Vulnerable attachment style questionnaire: preliminary evidence for a revised factor structure among adolescents in residential care

Article

Simão, A., Martins, C., Bifulco, A. and Nunes, C. 2026. Vulnerable attachment style questionnaire: preliminary evidence for a revised factor structure among adolescents in residential care. Children. 13 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/children13040551
TypeArticle
TitleVulnerable attachment style questionnaire: preliminary evidence for a revised factor structure among adolescents in residential care
AuthorsSimão, A., Martins, C., Bifulco, A. and Nunes, C.
Abstract

Background/Objectives: The attachment framework has been used to understand individuals’ development and the emergence of difficulties in specific contexts and developmental stages. The Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ) is a brief self-report measure initially designed to assess adult attachment as a vulnerability factor for the development of depression. The present study aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the VASQ in a sample of adolescents living in residential care and to provide preliminary evidence for a revised version of the instrument in this population. Methods: A total of 438 youths, aged 12 to 18 years (M = 15.34), completed the questionnaire. Data were randomly split to conduct independent exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results: A three-factor model, consisting of two types of insecurity (ambivalent and avoidant) and a proximity-seeking dimension, emerged as the best-fitting solution. This revised structure involved removing several items while maintaining acceptable psychometric properties and meaningful associations with psychological adjustment. Concurrent validity was assessed by examining youth psychological adjustment, and positive correlations emerged as expected. Conclusions: The findings provide preliminary support for a shortened, restructured version of the VASQ for adolescents in residential care. Rather than confirming the original factorial structure, the results highlight the need to consider population-specific adaptations of the instrument. This version may have potential utility in clinical or intervention contexts and underscores the need to train institutional workers to develop competencies tailored to this population.

Keywordsadolescents; attachment; psychological adjustment; psychometric properties; residential care
Sustainable Development Goals3 Good health and well-being
Middlesex University ThemeHealth & Wellbeing
PublisherMDPI
JournalChildren
ISSN
Electronic2227-9067
Publication dates
Online15 Apr 2026
Print15 Apr 2026
Publication process dates
Submitted01 Mar 2026
Accepted13 Apr 2026
Deposited24 Apr 2026
Output statusPublished
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Copyright Statement

© 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3390/children13040551
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Bifulco, A., Moran, P., Ball, C. and Lillie, A. 2002. Adult Attachment Style. II: Its relationship to psychosocial depressive-vulnerability. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37 (2), pp. 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s127-002-8216-x
Adult attachment style. I: Its relationship to clinical depression
Bifulco, A., Moran, P., Ball, C. and Bernazzani, O. 2002. Adult attachment style. I: Its relationship to clinical depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37 (2), pp. 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s127-002-8215-0
Assessing psychosocial risk in pregnant/postpartum women using the Contextual Assessment of Maternity Experience (CAME)
Bernazzani, O., Marks, M., Bifulco, A., Siddle, K., Asten, P. and Conroy, S. 2005. Assessing psychosocial risk in pregnant/postpartum women using the Contextual Assessment of Maternity Experience (CAME). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 40 (6), pp. 497-508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0917-y
Problem partners and parenting: exploring linkages with maternal insecure attachment style and adolescent offspring internalizing disorder
Bifulco, A., Moran, P., Jacobs, C. and Bunn, A. 2009. Problem partners and parenting: exploring linkages with maternal insecure attachment style and adolescent offspring internalizing disorder. Attachment & Human Development. 11 (1), pp. 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802500826
Concordance between mother and offspring retrospective reports of childhood adversity
Fisher, H., Bunn, A., Jacobs, C., Moran, P. and Bifulco, A. 2011. Concordance between mother and offspring retrospective reports of childhood adversity. Child Abuse and Neglect. 35 (2), pp. 117-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.10.003
Anxiety and hospitalization in adolescence: relations to attachment style and parental support
Vulliez-Coady, L., Vidal, C., Vivot, A., Monnin, J., Nezelof, S. and Bifulco, A. 2013. Anxiety and hospitalization in adolescence: relations to attachment style and parental support. Psychiatria Danubina. 25 (Supp 2), pp. 135-142.
La valutazione del rischio di depressione perinatale con l’Attachment Style Interview
Bifulco, A. 2013. La valutazione del rischio di depressione perinatale con l’Attachment Style Interview. in: Carretti, V., Ragonese, N. and Crisafi, C. (ed.) La depressione perinatale: Aspetti clinici e di ricerca sulla genitorialità a rischio Giovanni Fioriti Editore.
Understanding adult attachment in family relationships: assessment and intervention
Bifulco, A. and Thomas, G. 2012. Understanding adult attachment in family relationships: assessment and intervention. Routledge.
Malaysian moslem mothers' experience of depression and service use
Abdul Kadir, N. and Bifulco, A. 2010. Malaysian moslem mothers' experience of depression and service use. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 34 (3), pp. 443-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-010-9183-x
The Attachment Style Interview (ASI): a support-based adult assessment tool for adoption and fostering practice
Bifulco, A., Jacobs, C., Bunn, A., Thomas, G. and Irving, K. 2008. The Attachment Style Interview (ASI): a support-based adult assessment tool for adoption and fostering practice. Adoption and Fostering. 32 (3), pp. 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/030857590803200306
Solutions on Stress (SOS): programmes, packages and products for helping teenagers
Bunn, A., Bifulco, A., Lorenc, A. and Robinson, N. 2007. Solutions on Stress (SOS): programmes, packages and products for helping teenagers. Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers. 8 (1), pp. 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/17473610710733758
The childhood experience of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA.Q): validation in a community series
Bifulco, A., Bernazzani, O., Moran, P. and Jacobs, C. 2005. The childhood experience of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA.Q): validation in a community series. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 44 (4), pp. 563-581. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X35344
Childhood adversity, parental vulnerability and disorder: examining intergenerational transmission of risk
Bifulco, A., Moran, P., Ball, C., Jacobs, C., Baines, R., Bunn, A. and Cavagin, J. 2002. Childhood adversity, parental vulnerability and disorder: examining intergenerational transmission of risk. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 43 (8), pp. 1075-1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00234
Predicting onset of depression: the vulnerability to depression questionnaire
Moran, P., Bifulco, A., Ball, C. and Campbell, C. 2001. Predicting onset of depression: the vulnerability to depression questionnaire. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 40 (4), pp. 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466501163896