An experimental constructed wetland system for the treatment of highway runoff in the UK

Article

Shutes, B., Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Forshaw, M. and Winter, B. 2001. An experimental constructed wetland system for the treatment of highway runoff in the UK. Water Science & Technology. 44 (11), pp. 571-578.
TypeArticle
TitleAn experimental constructed wetland system for the treatment of highway runoff in the UK
AuthorsShutes, B., Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Forshaw, M. and Winter, B.
Abstract

This paper compares the performance of an experimental highway runoff treatment system, incorporating a subsurface flow constructed wetland, with that of a vegetated balancing pond. Both systems are located on the same major road in the UK which opened in November 1998. Copper, chromium and nickel total aqueous metal concentrations, although low, have been consistently removed (maximum efficiencies of 67.3, 69.8 and 87.0% respectively in the constructed wetland), particularly in the summer. Zinc showed the highest aqueous metal concentrations and the generally positive removal by the constructed wetland system (maximum efficiency of 60.6%) correlates with the expected metal uptake by Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis. Sediment levels for these metals and for lead progressively decreased over the one year monitoring period. For the two storm events monitored in the constructed wetland system, all metals showed evidence of removal (removal efficiencies of 24.2 to 99.4%) except for copper. Lead and cadmium demonstrated the highest removal efficiencies followed by nickel and zinc. For both storms, the wetland acted as a source of copper (removal efficiencies of -88.4 to -97.1%), which may be explained by the die-back of aquatic plants and consequent release of organically bound copper.

PublisherIWA Publishing
JournalWater Science & Technology
ISSN0273-1223
Publication dates
Print2001
Publication process dates
Deposited28 Aug 2009
Output statusPublished
LanguageEnglish
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Balogh, T., Revitt, D., Jones, H. and Lundy, L. 2011. Factors influencing the infiltration of pharmaceuticals through soils. 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage. Porto Alegre, Brazil 11 - 16 Sep 2011
An impact assessment methodology for urban surface runoff quality following best practice treatment
Ellis, J., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2012. An impact assessment methodology for urban surface runoff quality following best practice treatment. Science of the Total Environment. 416, pp. 172-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.003
Risk prioritisation of stormwater pollutant sources
Lundy, L., Ellis, J. and Revitt, D. 2012. Risk prioritisation of stormwater pollutant sources. Water Research. 46, pp. 6589-6600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.039
Comparison of pollutant emission control strategies for cadmium and mercury in urban water systems using substance flow analysis
Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Eriksson, E. and Viavattene, C. 2013. Comparison of pollutant emission control strategies for cadmium and mercury in urban water systems using substance flow analysis. Journal of Environmental Management. 116, pp. 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.12.007
Behaviour of selected emerging pollutants in stormwater best management practices (BMPs)
Ellis, J., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2013. Behaviour of selected emerging pollutants in stormwater best management practices (BMPs). 8th International Conference on Sustainable Technologies and Strategies in Urban Water Management (NovaTech). Lyon, France 23 - 27 Jun 2013
The sources, impact and management of car park runoff pollution: a review
Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Coulon, F. and Fairley, M. 2014. The sources, impact and management of car park runoff pollution: a review. Journal of Environmental Management. 146, pp. 552-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.041
Teaching and learning about child rights: a study of implementation in 26 countries
Jerome, L., Emerson, L., Lundy, L. and Orr, K. 2015. Teaching and learning about child rights: a study of implementation in 26 countries. UNICEF PFP & Queen's University Belfast.
Identifying robust response options to manage environmental change using an Ecosystem Approach: A stress-testing case study for the UK
Brown, I., Berry, P., Everard, M., Firbank, L., Harrison, P., Lundy, L., Quine, C., Rowan, J., Wade, R. and Watts, K. 2015. Identifying robust response options to manage environmental change using an Ecosystem Approach: A stress-testing case study for the UK. Environmental Science & Policy. 52, pp. 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.05.005
The use of constructed wetlands for the treatment of urban runoff
Lundy, L. 1999. The use of constructed wetlands for the treatment of urban runoff. PhD thesis Middlesex University Urban Pollution Research Centre
The treatability of emerging pollutants in urban stormwater best management practice (BMP) drainage systems
Ellis, J., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2013. The treatability of emerging pollutants in urban stormwater best management practice (BMP) drainage systems. Gas und Wasserfach Wasser Abwasser. 154 (S1), pp. 57-65.
An impact assessment approach for car park runoff
Revitt, D., Lundy, L. and Ellis, J. 2014. An impact assessment approach for car park runoff. 13th International Conference on Urban Drainage. Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia 07 - 12 Sep 2014
Heavy metal concentrations and toxicity in water and sediment from stormwater ponds and sedimentation tanks
Karlsson, K., Viklander, M., Lundy, L. and Revitt, D. 2010. Heavy metal concentrations and toxicity in water and sediment from stormwater ponds and sedimentation tanks. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 178 (1-3), pp. 612-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.129
The urban water cycle approach in small development areas
Ellis, J., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2013. The urban water cycle approach in small development areas. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer. 166 (2), pp. 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.12.00026
Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems
Donner, E., Eriksson, E., Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Holten Lützhøft, H., Ledin, A. and Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, United Kingdom. 2010. Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems. Science of the Total Environment. 408 (12), pp. 2444-2451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.02.033
Emission control strategies for short-chain chloroparaffins in two semi-hypothetical case cities
Eriksson, E., Revitt, D., Holten Lützhøft, H., Viavattene, C., Lundy, L. and Steen Mikkelsen, P. Rauch, S. and Morrison, G. (ed.) 2012. Emission control strategies for short-chain chloroparaffins in two semi-hypothetical case cities. Springer.
Water management in cities of the future using emission control strategies for priority hazardous substances
Eriksson, E., Revitt, D., Ledin, A., Lundy, L., Holten Lützhøft, H., Wickman, T. and Mikkelsen, P. 2011. Water management in cities of the future using emission control strategies for priority hazardous substances. Water Science & Technology. 64 (10), pp. 2109-2118. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.797
Integrating sciences to sustain urban ecosystem services
Lundy, L. and Wade, R. 2011. Integrating sciences to sustain urban ecosystem services. Progress in Physical Geography. 35 (5), pp. 653-669. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133311422464
Sustainable ecological restoration of brownfield sites through engineering or managed natural attenuation? a case study from Northwest England
Hartley, W., Dickinson, N., Riby, P. and Shutes, B. 2012. Sustainable ecological restoration of brownfield sites through engineering or managed natural attenuation? a case study from Northwest England. Ecological Engineering. 40, pp. 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.12.020
Planting woody crops on dredged contaminated sediment provides both positive and negative effects in terms of remediation
Hartley, W., Riby, P., Dickinson, N., Shutes, B., Sparke, S. and Scholz, M. 2011. Planting woody crops on dredged contaminated sediment provides both positive and negative effects in terms of remediation. Environmental Pollution. 159 (12), pp. 3416-3424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.030
Emission control strategies for short-chain chloroparaffins in two semi-hypothetical case cities
Eriksson, E., Revitt, D., Holten Lützhøft, H., Viavattene, C., Lundy, L. and Mikkelsen, P. 2010. Emission control strategies for short-chain chloroparaffins in two semi-hypothetical case cities. 10th Urban Environment Symposium; Urban Futures for a Sustainable World. Gothenburg, Sweden 09 - 11 Jun 2010
A risk assessment approach for prioritising stormwater control strategies.
Ellis, J., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2010. A risk assessment approach for prioritising stormwater control strategies. 1st European IAHR Congress. Edinburgh 04 - 06 May 2010
Towards a paradigm SWITCH: Integrating urban water management in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Nascimento, N., Heller, L., Ellis, J., Lundy, L., Revitt, D. and Champs, J. 2007. Towards a paradigm SWITCH: Integrating urban water management in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Novatech 2007, 6th International Conference on 'Sustainable techniques and strategies for urban water management'. Lyon, France 25 - 28 Jun 2007 pp. 373-380
Assessment of stormwater ecotoxicity using a battery of biotests.
Lundy, L., Baun, A., Seidl, M., Eriksson, E., Revitt, D. and Mouchel, J. 2007. Assessment of stormwater ecotoxicity using a battery of biotests. in: Morrison, G. and Rauch, S. (ed.) Highway and urban environment: proceedings of the 8th highway and urban environment symposium. Springer.
The use of multi-criteria analysis in decision support systems for the evaluation of urban surface drainage options.
Lundy, L., Ellis, J. and Revitt, D. 2004. The use of multi-criteria analysis in decision support systems for the evaluation of urban surface drainage options. ACTUI2004. Seminar on 'Decision support in the water industry under conditions of uncertainty’. University of Exeter, UK 24 - 25 Mar 2004
Source control options for reducing emission of priority pollutants from urban areas.
Mikkelsen, P., Lützhøft, H., Eriksson, E., Ledin, A., Donner, E., Lundy, L., Revitt, D., Lecloux, A., Wickman, T., Atanasova, N., Kompare, B. and Banovec, P. 2008. Source control options for reducing emission of priority pollutants from urban areas. 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage. Edinburgh, Scotland
Sources and mass flows of xenobiotics in urban water cycles: an overview on current knowledge and data gaps.
Bester, K., Lundy, L., Wahlberg, C. and McArdell, C. 2008. Sources and mass flows of xenobiotics in urban water cycles: an overview on current knowledge and data gaps. Water Air and Soil Pollution:Focus. 8 (5-6), pp. 407-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11267-008-9189-3
Urban rivers as pollutant sinks and sources: a public health concern for recreational river users?
Lundy, L., Faulkner, H., Tapsell, S. and Downward, S. 2008. Urban rivers as pollutant sinks and sources: a public health concern for recreational river users? Water Air and Soil Pollution:Focus. 8 (5-6), pp. 543-553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11267-008-9178-6
Identifying and classifying the sources and uses of xenobiotics in urban environments
Donner, E., Eriksson, E., Holten Lützhøft, H., Lundy, L., Revitt, D. and Ledin, A. 2010. Identifying and classifying the sources and uses of xenobiotics in urban environments. in: Fatta-Kassinos, D., Bester, K. and Kümmerer, K. (ed.) Xenobiotics in the urban water cycle: mass flows, environmental processes, mitigation and treatment strategies. London Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
Water and health. [Chapter 6 of 'Sustainable water: chemical science priorities summary report']
Green, C., Donner, E., Faulkner, H., Garelick, H., Jones, H., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2007. Water and health. [Chapter 6 of 'Sustainable water: chemical science priorities summary report']. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Sustainable urban development and drainage.
Ellis, J., Lundy, L., Revitt, D. and Oldham, J. 2004. Sustainable urban development and drainage. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer. 157 (4), pp. 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.2004.157.4.245
The DayWater decision support approach to the selection of sustainable drainage systems.
Ellis, J., Deutsch, J., Legret, M., Martin, C., Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Seiker, H. and Zimmerman, U. 2006. The DayWater decision support approach to the selection of sustainable drainage systems. Water Practice & Technology. 1 (1).
Multicriteria decision approaches to support sustainable drainage options for the treatment of highway and urban runoff
Ellis, J., Deutsch, J., Mouchel, J., Lundy, L. and Revitt, D. 2004. Multicriteria decision approaches to support sustainable drainage options for the treatment of highway and urban runoff. Science of the Total Environment. 334-35, pp. 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.066
Constructed wetlands for flood prevention and water reuse
Shutes, B., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2010. Constructed wetlands for flood prevention and water reuse. 12th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control. Venice 04 - 08 Oct 2010
Sustainable stormwater management in the city of the future
Shutes, B., Revitt, D., Ellis, J. and Lundy, L. 2010. Sustainable stormwater management in the city of the future. International forum on construction of water system and waterfront living environment in urban areas.. Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Behaviour of water framework directive priority substances in stormwater and greywater treatment systems.
Donner, E., Revitt, D., Eriksson, E. and Lundy, L. 2009. Behaviour of water framework directive priority substances in stormwater and greywater treatment systems. Water Environment Federation Annual Conference (WEFTEC 2009) (Proceedings of). Orlando, Florida, USA 12 - 14 Oct 2009
Partitioning of European water framework directive priority substances in greywater treatment systems and implications for sludge management.
Donner, E., Eriksson, E., Lundy, L. and Revitt, D. 2009. Partitioning of European water framework directive priority substances in greywater treatment systems and implications for sludge management. SETAC Europe, 19th Annual Meeting (Proceedings of). Gothenburg, Sweden 31 May - 04 Jun 2009
Development of a database to support the assessment of potential source control and treatment options for priority pollutants.
Viavattene, C., Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Donner, E., Cerk, M., Eriksson, E. and Seriki, K. 2009. Development of a database to support the assessment of potential source control and treatment options for priority pollutants. SETAC Europe, 19th Annual Meeting (Proceedings of). Gothenburg, Sweden 31 May - 04 Jun 2009
The fate and behaviour of priority pollutants in end-of-pipe wastewater treatment plants.
Revitt, D., Gasperi, J., Lundy, L. and Donner, E. 2009. The fate and behaviour of priority pollutants in end-of-pipe wastewater treatment plants. International Conference on Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle (Proceedings of). Paphos, Cyprus 11 - 13 Mar 2009
The xenobiotic impact of sedimentary metals in an urban river
Adeyemi, A., Lundy, L., Revitt, D., Jones, H. and Faulkner, H. 2009. The xenobiotic impact of sedimentary metals in an urban river. International Conference on Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle (Proceedings of). Paphos, Cyprus 11 - 13 Mar 2009
Implications of greywater treatment and recycling for municipal wastewater flows and pollutant loads.
Donner, E., Eriksson, E., Lundy, L. and Revitt, D. 2009. Implications of greywater treatment and recycling for municipal wastewater flows and pollutant loads. International Conference on Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle (Proceedings of). Paphos, Cyprus 11 - 13 Mar 2009
Presence and fate of priority substance dynamics in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems.
Donner, E., Eriksson, E., Revitt, D., Lundy, L., Holten Lützhøft, H. and Ledin, A. 2008. Presence and fate of priority substance dynamics in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems. 11th International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage. Edinburgh, Scotland 31 Aug - 05 Sep 2008
Assessment of the removal potentials of selected EU Water Framework Directive priority pollutants within stormwater Best Management Practices.
Lundy, L., Revitt, D., Donner, E., Holten Lützhøft, H. and Eriksson, E. 2008. Assessment of the removal potentials of selected EU Water Framework Directive priority pollutants within stormwater Best Management Practices. 11th International Conference on Storm Drainage (Proceedings of). Edinburgh, Scotland 31 Aug - 05 Sep 2008
A GIS based Decision Support System tool dedicated to the implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems.
Viavattene, C., Lundy, L., Revitt, D. and Ellis, J. 2008. A GIS based Decision Support System tool dedicated to the implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems. 11th International Conference on Storm Drainage (Proceedings of). Edinburgh, UK 31 Aug - 05 Sep 2008
Application of a battery of biotests for toxicity characterization of stormwater.
Baun, A., Seidl, M., Lundy, L., Aldheimer, G., Eriksson, E., Revitt, D. and Mouchel, J. 2008. Application of a battery of biotests for toxicity characterization of stormwater. in: Thevenot, D. (ed.) DayWater: an Adaptive Decision Support System for Urban Stormwater Management. London IWA Publishing. pp. 215-221
The DayWater multi-criteria comparator.
Ellis, J., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2008. The DayWater multi-criteria comparator. in: Thevenot, D. (ed.) DayWater: an Adaptive Decision Support System for Urban Stormwater Management. London IWA Publishing. pp. 87-96
The best management practice catalogue developed within the DayWater project.
Revitt, D., Lundy, L. and Ellis, J. 2008. The best management practice catalogue developed within the DayWater project. in: Thevenot, D. (ed.) DayWater: an Adaptive Decision Support System for Urban Stormwater Management. London IWA Publishing. pp. 79-86
Assessment criteria for sustainable urban drainage systems.
Revitt, D., Lundy, L. and Ellis, J. 2008. Assessment criteria for sustainable urban drainage systems. in: Thevenot, D. (ed.) DayWater: an Adaptive Decision Support System for Urban Stormwater Management. London IWA Publishing. pp. 65-78
A pollutant removal prediction tool for stormwater derived diffuse pollution.
Revitt, D., Lundy, L. and Ellis, J. 2008. A pollutant removal prediction tool for stormwater derived diffuse pollution. Water Science & Technology. 57 (8), pp. 1257-1264. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.258
A systematic approach for the comparative assessment of stormwater pollutant removal potentials
Lundy, L., Revitt, D. and Ellis, J. 2008. A systematic approach for the comparative assessment of stormwater pollutant removal potentials. Journal of Environmental Management. 88 (3), pp. 467-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.003
Constructed wetland control of BOD levels in airport runoff
Adeola, S., Revitt, D., Shutes, B., Garelick, H., Jones, H. and Jones, C. 2009. Constructed wetland control of BOD levels in airport runoff. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 11 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510802363220
Effects of temperature on metal tolerance and the accumulation of Zn and Pb by metal-tolerant fungi isolated from urban runoff treatment wetlands
Purchase, D., Lundy, L., Revitt, D. and Shutes, B. 2009. Effects of temperature on metal tolerance and the accumulation of Zn and Pb by metal-tolerant fungi isolated from urban runoff treatment wetlands. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 106 (4), pp. 1163-1174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04082.x
Selected stormwater priority pollutants - a European perspective
Eriksson, E., Baun, A., Lundy, L., Ledin, A., Ahlman, S., Revitt, D., Noutsopoulos, C. and Mikkelsen, P. 2007. Selected stormwater priority pollutants - a European perspective. Science of the Total Environment. 383 (1-3), pp. 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.028
A systematic approach for the comparative assessment of stormwater pollutant removal potential
Lundy, L., Ellis, J. and Revitt, D. 2007. A systematic approach for the comparative assessment of stormwater pollutant removal potential. Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.003
Constructed wetlands in UK urban surface drainage systems.
Lundy, L., Ellis, J., Revitt, D. and Shutes, R. 2005. Constructed wetlands in UK urban surface drainage systems. Water Science & Technology. 51 (9), pp. 31-37.
The role of constructed wetlands in cities of the future. A strategy for creating ‘utopia’
Shutes, B., Revitt, D., Ellis, J. and Lundy, L. 2008. The role of constructed wetlands in cities of the future. A strategy for creating ‘utopia’. 11th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control. Indore, India 01 - 07 Nov 2008
Environmental factors influencing the prevalence of respiratory diseases and allergies among schoolchildren in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Sriyaraj, K., Priest, N. and Shutes, B. 2008. Environmental factors influencing the prevalence of respiratory diseases and allergies among schoolchildren in Chiang Mai, Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 18 (2), pp. 129-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120701694109
Nutrient removal in a pilot and full scale constructed wetland, Putrajaya City, Malaysia
Shutes, B., Ho, S., Sim, C. and Yusoff, M. 2008. Nutrient removal in a pilot and full scale constructed wetland, Putrajaya City, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Management. 88 (2), pp. 307-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.011
An investigation of urban water and sediment ecotoxicity in relation to metal concentrations
Lundy, L., Mensah, R., Revitt, D. and Jones, H. 2007. An investigation of urban water and sediment ecotoxicity in relation to metal concentrations. Morrison, G. and Rauch, S. (ed.) 8th Highway and Urban Environment Symposium (8HUES). Nicosia, Cyprus 12 - 14 Jun 2006 Springer. pp. 359-370 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6010-6_32
The collection and comparison of stakeholders' opinions on urban stormwater control measures: consulting experience within the UK
Shutes, B., Oldham, J. and Lundy, L. 2006. The collection and comparison of stakeholders' opinions on urban stormwater control measures: consulting experience within the UK. 17th Scientific sessions of the environment: the city, the citizen & the environment. Hotel du Department, Créteil 23 - 24 May 2006
Landfill leachate treatment by an experimental subsurface flow constructed wetland in tropical climate countries
Shutes, B., Ujang, Z., Soedjono, E. and Salim, M. 2005. Landfill leachate treatment by an experimental subsurface flow constructed wetland in tropical climate countries. Water Science & Technology. 52 (12), pp. 243-250.
The performance of vegetative treatment systems for highway runoff during dry and wet weather conditions
Revitt, D., Forshaw, M., Jones, H. and Shutes, B. 2004. The performance of vegetative treatment systems for highway runoff during dry and wet weather conditions. Science of the Total Environment. 334-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.046
Guidance manual for constructed wetlands
Ellis, J., Shutes, B. and Revitt, D. 2003. Guidance manual for constructed wetlands. Environment Agency.
Constructed wetlands and links with sustainable drainage systems
Ellis, J., Shutes, B. and Revitt, D. 2003. Constructed wetlands and links with sustainable drainage systems. Environment Agency.
Overcoming the dark side: issues and protocols for urban stormwater wetland operation and maintenance
Ellis, J., Revitt, D. and Shutes, B. 2003. Overcoming the dark side: issues and protocols for urban stormwater wetland operation and maintenance. 2nd National UK Conference on Sustainable Drainage. Coventry, UK 23 - 24 Jun 2003
Practical experiences of the use of vegetated ponds for the treatment of highway runoff
Revitt, D., Shutes, B., Jones, H., Forshaw, M. and Winter, B. 2003. Practical experiences of the use of vegetated ponds for the treatment of highway runoff. Pratt, C., Davies, J., Newman, A. and Perry, J. (ed.) 2nd National UK Conference on Sustainable Drainage. Coventry, UK 23 - 24 Jun 2003 School of Science and the Environment, Coventry University. pp. 19-29
Hydrocarbon removal in an experimental gravel bed constructed wetland
Shutes, B., Katima, J., Omari, K., Revitt, D. and Garelick, H. 2003. Hydrocarbon removal in an experimental gravel bed constructed wetland. Water Science & Technology. 48 (5), pp. 275-282. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0333
Treatment of agricultural wastewater in two experimental combined constructed wetland systems in a tropical climate
Kantawanichkul, S., Somprasert, S., Aekasin, U. and Shutes, B. 2003. Treatment of agricultural wastewater in two experimental combined constructed wetland systems in a tropical climate. Water Science & Technology. 48 (5), pp. 199-205. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0319
The effect of early coastal development on the fringing coral reefs of Langkawi: a study in small scale changes
Shutes, B., Abdullah, A., Yasin, Z., Ismail, W. and Fitzsimons, M. 2002. The effect of early coastal development on the fringing coral reefs of Langkawi: a study in small scale changes. Malaysian Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS. 3, pp. 1-10.
Nutrient removal in a combined system: vertical vegetated bed over horizontal flow sand bed
Shutes, B., Kantawanichkul, S. and Neamkam, P. 2001. Nutrient removal in a combined system: vertical vegetated bed over horizontal flow sand bed. Water Science & Technology. 44 (11), pp. 137-142.
Artificial wetlands and water quality improvement
Shutes, B. 2001. Artificial wetlands and water quality improvement. Environment International. 26 (5-6), pp. 441-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00025-3
An assessment of the impact of motorway runoff on a pond, wetland and stream
Shutes, B. and Sriyaraj, K. 2001. An assessment of the impact of motorway runoff on a pond, wetland and stream. Environment International. 26 (5-6), pp. 433-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00024-1
The microbiology associated with glycol removal in constructed wetlands
Chong, S., Garelick, H., Revitt, D., Shutes, B., Worrall, P. and Brewer, D. 1999. The microbiology associated with glycol removal in constructed wetlands. Water Science & Technology. 40 (3), pp. 99-107. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0145
The biological impacts of urban runoff waters
Shutes, B. 1995. The biological impacts of urban runoff waters. PhD thesis Middlesex University School of Health & Education