presence and fate of priority substance dynamics in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems.
Donner, E., Eriksson, E., Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Holten Lützhøft, H. and Ledin, A. 2008. Presence and fate of priority substance dynamics in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems. 11th International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage. Edinburgh, Scotland 31 Aug - 05 Sep 2008
Assessment of the removal potentials of selected EU Water Framework Directive priority pollutants within stormwater Best Management Practices.
Lundy, L., Revitt, D., Donner, E., Holten Lützhøft, H. and Eriksson, E. 2008. Assessment of the removal potentials of selected EU Water Framework Directive priority pollutants within stormwater Best Management Practices. 11th International Conference on Storm Drainage (Proceedings of). Edinburgh, Scotland 31 Aug - 05 Sep 2008
A GIS based Decision Support System tool dedicated to the implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems.
Viavattene, C., Lundy, L., Revitt, D. and Ellis, J. 2008. A GIS based Decision Support System tool dedicated to the implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems. 11th International Conference on Storm Drainage (Proceedings of). Edinburgh, UK 31 Aug - 05 Sep 2008
Application of a battery of biotests for toxicity characterization of stormwater.
Baun, A., Seidl, M., Lundy, L., Aldheimer, G., Eriksson, E., Revitt, D. and Mouchel, J. 2008. Application of a battery of biotests for toxicity characterization of stormwater. in: Thevenot, D. (ed.) DayWater: an Adaptive Decision Support System for Urban Stormwater Management. London IWA Publishing. pp. 215-221
The DayWater multi-criteria comparator.
Ellis, J., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2008. The DayWater multi-criteria comparator. in: Thevenot, D. (ed.) DayWater: an Adaptive Decision Support System for Urban Stormwater Management. London IWA Publishing. pp. 87-96
The best management practice catalogue developed within the DayWater project.
Revitt, D., Lundy, L. and Ellis, J. 2008. The best management practice catalogue developed within the DayWater project. in: Thevenot, D. (ed.) DayWater: an Adaptive Decision Support System for Urban Stormwater Management. London IWA Publishing. pp. 79-86
Assessment criteria for sustainable urban drainage systems.
Revitt, D., Lundy, L. and Ellis, J. 2008. Assessment criteria for sustainable urban drainage systems. in: Thevenot, D. (ed.) DayWater: an Adaptive Decision Support System for Urban Stormwater Management. London IWA Publishing. pp. 65-78
A pollutant removal prediction tool for stormwater derived diffuse pollution.
Revitt, D., Lundy, L. and Ellis, J. 2008. A pollutant removal prediction tool for stormwater derived diffuse pollution. Water Science & Technology. 57 (8), pp. 1257-1264. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.258
A systematic approach for the comparative assessment of stormwater pollutant removal potentials
Lundy, L., Revitt, D. and Ellis, J. 2008. A systematic approach for the comparative assessment of stormwater pollutant removal potentials. Journal of Environmental Management. 88 (3), pp. 467-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.003
Effects of temperature on metal tolerance and the accumulation of Zn and Pb by metal-tolerant fungi isolated from urban runoff treatment wetlands
Purchase, D., Lundy, L., Revitt, D. and Shutes, B. 2009. Effects of temperature on metal tolerance and the accumulation of Zn and Pb by metal-tolerant fungi isolated from urban runoff treatment wetlands. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 106 (4), pp. 1163-1174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04082.x
Selected stormwater priority pollutants - a European perspective
Eriksson, E., Baun, A., Lundy, L., Ledin, A., Ahlman, S., Revitt, D., Noutsopoulos, C. and Mikkelsen, P. 2007. Selected stormwater priority pollutants - a European perspective. Science of the Total Environment. 383 (1-3), pp. 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.028
A systematic approach for the comparative assessment of stormwater pollutant removal potential
Lundy, L., Ellis, J. and Revitt, D. 2007. A systematic approach for the comparative assessment of stormwater pollutant removal potential. Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.003
Constructed wetlands in UK urban surface drainage systems.
Lundy, L., Ellis, J., Revitt, D. and Shutes, R. 2005. Constructed wetlands in UK urban surface drainage systems. Water Science & Technology. 51 (9), pp. 31-37.
The role of constructed wetlands in cities of the future. A strategy for creating ‘utopia’
Shutes, B., Revitt, D., Ellis, J. and Lundy, L. 2008. The role of constructed wetlands in cities of the future. A strategy for creating ‘utopia’. 11th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control. Indore, India 01 - 07 Nov 2008
An investigation of urban water and sediment ecotoxicity in relation to metal concentrations
Lundy, L., Mensah, R., Revitt, D. and Jones, H. 2007. An investigation of urban water and sediment ecotoxicity in relation to metal concentrations. Morrison, G. and Rauch, S. (ed.) 8th Highway and Urban Environment Symposium (8HUES). Nicosia, Cyprus 12 - 14 Jun 2006 Springer. pp. 359-370 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6010-6_32
The collection and comparison of stakeholders' opinions on urban stormwater control measures: consulting experience within the UK
Shutes, B., Oldham, J. and Lundy, L. 2006. The collection and comparison of stakeholders' opinions on urban stormwater control measures: consulting experience within the UK. 17th Scientific sessions of the environment: the city, the citizen & the environment. Hotel du Department, Créteil 23 - 24 May 2006
An experimental constructed wetland system for the treatment of highway runoff in the UK
Shutes, B., Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Forshaw, M. and Winter, B. 2001. An experimental constructed wetland system for the treatment of highway runoff in the UK. Water Science & Technology. 44 (11), pp. 571-578.