Are penalty shoot-outs racist?

Article

Billsberry, J., Nelson, P., Van Meurs, N. and Edwards, G. 2007. Are penalty shoot-outs racist? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 6 (Supplementum 10), p. 98.
TypeArticle
TitleAre penalty shoot-outs racist?
AuthorsBillsberry, J., Nelson, P., Van Meurs, N. and Edwards, G.
Abstract

The acceptance of penalty shoot-outs in the knockout stages of international football tournaments is based on the belief that they have face validity by involving a football skill, that they have a clear and quick decision criterion that settles the result shortly after the end of the game, and that they do not offer any in-built advantage to either of the competing nations. Following events in the 2006 World Cup, we decided to investigate whether there are grounds to believe that the results of penalty shoot-outs are predetermined. Specifically, we considered whether characteristics of national cultures explain the results of penalty shoot-outs and whether penalty shoot-outs offer an advantage to any nation.

Research GroupInternational and Cross-cultural Management group
PublisherUludağ University
JournalJournal of Sports Science and Medicine
ISSN1303-2968
Publication dates
PrintJan 2007
Publication process dates
Deposited12 Oct 2011
Output statusPublished
Additional information

VIth World Congress on Science and Football, Book of Abstracts, January 16-20, 2007, Antalya, Turkey.
Supplementum 10.

Web address (URL)https://www.jssm.org/newsuppl.php
https://jssm.org/volumesuppls/iss1/cap/jssm-suppls-10.pdf
LanguageEnglish
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