Mobile telephone-delivered contingency management interventions promoting behaviour change in individuals with substance use disorders: a meta-analysis

Article

Getty, C., Morande, A., Lynsky, M., Weaver, T. and Metrebian, N. 2019. Mobile telephone-delivered contingency management interventions promoting behaviour change in individuals with substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 114 (11), pp. 1915-1925. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14725
TypeArticle
TitleMobile telephone-delivered contingency management interventions promoting behaviour change in individuals with substance use disorders: a meta-analysis
AuthorsGetty, C., Morande, A., Lynsky, M., Weaver, T. and Metrebian, N.
Abstract

BACKGROUND/AIMS:
Contingency management (CM) interventions have gained considerable interest due to their success in the treatment of addiction. However, their implementation can be resource-intensive for clinical staff. Mobile telephone-based systems might offer a low-cost alternative. This approach could facilitate remote monitoring of behaviour and delivery of the reinforcer and minimize issues of staffing and resources. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the evidence for the effectiveness of mobile telephone-delivered CM interventions to promote abstinence (from drugs, alcohol and tobacco), medication adherence and treatment engagement among individuals with substance use disorders.
DESIGN:
A systematic search of databases (PsychINFO, CINAHL, MEDLINE PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase) for randomized controlled trials and within-subject design studies (1995-2019). The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO.
SETTING:
All included studies originated in the United states.
PARTICIPANTS:
Seven studies were found, including 222 participants; two targeted alcohol abstinence among frequent drinkers and four targeted smoking cessation (in homeless veterans and those with post-traumatic stress disorder). One targeted medication adherence.
MEASURES:
The efficacy of CM to increase alcohol and nicotine abstinence was compared with control using several outcomes; percentage of negative samples (PNS), quit rate (QR) and longest duration abstinent (LDA) at the end of the intervention.
FINDINGS:
The random-effects meta-analyses produced pooled effect sizes of; PNS [d = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.63-1.25], LDA (d = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.69-1.46) and QR (d = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.27-0.66), demonstrating better outcomes across the CM conditions. Most of the studies were rated as of moderate quality. 'Fail-safe N' computations for PNS indicated that 50 studies would be needed to produce a non-significant overall effect size. None could be calculated for QR and LDA due to insufficient number of studies.
CONCLUSION:
Mobile telephone-delivered contingency management performs significantly better than control conditions in reducing tobacco and alcohol use among adults not in treatment for substance use disorders.

KeywordsContingency management; drug use; financial incentives; mobile telephone; remote monitoring; substance use
PublisherWiley
JournalAddiction
ISSN0965-2140
Electronic1360-0443
Publication dates
Online27 Jul 2019
Print16 Oct 2019
Publication process dates
Submitted20 Mar 2019
Accepted20 Jun 2019
Deposited02 Dec 2019
Output statusPublished
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Open
Copyright Statement

© 2019 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Additional information

[Correction added on 29 August 2019 after first online publication: Table 1 has been corrected in this version]

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14725
Web of Science identifierWOS:000490252300002
LanguageEnglish
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Patterson, S., Trite, J. and Weaver, T. 2014. Activity and views of service users involved in mental health research: UK survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 205 (1), pp. 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.128637
Influences on recruitment to randomised controlled trials in mental health settings in England: a national cross-sectional survey of researchers working for the Mental Health Research Network
Borschmann, R., Patterson, S., Poovendran, D., Wilson, D. and Weaver, T. 2014. Influences on recruitment to randomised controlled trials in mental health settings in England: a national cross-sectional survey of researchers working for the Mental Health Research Network. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 14 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-23
Monitoring and management of metabolic abnormalities: mixed-method evaluation of a successful intervention
Wilson, E., Randall, C., Patterson, S., Emmerson, B., Moudgil, V. and Weaver, T. 2014. Monitoring and management of metabolic abnormalities: mixed-method evaluation of a successful intervention. Australasian Psychiatry. 22 (3), pp. 248-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856214529000
The effect of organisational resources and eligibility issues on transition from child and adolescent to adult mental health services
Belling, R., McLaren, S., Paul, M., Ford, T., Kramer, T., Weaver, T., Hovish, K., Islam, Z., White, S. and Singh, S. 2014. The effect of organisational resources and eligibility issues on transition from child and adolescent to adult mental health services. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. 19 (3), pp. 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/1355819614527439
Multi-method Evaluation of the Management, Organisation and Staffing (MEMOS) in high security treatment services for people with Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD)
Trebilcock, J. and Weaver, T. 2010. Multi-method Evaluation of the Management, Organisation and Staffing (MEMOS) in high security treatment services for people with Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD). Personality Disorder Team.
Everybody knows that the prisoner is going nowhere: Parole Board members’ views about dangerous and severe personality disorder in England and Wales
Trebilcock, J. and Weaver, T. 2012. Everybody knows that the prisoner is going nowhere: Parole Board members’ views about dangerous and severe personality disorder in England and Wales. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology. 1, pp. 141-150. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2012.01.14
‘Talking a different language’: an exploration of the influence of organizational cultures and working practices on transition from child to adult mental health services
McLaren, S., Belling, R., Paul, M., Ford, T., Kramer, T., Weaver, T., Hovish, K., Islam, Z., White, S. and Singh, S.P. 2013. ‘Talking a different language’: an exploration of the influence of organizational cultures and working practices on transition from child to adult mental health services. BMC Health Services Research. 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-254
The commissioning and provision of advocacy for problem drug users in English DATS; a cross sectional survey
Cargill, T., Weaver, T. and Patterson, S. 2012. The commissioning and provision of advocacy for problem drug users in English DATS; a cross sectional survey. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 19 (2), pp. 163-170. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2011.609204
Changing legal characteristics of dangerous and severe personality disorder (DSPD) patients and prisoners
Trebilcock, J. and Weaver, T. 2012. Changing legal characteristics of dangerous and severe personality disorder (DSPD) patients and prisoners. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 23 (2), pp. 237-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2012.668212
‘It doesn't have to be treatable’: Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT) members’ views about Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD)
Trebilcock, J. and Weaver, T. 2012. ‘It doesn't have to be treatable’: Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT) members’ views about Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD). The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 23 (2), pp. 244-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2012.668208
Selecting outcome measures in mental health: the views of service users
Crawford, M.J., Robotham, D., Thana, L., Patterson, S., Weaver, T., Barber, R., Wykes, T. and Rose, D. 2011. Selecting outcome measures in mental health: the views of service users. Journal of Mental Health. 20 (4), pp. 336-346. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2011.577114
Siblings of young people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy -- a qualitative study of impact and coping
Read, J., Kinali, M., Muntoni, F., Weaver, T. and Garralda, M.E. 2011. Siblings of young people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy -- a qualitative study of impact and coping. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 15 (1), pp. 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.07.006
Process, outcome and experience of transition from child to adult mental healthcare: multiperspective study
Singh, S.P., Paul, M., Ford, T., Kramer, T., Weaver, T., McLaren, S., Hovish, K., Islam, Z., Belling, R. and White, S. 2010. Process, outcome and experience of transition from child to adult mental healthcare: multiperspective study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 197 (4), pp. 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075135
Drug service user groups: only a partial solution to the problem of developing user involvement
Patterson, S., Weaver, T. and Crawford, M. 2010. Drug service user groups: only a partial solution to the problem of developing user involvement. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 17 (1), pp. 84-97. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687630802225495
The prevalence of personality disorder, its comorbidity with mental state disorders, and its clinical significance in community mental health teams
Newton-Howes, G., Tyrer, P., Anagnostakis, K., Cooper, S., Bowden-Jones, O. and Weaver, T. 2010. The prevalence of personality disorder, its comorbidity with mental state disorders, and its clinical significance in community mental health teams. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 45 (4), pp. 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0084-7
A qualitative study of illicit and non-prescribed drug use amongst people with psychotic disorders
Charles, V. and Weaver, T. 2010. A qualitative study of illicit and non-prescribed drug use amongst people with psychotic disorders. Journal of Mental Health. 19 (1), pp. 99-106. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638230802523039
Child involvement in the paediatric consultation: a qualitative study of children and carers' views
Taylor, S., Haase-Casanovas, S., Weaver, T., Kidd, J. and Garralda, E.M. 2010. Child involvement in the paediatric consultation: a qualitative study of children and carers' views. Child: Care, Health and Development. 36 (5), pp. 678-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01076.x
Delusions and qualitative confusions: a dialogic collaborative exploration
Patterson, S., Hart, J. and Weaver, T. 2010. Delusions and qualitative confusions: a dialogic collaborative exploration. Qualitative Health Research. 20 (7), pp. 1008-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310363805
Assessment of adverse effects in clinical studies of antipsychotic medication: survey of methods used
Pope, A., Adams, C., Paton, C., Weaver, T. and Barnes, T.R.E. 2010. Assessment of adverse effects in clinical studies of antipsychotic medication: survey of methods used. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 197 (1), pp. 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.070961
User involvement in efforts to improve the quality of drug misuse services in England: a national survey
Patterson, S., Weaver, T., Agath, K., Rutter, D., Albert, E. and Crawford, M.J. 2009. User involvement in efforts to improve the quality of drug misuse services in England: a national survey. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. 16 (4), pp. 364-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630802061544
Dedicated personality disorder services: a qualitative analysis of service structure and treatment process
Price, K., Gillespie, S., Rutter, D., Dhillon, K., Gibson, S., Faulkner, A., Weaver, T. and Crawford, M.J. 2009. Dedicated personality disorder services: a qualitative analysis of service structure and treatment process. Journal of Mental Health. 18 (6), pp. 467-475. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638230902968191
'They can't solve the problem without us': a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives on user involvement in drug treatment services in England
Patterson, S., Weaver, T., Agath, K., Albert, E., Rhodes, T., Rutter, D. and Crawford, M. 2009. 'They can't solve the problem without us': a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives on user involvement in drug treatment services in England. Health and Social Care in the Community. 17 (1), pp. 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00797.x
Use and perceived utility of structured violence risk assessments in English medium secure forensic units
Khiroya, R., Weaver, T. and Maden, A. 2009. Use and perceived utility of structured violence risk assessments in English medium secure forensic units. Psychiatric Bulletin. 33 (4), pp. 129-132. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.108.019810
Transitions of care from child and adolescent mental health services to adult mental health services (TRACK study): a study of protocols in Greater London
Singh, S.P., Paul, M., Ford, T., Kramer, T. and Weaver, T. 2008. Transitions of care from child and adolescent mental health services to adult mental health services (TRACK study): a study of protocols in Greater London. BMC Health Services Research. 8 (1), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-8-135
Attitudes of staff towards patients with personality disorder in community mental health teams
Newton-Howes, G., Weaver, T. and Tyrer, P. 2008. Attitudes of staff towards patients with personality disorder in community mental health teams. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 42 (7), pp. 572-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670802119739
Social functioning of patients with personality disorder in secondary care
Newton-Howes, G., Tyrer, P. and Weaver, T. 2008. Social functioning of patients with personality disorder in secondary care. Psychiatric Services. 59 (9), pp. 1033-1037. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.9.1033
Dedicated community-based services for adults with personality disorder: Delphi study
Crawford, M.J., Price, K., Rutter, D., Moran, P., Tyrer, P., Bateman, A., Fonagy, P. and Weaver, T. 2008. Dedicated community-based services for adults with personality disorder: Delphi study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 193 (4), pp. 342-343. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043042
Role of qualitative research to inform design of epidemiological studies: a cohort study of mental health of migrants from the former Yugoslavia
Djuretic, T., Crawford, M.J. and Weaver, T. 2007. Role of qualitative research to inform design of epidemiological studies: a cohort study of mental health of migrants from the former Yugoslavia. Journal of Mental Health. 16 (6), pp. 743-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230701496394
Prevalence of personality disorder in alcohol and drug services and associated comorbidity
Bowden-Jones, O., Iqbal, M., Tyrer, P., Seivewright, N., Cooper, S., Judd, A., Weaver, T. and the COSMIC study team 2004. Prevalence of personality disorder in alcohol and drug services and associated comorbidity. Addiction. 99 (10), pp. 1306-1314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00813.x
User involvement in the planning and delivery of mental health services: a cross-sectional survey of service users and providers
Crawford, M.J., Aldridge, T., Bhui, K., Rutter, D., Manley, C., Weaver, T., Tyrer, P. and Fulop, N. 2003. User involvement in the planning and delivery of mental health services: a cross-sectional survey of service users and providers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 107 (6), pp. 410-414. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00049.x
Assessing the value of assertive outreach: Qualitative study of process and outcome generation in the UK700 trial
Weaver, T., Tyrer, P., Ritchie, J. and Renton, A. 2003. Assessing the value of assertive outreach: Qualitative study of process and outcome generation in the UK700 trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 183 (5), pp. 437-435. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.5.437
Results of a screening survey for co-morbid substance misuse amongst patients in treatment for psychotic disorders: prevalence and service needs in an inner London borough
Weaver, T., Rutter, D., Madden, P., Ward, J., Stimson, G. and Renton, A. 2001. Results of a screening survey for co-morbid substance misuse amongst patients in treatment for psychotic disorders: prevalence and service needs in an inner London borough. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 36 (8), pp. 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270170030
The prevalence and management of co-morbid substance misuse and mental illness: results of a screening survey in substance misuse and mental health treatment populations
Weaver, T., Hickman, M., Rutter, D., Ward, J., Stimson, G. and Renton, A. 2001. The prevalence and management of co-morbid substance misuse and mental illness: results of a screening survey in substance misuse and mental health treatment populations. Drug and Alcohol Review. 20 (4), pp. 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230120092724
Residents' perceptions of water quality improvements following remediation work in the Pymme's Brook catchment, north London, UK
Faulkner, H., Green, A., Pellaumail, K. and Weaver, T. 2001. Residents' perceptions of water quality improvements following remediation work in the Pymme's Brook catchment, north London, UK. Journal of Environmental Management. 62 (3), pp. 239-254. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2001.0435
The Bentham unit: a pilot remand and assessment service for male mentally disordered remand prisoners. II: Report of an independent evaluation
Weaver, T., Taylor, F., Cunningham, B. and Maden, A. 1997. The Bentham unit: a pilot remand and assessment service for male mentally disordered remand prisoners. II: Report of an independent evaluation. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (5), pp. 462-466. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.5.462