The Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) pathway for men in England and Wales: a qualitative study of pathway user views about services, perceived impact on psychological wellbeing, and implications for desistance

Article

Jarrett, M., Trebilcock, J., Weaver, T., Forrester, A., Cambell, C., Khondoker, M., Vamvakas, G., Barrett, B. and Moran, P.A. 2024. The Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) pathway for men in England and Wales: a qualitative study of pathway user views about services, perceived impact on psychological wellbeing, and implications for desistance. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 52 (1), pp. 98-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548241286829
TypeArticle
TitleThe Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) pathway for men in England and Wales: a qualitative study of pathway user views about services, perceived impact on psychological wellbeing, and implications for desistance
AuthorsJarrett, M., Trebilcock, J., Weaver, T., Forrester, A., Cambell, C., Khondoker, M., Vamvakas, G., Barrett, B. and Moran, P.A.
Abstract

The offender personality disorder (OPD) Pathway is a network of services across prison, health and community settings in England and Wales providing psychological support for high-risk people who have offended and are thought to have a personality disorder. As part of a national evaluation of the Pathway, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 36 Pathway users to determine their views about their experiences in these services; and whether and how these impacted on their psychological wellbeing. Framework analysis was used to analyze the data. Participants reported positive therapeutic relationships with staff; improved psychological wellbeing; and for some, a shift away from antisocial toward more pro-social identities. They also described a negative impact of staff turnover and uncertainty about the role of prison officers and psychologists within prison services. Pathway services are able to engage individuals who have not previously engaged with services. Constancy of staff is fundamental to the Pathway.

Sustainable Development Goals16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
Middlesex University ThemeHealth & Wellbeing
PublisherSAGE Publications
JournalCriminal Justice and Behavior
ISSN0093-8548
Electronic1552-3594
Publication dates
Online18 Oct 2024
PrintJan 2025
Publication process dates
Accepted2024
Deposited12 Mar 2025
Output statusPublished
Publisher's version
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Open
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This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548241286829
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Improving GHB withdrawal with baclofen: study protocol for a feasibility study for a randomised controlled trial
Lingford-Hughes, A., Patel, Y., Bowden-Jones, O., Crawford, M.J., Dargan, P.I., Gordon, F., Parrott, S., Weaver, T. and Wood, D.M. 2016. Improving GHB withdrawal with baclofen: study protocol for a feasibility study for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1593-9
Mind how you cross the gap! Outcomes for young people who failed to make the transition from child to adult services: the TRACK study
Islam, Z., Ford, T., Kramer, T., Paul, M., Parsons, H., Harley, K., Weaver, T., McLaren, S. and Singh, S. 2016. Mind how you cross the gap! Outcomes for young people who failed to make the transition from child to adult services: the TRACK study. BJPsych Bulletin. 40 (3), pp. 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.115.050690
An economic evaluation of contingency management for completion of hepatitis B vaccination in those on treatment for opiate dependence
Rafia, R., Dodd, P.J., Brennan, A., Meier, P.S., Hope, V.D., Ncube, F., Byford, S., Tie, H., Metrebian, N., Hellier, J., Weaver, T. and Strang, J. 2016. An economic evaluation of contingency management for completion of hepatitis B vaccination in those on treatment for opiate dependence. Addiction. 111 (9), pp. 1616-1627. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13385
Hearing voices simulation: Process and outcomes of training
Patterson, S., Goulter, N. and Weaver, T. 2014. Hearing voices simulation: Process and outcomes of training. Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice. 9 (1), pp. 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMHTEP-01-2013-0003
Use of contingency management incentives to improve completion of hepatitis B vaccination in people undergoing treatment for heroin dependence: a cluster randomised trial
Weaver, T., Metrebian, N., Hellier, J., Pilling, S., Charles, V., Little, N., Poovendran, D., Mitcheson, L., Ryan, F., Bowden-Jones, O., Dunn, J., Glasper, A., Finch, E. and Strang, J. 2014. Use of contingency management incentives to improve completion of hepatitis B vaccination in people undergoing treatment for heroin dependence: a cluster randomised trial. The Lancet. 384 (9938), pp. 153-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60196-3
Activity and views of service users involved in mental health research: UK survey
Patterson, S., Trite, J. and Weaver, T. 2014. Activity and views of service users involved in mental health research: UK survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 205 (1), pp. 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.128637
Influences on recruitment to randomised controlled trials in mental health settings in England: a national cross-sectional survey of researchers working for the Mental Health Research Network
Borschmann, R., Patterson, S., Poovendran, D., Wilson, D. and Weaver, T. 2014. Influences on recruitment to randomised controlled trials in mental health settings in England: a national cross-sectional survey of researchers working for the Mental Health Research Network. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 14 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-23
Monitoring and management of metabolic abnormalities: mixed-method evaluation of a successful intervention
Wilson, E., Randall, C., Patterson, S., Emmerson, B., Moudgil, V. and Weaver, T. 2014. Monitoring and management of metabolic abnormalities: mixed-method evaluation of a successful intervention. Australasian Psychiatry. 22 (3), pp. 248-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856214529000
The effect of organisational resources and eligibility issues on transition from child and adolescent to adult mental health services
Belling, R., McLaren, S., Paul, M., Ford, T., Kramer, T., Weaver, T., Hovish, K., Islam, Z., White, S. and Singh, S. 2014. The effect of organisational resources and eligibility issues on transition from child and adolescent to adult mental health services. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. 19 (3), pp. 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/1355819614527439
Mental health treatment requirement
Trebilcock, J. 2014. Mental health treatment requirement. in: Taylor, P., Corteen, K. and Morley, S. (ed.) A companion to criminal justice, mental health and risk Bristol Policy Press. pp. 175-176
Multi-method Evaluation of the Management, Organisation and Staffing (MEMOS) in high security treatment services for people with Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD)
Trebilcock, J. and Weaver, T. 2010. Multi-method Evaluation of the Management, Organisation and Staffing (MEMOS) in high security treatment services for people with Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD). Personality Disorder Team.
Everybody knows that the prisoner is going nowhere: Parole Board members’ views about dangerous and severe personality disorder in England and Wales
Trebilcock, J. and Weaver, T. 2012. Everybody knows that the prisoner is going nowhere: Parole Board members’ views about dangerous and severe personality disorder in England and Wales. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology. 1, pp. 141-150. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2012.01.14
‘Talking a different language’: an exploration of the influence of organizational cultures and working practices on transition from child to adult mental health services
McLaren, S., Belling, R., Paul, M., Ford, T., Kramer, T., Weaver, T., Hovish, K., Islam, Z., White, S. and Singh, S.P. 2013. ‘Talking a different language’: an exploration of the influence of organizational cultures and working practices on transition from child to adult mental health services. BMC Health Services Research. 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-254
The commissioning and provision of advocacy for problem drug users in English DATS; a cross sectional survey
Cargill, T., Weaver, T. and Patterson, S. 2012. The commissioning and provision of advocacy for problem drug users in English DATS; a cross sectional survey. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 19 (2), pp. 163-170. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2011.609204
Changing legal characteristics of dangerous and severe personality disorder (DSPD) patients and prisoners
Trebilcock, J. and Weaver, T. 2012. Changing legal characteristics of dangerous and severe personality disorder (DSPD) patients and prisoners. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 23 (2), pp. 237-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2012.668212
‘It doesn't have to be treatable’: Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT) members’ views about Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD)
Trebilcock, J. and Weaver, T. 2012. ‘It doesn't have to be treatable’: Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT) members’ views about Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD). The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 23 (2), pp. 244-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2012.668208
Selecting outcome measures in mental health: the views of service users
Crawford, M.J., Robotham, D., Thana, L., Patterson, S., Weaver, T., Barber, R., Wykes, T. and Rose, D. 2011. Selecting outcome measures in mental health: the views of service users. Journal of Mental Health. 20 (4), pp. 336-346. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2011.577114
Siblings of young people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy -- a qualitative study of impact and coping
Read, J., Kinali, M., Muntoni, F., Weaver, T. and Garralda, M.E. 2011. Siblings of young people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy -- a qualitative study of impact and coping. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 15 (1), pp. 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.07.006
No winners: the reality of short term prison sentences
Trebilcock, J. 2011. No winners: the reality of short term prison sentences. London The Howard League for Penal Reform.
Process, outcome and experience of transition from child to adult mental healthcare: multiperspective study
Singh, S.P., Paul, M., Ford, T., Kramer, T., Weaver, T., McLaren, S., Hovish, K., Islam, Z., Belling, R. and White, S. 2010. Process, outcome and experience of transition from child to adult mental healthcare: multiperspective study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 197 (4), pp. 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075135
Drug service user groups: only a partial solution to the problem of developing user involvement
Patterson, S., Weaver, T. and Crawford, M. 2010. Drug service user groups: only a partial solution to the problem of developing user involvement. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 17 (1), pp. 84-97. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687630802225495
The prevalence of personality disorder, its comorbidity with mental state disorders, and its clinical significance in community mental health teams
Newton-Howes, G., Tyrer, P., Anagnostakis, K., Cooper, S., Bowden-Jones, O. and Weaver, T. 2010. The prevalence of personality disorder, its comorbidity with mental state disorders, and its clinical significance in community mental health teams. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 45 (4), pp. 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0084-7
A qualitative study of illicit and non-prescribed drug use amongst people with psychotic disorders
Charles, V. and Weaver, T. 2010. A qualitative study of illicit and non-prescribed drug use amongst people with psychotic disorders. Journal of Mental Health. 19 (1), pp. 99-106. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638230802523039
Child involvement in the paediatric consultation: a qualitative study of children and carers' views
Taylor, S., Haase-Casanovas, S., Weaver, T., Kidd, J. and Garralda, E.M. 2010. Child involvement in the paediatric consultation: a qualitative study of children and carers' views. Child: Care, Health and Development. 36 (5), pp. 678-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01076.x
Delusions and qualitative confusions: a dialogic collaborative exploration
Patterson, S., Hart, J. and Weaver, T. 2010. Delusions and qualitative confusions: a dialogic collaborative exploration. Qualitative Health Research. 20 (7), pp. 1008-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310363805
Assessment of adverse effects in clinical studies of antipsychotic medication: survey of methods used
Pope, A., Adams, C., Paton, C., Weaver, T. and Barnes, T.R.E. 2010. Assessment of adverse effects in clinical studies of antipsychotic medication: survey of methods used. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 197 (1), pp. 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.070961
User involvement in efforts to improve the quality of drug misuse services in England: a national survey
Patterson, S., Weaver, T., Agath, K., Rutter, D., Albert, E. and Crawford, M.J. 2009. User involvement in efforts to improve the quality of drug misuse services in England: a national survey. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 16 (4), pp. 364-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630802061544
Dedicated personality disorder services: a qualitative analysis of service structure and treatment process
Price, K., Gillespie, S., Rutter, D., Dhillon, K., Gibson, S., Faulkner, A., Weaver, T. and Crawford, M.J. 2009. Dedicated personality disorder services: a qualitative analysis of service structure and treatment process. Journal of Mental Health. 18 (6), pp. 467-475. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638230902968191
'They can't solve the problem without us': a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives on user involvement in drug treatment services in England
Patterson, S., Weaver, T., Agath, K., Albert, E., Rhodes, T., Rutter, D. and Crawford, M. 2009. 'They can't solve the problem without us': a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives on user involvement in drug treatment services in England. Health and Social Care in the Community. 17 (1), pp. 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00797.x
Use and perceived utility of structured violence risk assessments in English medium secure forensic units
Khiroya, R., Weaver, T. and Maden, A. 2009. Use and perceived utility of structured violence risk assessments in English medium secure forensic units. Psychiatric Bulletin. 33 (4), pp. 129-132. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.108.019810
Transitions of care from child and adolescent mental health services to adult mental health services (TRACK study): a study of protocols in Greater London
Singh, S.P., Paul, M., Ford, T., Kramer, T. and Weaver, T. 2008. Transitions of care from child and adolescent mental health services to adult mental health services (TRACK study): a study of protocols in Greater London. BMC Health Services Research. 8 (1), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-8-135
Attitudes of staff towards patients with personality disorder in community mental health teams
Newton-Howes, G., Weaver, T. and Tyrer, P. 2008. Attitudes of staff towards patients with personality disorder in community mental health teams. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 42 (7), pp. 572-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670802119739
Social functioning of patients with personality disorder in secondary care
Newton-Howes, G., Tyrer, P. and Weaver, T. 2008. Social functioning of patients with personality disorder in secondary care. Psychiatric Services. 59 (9), pp. 1033-1037. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.9.1033
Dedicated community-based services for adults with personality disorder: Delphi study
Crawford, M.J., Price, K., Rutter, D., Moran, P., Tyrer, P., Bateman, A., Fonagy, P. and Weaver, T. 2008. Dedicated community-based services for adults with personality disorder: Delphi study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 193 (4), pp. 342-343. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043042
Role of qualitative research to inform design of epidemiological studies: a cohort study of mental health of migrants from the former Yugoslavia
Djuretic, T., Crawford, M.J. and Weaver, T. 2007. Role of qualitative research to inform design of epidemiological studies: a cohort study of mental health of migrants from the former Yugoslavia. Journal of Mental Health. 16 (6), pp. 743-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230701496394
Prevalence of personality disorder in alcohol and drug services and associated comorbidity
Bowden-Jones, O., Iqbal, M., Tyrer, P., Seivewright, N., Cooper, S., Judd, A., Weaver, T. and the COSMIC study team 2004. Prevalence of personality disorder in alcohol and drug services and associated comorbidity. Addiction. 99 (10), pp. 1306-1314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00813.x
User involvement in the planning and delivery of mental health services: a cross-sectional survey of service users and providers
Crawford, M.J., Aldridge, T., Bhui, K., Rutter, D., Manley, C., Weaver, T., Tyrer, P. and Fulop, N. 2003. User involvement in the planning and delivery of mental health services: a cross-sectional survey of service users and providers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 107 (6), pp. 410-414. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00049.x
Assessing the value of assertive outreach: Qualitative study of process and outcome generation in the UK700 trial
Weaver, T., Tyrer, P., Ritchie, J. and Renton, A. 2003. Assessing the value of assertive outreach: Qualitative study of process and outcome generation in the UK700 trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 183 (5), pp. 437-435. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.5.437
Results of a screening survey for co-morbid substance misuse amongst patients in treatment for psychotic disorders: prevalence and service needs in an inner London borough
Weaver, T., Rutter, D., Madden, P., Ward, J., Stimson, G. and Renton, A. 2001. Results of a screening survey for co-morbid substance misuse amongst patients in treatment for psychotic disorders: prevalence and service needs in an inner London borough. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 36 (8), pp. 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270170030
The prevalence and management of co-morbid substance misuse and mental illness: results of a screening survey in substance misuse and mental health treatment populations
Weaver, T., Hickman, M., Rutter, D., Ward, J., Stimson, G. and Renton, A. 2001. The prevalence and management of co-morbid substance misuse and mental illness: results of a screening survey in substance misuse and mental health treatment populations. Drug and Alcohol Review. 20 (4), pp. 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230120092724
Residents' perceptions of water quality improvements following remediation work in the Pymme's Brook catchment, north London, UK
Faulkner, H., Green, A., Pellaumail, K. and Weaver, T. 2001. Residents' perceptions of water quality improvements following remediation work in the Pymme's Brook catchment, north London, UK. Journal of Environmental Management. 62 (3), pp. 239-254. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2001.0435
The Bentham unit: a pilot remand and assessment service for male mentally disordered remand prisoners. II: Report of an independent evaluation
Weaver, T., Taylor, F., Cunningham, B. and Maden, A. 1997. The Bentham unit: a pilot remand and assessment service for male mentally disordered remand prisoners. II: Report of an independent evaluation. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (5), pp. 462-466. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.5.462