Supporting digital key workers: Addressing the challenges faced by content moderators during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

Article

Martellozzo, E., Bleakley, P., Bradbury, P., Spence, R. and DeMarco, J. 2024. Supporting digital key workers: Addressing the challenges faced by content moderators during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management. 24 (2), pp. 212-228. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTPM.2024.137818
TypeArticle
TitleSupporting digital key workers: Addressing the challenges faced by content moderators during and after the COVID-19 pandemic
AuthorsMartellozzo, E., Bleakley, P., Bradbury, P., Spence, R. and DeMarco, J.
Abstract

Content moderators (CMs) are private or state sector professionals responsible for inspecting user-generated content and applying policies to decide whether contentious content should remain online or be removed. CMs were required to review an unprecedented increase of illegal content during the COVID-19 pandemic. The existing evidence, although mostly anecdotal, suggests that frequent exposure to such content affects CM’s well-being, mental health, and quality of life, as well as their work competence, satisfaction, and productivity. This study utilises (N = 9) in-depth qualitative interviews with CMs which explored the impact of this work in the exceptional and challenging period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this paper is to critically explore what lessons can be learned from CM’s experiences at work and how they coped with the difficulties created by COVID-19. This research will in turn assist organisations to identify what is needed to improve conditions and mental well-being in the workplace.

Keywordscontent moderators; social media; tech industry; labour conditions; digital first responders; COVID-19; CSAM; lockdown; work from home; mental well-being
Sustainable Development Goals3 Good health and well-being
Middlesex University ThemeHealth & Wellbeing
Research GroupCentre for Abuse and Trauma Studies (CATS)
PublisherInderscience Enterprises Ltd.
JournalInternational Journal of Technology, Policy and Management
ISSN1468-4322
Electronic1741-5292
Publication dates
Online05 Apr 2024
PrintJan 2024
Publication process dates
Submitted11 Apr 2023
Accepted06 Jul 2023
Deposited14 Sep 2023
Output statusPublished
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Copyright Statement

Copyright © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Inderscience Publishers Ltd. This is an Open Access Article
distributed under the CC BY license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTPM.2024.137818
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTPM.2024.10058414
LanguageEnglish
Permalink -

https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/item/9y743

Log in to edit

Download files

Publisher's version
martellozzo-et-al-2024-supporting-digital-key-workers.pdf
License: CC BY 4.0
File access level: Open

  • 221
    total views
  • 39
    total downloads
  • 9
    views this month
  • 5
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Content moderator mental health and associations with coping styles: replication and extension of previous studies
Spence, R. and DeMarco, J. 2025. Content moderator mental health and associations with coping styles: replication and extension of previous studies. Behavioral Sciences. 15 (4), p. 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040487
Content moderator mental health and associations with coping styles: replication and extension of previous studies
Spence, R. and DeMarco, J. 2025. Content moderator mental health and associations with coping styles: replication and extension of previous studies. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202502.0160.v1
Exploring the use of Virtual Reality to enhance rapid decompression from occupational stress during short wellness breaks for content moderators
Spence, R., Campbell, N., Woofenden, T. and DeMarco, J. 2025. Exploring the use of Virtual Reality to enhance rapid decompression from occupational stress during short wellness breaks for content moderators. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5684444/v1
'Understanding domestic violence and abuse: victim, suspect and crime predictors of police outcomes'
Barbin, A., Crivatu, I., Davies, K., Horvath, M.A.H. and Spence, R. 2025. 'Understanding domestic violence and abuse: victim, suspect and crime predictors of police outcomes'. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-024-00802-z
Issues with using police data to investigate offending: a research perspective
Spence, R. and Crivatu, I 2025. Issues with using police data to investigate offending: a research perspective. Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x251313944
How does news coverage of suicide affect suicidal behaviour at a high-frequency location? A 7-year time series analysis
Marzano, L., Spence, R., Marsh, I, Barbin, A and Kruger, I 2024. How does news coverage of suicide affect suicidal behaviour at a high-frequency location? A 7-year time series analysis. BMJ Public Health. 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2024-002136
‘I had no choice’: adult neutralisation of online sexual engagement with children
Bradbury, P., Bleakley, P. and Martellozzo, E. 2024. ‘I had no choice’: adult neutralisation of online sexual engagement with children. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-024-09645-2
Content moderator coping strategies: associations with psychological distress, secondary trauma and wellbeing
Spence, R., Martellozzo, E. and DeMarco, J. 2024. Content moderator coping strategies: associations with psychological distress, secondary trauma and wellbeing. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000454
Limerence, hidden obsession, fixation, and rumination: a scoping review of human behaviour
Bradbury, P., Short, E. and Bleakley, P. 2024. Limerence, hidden obsession, fixation, and rumination: a scoping review of human behaviour. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-024-09674-x
Content moderator mental health, secondary trauma, and well-being: a cross-sectional study
Spence, R., Bifulco, A., Bradbury, P., Martellozzo, E. and DeMarco, J. 2024. Content moderator mental health, secondary trauma, and well-being: a cross-sectional study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 27 (2), pp. 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2023.0298
The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: a qualitative study
Spence, R., Bifulco, A., Bradbury, P., Martellozzo, E. and DeMarco, J. 2023. The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: a qualitative study. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. 17 (4). https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2023-4-8
Moderating online child sexual abuse material (CSAM): does self-regulation work, or is greater state regulation needed?
Bleakley, P., Martellozzo, E., Spence, R. and DeMarco, J. 2023. Moderating online child sexual abuse material (CSAM): does self-regulation work, or is greater state regulation needed? European Journal of Criminology. 21 (2), pp. 231-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/14773708231181361
Panic, pizza and mainstreaming the alt-right: A social media analysis of Pizzagate and the rise of the QAnon conspiracy
Bleakley, P. 2023. Panic, pizza and mainstreaming the alt-right: A social media analysis of Pizzagate and the rise of the QAnon conspiracy. Current Sociology. 71 (3), pp. 509-525. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921211034896
Content moderators’ strategies for coping with the stress of moderating content online
Spence, R., Harrison, A., Bradbury, P., Bleakley, P., Martellozzo, E. and DeMarco, J. 2023. Content moderators’ strategies for coping with the stress of moderating content online. Journal of Online Trust and Safety. 1 (5), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i5.91
The right tool for the job: evaluating police experiences of a pilot tool for responding to stalking
Bleakley, P., Frost, S., Bradbury, P., Short, E. and Martellozzo, E. 2023. The right tool for the job: evaluating police experiences of a pilot tool for responding to stalking. Policing: a Journal of Policy and Practice. 17. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac022
Understanding sexual violence and factors related to police outcomes
Davies, K., Spence, R., Cummings, E., Cross, M. and Horvath, M. 2022. Understanding sexual violence and factors related to police outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology. 13, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.977318
Police responses to cyberstalking during the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK
Martellozzo, E., Bleakley, P., Bradbury, P., Frost, S. and Short, E. 2022. Police responses to cyberstalking during the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X221113452
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on reporting of rape, serious sexual offences, and domestic abuse in one English police force
Spence, R., Horvath, M., Dalton, C. and Davies, K. 2022. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on reporting of rape, serious sexual offences, and domestic abuse in one English police force. Journal of Gender-Based Violence. 6 (2), pp. 242-260. https://doi.org/10.1332/239868021X16425806897258
Criminal court sentencing: the case for specialist ‘young adult’ courts
Ward, J. and Spence, R. 2022. Criminal court sentencing: the case for specialist ‘young adult’ courts. The British Journal of Criminology: An International Review of Crime and Society. 63 (4), pp. 1041-1057. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azac076
Frontline response: exploring the impact of COVID‐19 on stalking behaviours
Short, E., Bradbury, P., Martellozzo, E., Frost, S. and Bleakley, P. 2022. Frontline response: exploring the impact of COVID‐19 on stalking behaviours. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. 37 (3), pp. 540-548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-022-09514-w
The moderation effect of secure attachment on the relationship between positive events and wellbeing
Spence, R., Kagan, L., Nunn, S., Bailey-Rodriguez, D., Fisher, H., Hosang, G. and Bifulco, A. 2022. The moderation effect of secure attachment on the relationship between positive events and wellbeing. PsyCh Journal. 11 (4), pp. 541-549. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.546
Life events, depression and supportive relationships affect academic achievement in university students
Spence, R., Kagan, L., Nunn, S., Bailey-Rodriguez, D., Fisher, H., Hosang, G. and Bifulco, A. 2022. Life events, depression and supportive relationships affect academic achievement in university students. Journal of American College Health. 70 (7), pp. 1931-1935. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1841776
“Lucky Boy!”; Public perceptions of child sexual offending committed by women
Bradbury, P. and Martellozzo, E. 2021. “Lucky Boy!”; Public perceptions of child sexual offending committed by women. Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice. 4 (2), pp. 160-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/25166069211060091
A new front in the history wars? Responding to Rubenhold’s feminist revision of the Ripper
Bleakley, P. 2021. A new front in the history wars? Responding to Rubenhold’s feminist revision of the Ripper. Criminology & Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895821992460
Accused of an "abominable crime": punishing homosexual blackmail threats in London, 1723–1823
Bleakley, P. 2021. Accused of an "abominable crime": punishing homosexual blackmail threats in London, 1723–1823. Crime, Law and Social Change. 75 (4), pp. 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-020-09925-y
Whitechapel, dark city: performative recuperation of urban identity in Gilded Age Chicago’s Whitechapel Club
Bleakley, P. 2020. Whitechapel, dark city: performative recuperation of urban identity in Gilded Age Chicago’s Whitechapel Club. Urbanities: Journal of Urban Ethnography. 10 (2), pp. 56-70.
Understanding trauma in children and young people in the school setting
Spence, R., Kagan, L., Kljakovic, M. and Bifulco, A. 2021. Understanding trauma in children and young people in the school setting. Educational and Child Psychology. 38 (1), pp. 87-98.
The child attachment style interview (Child-ASI) and depression: preliminary findings
Bifulco, A., Jacobs, C., Oskis, A., Bunn, A. and Spence, R. 2021. The child attachment style interview (Child-ASI) and depression: preliminary findings. Educational and Child Psychology. 38 (1), pp. 62-74.
Shared practice, learning, and goals between police and young people: a qualitative analysis of the National Volunteer Police Cadets
DeMarco, J. and Bifulco, A. 2021. Shared practice, learning, and goals between police and young people: a qualitative analysis of the National Volunteer Police Cadets. Policing: a Journal of Policy and Practice. 15 (4), pp. 2095-2110. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paaa010
The cult of corruption: reframing organizational frameworks of police corruption from a cultic perspective
Bleakley, P. 2021. The cult of corruption: reframing organizational frameworks of police corruption from a cultic perspective. Deviant Behavior. 42 (5), pp. 565-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2020.1741775
Life events and emotional disorder revisited: research and clinical applications
Bifulco, A., Spence, R. and Kagan, L. 2020. Life events and emotional disorder revisited: research and clinical applications. London, UK Routledge.
Muddy waters: critiquing the historical criminology method in the investigation of the Smiley Face murders theory
Bleakley, P. 2021. Muddy waters: critiquing the historical criminology method in the investigation of the Smiley Face murders theory. Homicide Studies. 25 (3), pp. 273-292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767920948571
Exploring the removal of online child sexual abuse material in the United Kingdom: processes and practice
Martellozzo, E. and DeMarco, J. 2020. Exploring the removal of online child sexual abuse material in the United Kingdom: processes and practice. Crime Prevention & Community Safety. 22 (4), pp. 331-350. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-020-00099-2
Racial differences in Police experiences: investigation into the factors influencing citizen-police co-operation
DeMarco, J. 2016. Racial differences in Police experiences: investigation into the factors influencing citizen-police co-operation. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities. 6 (2), pp. 42-63.
The trouble with squads: accounting for corruption in Australia’s specialist policing units
Bleakley, P. 2021. The trouble with squads: accounting for corruption in Australia’s specialist policing units. Criminal Justice Studies. 34 (1), pp. 115-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1763985
Exploring policing and industry practice in the prevention of online child sexual abuse
Davidson, J., Schimmenti, A., Caretti, V., Puccia, A., Corbari, E., Bogaerts, S., Schilder, J., Scally, M., Bifulco, A. and DeMarco, J. 2020. Exploring policing and industry practice in the prevention of online child sexual abuse. in: Bryce, I. and Petherick, W. (ed.) Child Sexual Abuse: Forensic Issues in Evidence, Impact, and Management Academic Press. pp. 657-678
Researching the affects that on online pornography has on U.K. adolescents aged 11 to 16
Martellozzo, E., Monaghan, A., Davidson, J. and Adler, J. 2020. Researching the affects that on online pornography has on U.K. adolescents aged 11 to 16. SAGE Open. 10 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899462
'No action required': a historical pattern of inaction and discretion towards child sexual abuse in Queensland policing
Bleakley, P. 2020. 'No action required': a historical pattern of inaction and discretion towards child sexual abuse in Queensland policing. Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles. 93 (2), pp. 109-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X19839281
Partner violence in women - associations with childhood maltreatment, attachment style and major depression
Bifulco, A., Damiani, R., Jacobs, C., Bunn, A. and Spence, R. 2019. Partner violence in women - associations with childhood maltreatment, attachment style and major depression. Maltrattamento E Abuso All’infanzia: Rivista Interdisciplinare. 21 (2), pp. 13-28. https://doi.org/10.3280/MAL2019-002002
Online sexual grooming: children as victims of online abuse
Martellozzo, E. 2017. Online sexual grooming: children as victims of online abuse. in: Martellozzo, E. and Jane, E. (ed.) Cybercrime and its victims Routledge, Taylor & Francis. pp. 108-128
A thin-slice of institutionalised police brutality: a tradition of excessive force in the Chicago Police Department
Bleakley, P. 2019. A thin-slice of institutionalised police brutality: a tradition of excessive force in the Chicago Police Department. Criminal Law Forum. 30 (4), pp. 425-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-019-09378-6
'Naive Kid' or 'Viruoso of Deceit'?: Tabloid media parochialism and the trials of Amanda Knox
Bleakley, P. 2019. 'Naive Kid' or 'Viruoso of Deceit'?: Tabloid media parochialism and the trials of Amanda Knox. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture. 19 (1), pp. 3-18.
The permanent evolution of democracy: Trotsky’s role in 21st century democratic activism
Bleakley, P. 2014. The permanent evolution of democracy: Trotsky’s role in 21st century democratic activism. in: Ware, H., Jenkins, B., Branagan, M. and Subedi, D. (ed.) Cultivating Peace: Contexts, Practices and Multidimensional Models Cambridge Scholars Press. pp. 315-331
The data and deviance: disintegrative shaming and exclusion in Queensland schools
Bleakley, P. and Bleakley, C. 2019. The data and deviance: disintegrative shaming and exclusion in Queensland schools. Interchange. 50 (4), pp. 537-548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-019-09374-0
Days of alt-rage: using the Weatherman movement to deconstruct the radicalisation of the alt-right
Bleakley, P. 2020. Days of alt-rage: using the Weatherman movement to deconstruct the radicalisation of the alt-right. Contemporary Politics. 26 (1), pp. 106-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2019.1663395
Big fish, small pond: NGO–corporate partnerships and corruption of the environmental certification process in Tasmanian aquaculture
Bleakley, P. 2019. Big fish, small pond: NGO–corporate partnerships and corruption of the environmental certification process in Tasmanian aquaculture. Critical Criminology. 28 (3), pp. 389-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-019-09454-8
Football hooliganism, the death drive and Millwall fandom as symbolic masochism
Bleakley, P. 2018. Football hooliganism, the death drive and Millwall fandom as symbolic masochism. The Journal of Fandom Studies. 6 (3), pp. 225-241. https://doi.org/10.1386/jfs.6.3.225_1
A State of force: the repressive policing of contention in Queensland under Frederic Urquhart
Bleakley, P. 2018. A State of force: the repressive policing of contention in Queensland under Frederic Urquhart. Contention - The Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Protest. 6 (2), pp. 44-64. https://doi.org/10.3167/cont.2018.060204
School resource officers, 'zero tolerance' and the enforcement of compliance in the American education system
Bleakley, P. and Bleakley, C. 2018. School resource officers, 'zero tolerance' and the enforcement of compliance in the American education system. Interchange. 49 (2), pp. 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-018-9326-5
Situationism and the recuperation of an ideology in the era of Trump, fake news and post-truth politics
Bleakley, P. 2018. Situationism and the recuperation of an ideology in the era of Trump, fake news and post-truth politics. Capital and Class. 42 (3), pp. 419-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816818759231
'Love me or hate me – I don’t care': Katie Hopkins, Celebrity Big Brother and the destruction of a negative image
Bleakley, P. 2016. 'Love me or hate me – I don’t care': Katie Hopkins, Celebrity Big Brother and the destruction of a negative image. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies. 30 (4), pp. 419-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2016.1186605
Six o'clock closing and the growth of prostitution in Sydney, 1916-27
Bleakley, P. 2014. Six o'clock closing and the growth of prostitution in Sydney, 1916-27. Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. 100 (2), pp. 176-193.
"500 tokens to go private": camgirls, cybersex and feminist entrepreneurship
Bleakley, P. 2014. "500 tokens to go private": camgirls, cybersex and feminist entrepreneurship. Sexuality & Culture. 18 (4), pp. 892-910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-014-9228-3
An adapted REA exploring online child sexual abuse victimisation across the EU
Scally, M. and DeMarco, J. 2016. An adapted REA exploring online child sexual abuse victimisation across the EU. British Psychological Society Annual Conference. Nottingham 26 - 28 Apr 2016
ISEC illegal use of the Internet: policing, collaboration and victimisation—A review of the literature. Document prepared for the European Commission initiative in dealing with cybercrime and cybersecurity
DeMarco, J., Davidson, J., Scally, M. and Long, E. 2015. ISEC illegal use of the Internet: policing, collaboration and victimisation—A review of the literature. Document prepared for the European Commission initiative in dealing with cybercrime and cybersecurity. Middlesex University.
Lifetime trauma, adversity and emotional disorder in older age women
Bifulco, A., Jacobs, C., Oskis, A., Cavana, F. and Spence, R. 2019. Lifetime trauma, adversity and emotional disorder in older age women. Maltrattamento E Abuso All’infanzia: Rivista Interdisciplinare. 21 (2), pp. 29-43. https://doi.org/10.3280/mal2019-002003
A contextual approach to trauma experience: lessons from life events research
Spence, R., Kagan, L. and Bifulco, A. 2019. A contextual approach to trauma experience: lessons from life events research. Psychological Medicine. 49 (9), pp. 1409-1413. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719000850
The long-term effects of childhood financial hardship mediated by physical abuse, shame, and stigma on depression in women
Spence, R., Nunn, S. and Bifulco, A. 2019. The long-term effects of childhood financial hardship mediated by physical abuse, shame, and stigma on depression in women. Maltrattamento E Abuso All’infanzia: Rivista Interdisciplinare. 21 (1), pp. 55-72. https://doi.org/10.3280/MAL2019-001005
Fish in a barrel: police targeting of Brisbane’s ephemeral gay spaces in the pre-decriminalization era
Bleakley, P. 2019. Fish in a barrel: police targeting of Brisbane’s ephemeral gay spaces in the pre-decriminalization era. Journal of Homosexuality. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1695424
Thine is the kingdom: reconceptualising the Latin Kings street gang through the prism of revolutionary vanguardism
Bleakley, P. 2019. Thine is the kingdom: reconceptualising the Latin Kings street gang through the prism of revolutionary vanguardism. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology. 56 (2), pp. 105-122.
Online child sexual abuse
Martellozzo, E. 2019. Online child sexual abuse. in: Bryce, I., Robinson, Y. and Petherick, W. (ed.) Child Abuse and Neglect: Forensic Issues in Evidence, Impact, and Management Academic Press. pp. 63-77
Cleaning up the Dirty Squad: using the Obscene Publications Act as a weapon of social control
Bleakley, P. 2019. Cleaning up the Dirty Squad: using the Obscene Publications Act as a weapon of social control. State Crime Journal. 8 (1), pp. 19-38. https://doi.org/10.13169/statecrime.8.1.0019
Characteristics of severe life events, attachment style, and depression – Using a new online approach
Bifulco, A., Kagan, L., Spence, R., Nunn, S., Bailey-Rodriguez, D., Hosang, G., Taylor, M. and Fisher, H. 2019. Characteristics of severe life events, attachment style, and depression – Using a new online approach. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 58 (4), pp. 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12221
Web-based measure of life events using Computerized Life Events and Assessment Record (CLEAR): preliminary cross-sectional study of reliability, validity, and association with depression
Bifulco, A., Spence, R., Nunn, S., Kagan, L., Bailey-Rodriguez, D., Hosang, G., Taylor, M. and Fisher, H. 2019. Web-based measure of life events using Computerized Life Events and Assessment Record (CLEAR): preliminary cross-sectional study of reliability, validity, and association with depression. JMIR Mental Health. 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.2196/10675
Factors associated with variation in hospital use at the end of life in England
Bardsley, M., Georghiou, T., Spence, R. and Billings, J. 2019. Factors associated with variation in hospital use at the end of life in England. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care. 9 (2), pp. 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2015-000936
Attachment style, loneliness and depression in older age women
Spence, R., Jacobs, C. and Bifulco, A. 2020. Attachment style, loneliness and depression in older age women. Aging and Mental Health. 24 (5), pp. 837-839. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1553141
Digital dangers and cyber-victimisation: a study of European adolescent online risky behaviour for sexual exploitation
DeMarco, J., Cheevers, C., Davidson, J., Bogaerts, S., Pace, U., Aiken, M., Caretti, V., Schimmenti, A. and Bifulco, A. 2017. Digital dangers and cyber-victimisation: a study of European adolescent online risky behaviour for sexual exploitation. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 14 (1), pp. 104-112.
Organised and Terrorist Networks: Empirical Research Report
Ruggiero, V., DeMarco, J., Monaghan, A., Huber, F., Jäger, B., Musotto, R., Wall, D., Bonfanti, M. and Meyer- Daetsch, L. 2017. Organised and Terrorist Networks: Empirical Research Report. European Commission.
Watching the watchers: Taskforce Argos and the evidentiary issues involved with infiltrating Dark Web child exploitation networks
Bleakley, P. 2018. Watching the watchers: Taskforce Argos and the evidentiary issues involved with infiltrating Dark Web child exploitation networks. Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles. 92 (3), pp. 221-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18801409
Child online protection in the MENA region
Patrick, B., Monica, B., Davidson, J., Ali, M., Davison, P., Day, E., DeMarco, J., Rasul, M., Razai, S., Scally, M. and Wex, B. 2016. Child online protection in the MENA region. Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention.
EU online child safety: what does the literature say?
DeMarco, J., Davidson, J., Bifulco, A., Scally, M., Cheevers, C., Schimmenti, A., Caretti, V., Puccia, A., Corbari, E., Schilder, J. and Bogaerts, S. 2016. EU online child safety: what does the literature say? Crimen et Delictum: International Journal of Criminological and Investigative Sciences. 11 (1), pp. 1-19.
Adolescent attachment style in residential care: the attachment style interview and vulnerable attachment style questionnaire
Bifulco, A., Jacobs, C., Ilan-Clarke, Y., Spence, R. and Oskis, A. 2017. Adolescent attachment style in residential care: the attachment style interview and vulnerable attachment style questionnaire. The British Journal of Social Work. 47 (7), pp. 1870-1883. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcw117
Help-seeking in emerging adults with and without a history of mental health referral: a qualitative study
Spence, R., Owens-Solari, M. and Goodyer, I. 2016. Help-seeking in emerging adults with and without a history of mental health referral: a qualitative study. BMC Research Notes. 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-2227-8
"I wasn’t sure it was normal to watch it…”A quantitative and qualitative examination of the impact of online pornography on the values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of children and young people
Martellozzo, E., Monaghan, A., Adler, J., Davidson, J., Leyva, R. and Horvath, M. 2016. "I wasn’t sure it was normal to watch it…”A quantitative and qualitative examination of the impact of online pornography on the values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of children and young people. Middlesex University, NSPCC, OCC. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3382393
Internal politics at the Metropolitan Police and the detrimental impact of organisational dysfunction on the 1888 Jack the Ripper investigation
Bleakley, P. 2016. Internal politics at the Metropolitan Police and the detrimental impact of organisational dysfunction on the 1888 Jack the Ripper investigation. The Victorian. 4 (1), pp. 1-18.
Enhancing police and industry practice
Davidson, J., DeMarco, J., Bifulco, A., Bogaerts, S., Caretti, V., Aiken, M., Chevers, C., Corbari, E., Scally, M., Schimmenti, A. and Puccia, A. 2016. Enhancing police and industry practice. Middlesex University.
Policing online child sexual abuse - the British experience
Martellozzo, E. 2015. Policing online child sexual abuse - the British experience. European Journal of policing Studies. 3 (1), pp. 32-52.
Measuring life events and their association with clinical disorder: a protocol for development of an online approach
Spence, R., Bunn, A., Nunn, S., Hosang, G., Kagan, L., Fisher, H., Taylor, M. and Bifulco, A. 2015. Measuring life events and their association with clinical disorder: a protocol for development of an online approach. JMIR Research Protocols. 4 (3), p. e83. https://doi.org/10.2196/resprot.4085
Focus on: antidepressant prescribing trends in the prescribing of antidepressants in primary care
Spence, R., Roberts, A., Ariti, C. and Bardsley, M. 2014. Focus on: antidepressant prescribing trends in the prescribing of antidepressants in primary care. Nuffield Trust.
Exploring young people's use of social networking sites and digital media in the internet safety context: a comparison of the UK and Bahrain
Davidson, J. and Martellozzo, E. 2013. Exploring young people's use of social networking sites and digital media in the internet safety context: a comparison of the UK and Bahrain. Information, Communication and Society. 16 (9), pp. 1456-1476. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.701655
Exploring young people's use of social networking sites and digital media in the Internet safety context: a comparison of the UK and Bahrain
Davidson, J. and Martellozzo, E. 2013. Exploring young people's use of social networking sites and digital media in the Internet safety context: a comparison of the UK and Bahrain. Information, Communication and Society. 16 (9), pp. 1456-1476. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.701655
Protecting vulnerable young people in cyberspace from sexual abuse: raising awareness and responding globally
Davidson, J. and Martellozzo, E. 2008. Protecting vulnerable young people in cyberspace from sexual abuse: raising awareness and responding globally. Police Practice and Research. 9 (4), pp. 277-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614260802349965
Setting up a youth violence prevention project in a London hospital emergency department
Ilan-Clarke, Y., Bunn, A., DeMarco, J., Bifulco, A., Criddle, J. and Holdsworth, G. 2013. Setting up a youth violence prevention project in a London hospital emergency department. Journal of Public Mental Health. 12 (2), pp. 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-09-2012-0005
The longitudinal psychometric properties of the EAS temperament survey in adolescence
Spence, R., Owens, M. and Goodyer, I. 2013. The longitudinal psychometric properties of the EAS temperament survey in adolescence. Journal of Personality Assessment. 95 (6), pp. 633-639. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.819513
Cuidado y protección de menores contra el abuso sexual on line
Martellozzo, E. 2009. Cuidado y protección de menores contra el abuso sexual on line. Cuadernos de Seguridad. 11, pp. 151-181.
Online child sexual abuse by female offenders: an exploratory study
Martellozzo, E., Nehring, D. and Taylor, H. 2010. Online child sexual abuse by female offenders: an exploratory study. International Journal of Cyber Criminology. 4 (1&2), pp. 592-609.
Protecting children online: towards a safer internet
Davidson, J. and Martellozzo, E. 2008. Protecting children online: towards a safer internet. in: Wetherby, G., Williams, K., Birch, P. and Cain, M. (ed.) Sex as crime? Willan. pp. 338-355
Internet sex offenders: individual autonomy, ‘folk devils’ and state control
Martellozzo, E., Davidson, J. and Cambridge Socio-Legal Group 2009. Internet sex offenders: individual autonomy, ‘folk devils’ and state control. in: Sclater, S., Ebtehaj, F., Jackson, E. and Richards, M. (ed.) Regulating autonomy: sex, reproduction and family Oxford, UK Hart Publishing. pp. 129-146
Understanding the perpetrators' online behaviour
Martellozzo, E. 2010. Understanding the perpetrators' online behaviour. in: Davidson, J. and Gottschalk, P. (ed.) Internet child abuse: current research and policy Abingdon, UK Routledge-Cavendish. pp. 104-125
Online child sexual abuse: grooming, policing and child protection in a multi-media world
Martellozzo, E. 2012. Online child sexual abuse: grooming, policing and child protection in a multi-media world. London, UK Routledge.
Item response theory and validity of the NEO-FFI in adolescents
Spence, R., Owens, M. and Goodyer, I. 2012. Item response theory and validity of the NEO-FFI in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences. 53 (6), pp. 801-807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.002
Globalization, urbanization & security
Davidson, J. and Martellozzo, E. 2009. Globalization, urbanization & security. in: Cordner, G., Cordner, A. and Das, D. (ed.) Urbanization, policing & security: global perspectives CRC Press.
Clinical and economic outcomes from the UK pilot psychiatric services for personality-disordered offenders
Fortune, Z., Barrett, B., Armstrong, D., Coid, J., Crawford, M., Mudd, D., Rose, D., Slade, M., Spence, R., Tyrer, P. and Moran, P. 2011. Clinical and economic outcomes from the UK pilot psychiatric services for personality-disordered offenders. International Review of Psychiatry. 23 (1), pp. 61-69. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2010.545989
Urbanization and security: moving forward, key themes, and challenges
Davidson, J. and Martellozzo, E. 2009. Urbanization and security: moving forward, key themes, and challenges. in: Cordner, G., Das, D. and Cordner, A. (ed.) Urbanization, policing, and security: global perspectives. CRC Press. pp. 435-440
Sex offenders' use of the Internet.
Martellozzo, E. 2010. Sex offenders' use of the Internet. in: Davidson, J. and Gottschalk, P. (ed.) Internet child abuse: current research and policy. Routledge-Cavendish. pp. 104-125
Evaluation of CEOP ThinkUKnow internet safety programme and exploration of young people's internet safety knowledge.
Davidson, J., Martellozzo, E. and Lorenz, M. 2009. Evaluation of CEOP ThinkUKnow internet safety programme and exploration of young people's internet safety knowledge. Centre for Abuse & Trauma Studies and Kingston University.
Cycle of abuse
Martellozzo, E. and Taylor, H. 2009. Cycle of abuse. Index on Censorship. 38 (1), pp. 117-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/03064220902761106
An evaluation of new services for personality-disordered offenders: staff and service user perspectives
Fortune, Z., Rose, D., Crawford, M., Slade, M., Spence, R., Mudd, D., Barrett, B., Coid, J., Tyrer, P. and Moran, P. 2010. An evaluation of new services for personality-disordered offenders: staff and service user perspectives. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 56 (2), pp. 186-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764009105281