How does news coverage of suicide affect suicidal behaviour at a high-frequency location? A 7-year time series analysis

Article

Marzano, L., Spence, R., Marsh, I, Barbin, A and Kruger, I 2024. How does news coverage of suicide affect suicidal behaviour at a high-frequency location? A 7-year time series analysis. BMJ Public Health. 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2024-002136
TypeArticle
TitleHow does news coverage of suicide affect suicidal behaviour at a high-frequency location? A 7-year time series analysis
AuthorsMarzano, L., Spence, R., Marsh, I, Barbin, A and Kruger, I
Abstract

Introduction News reporting of suicide can have a significant influence on suicidal behaviour in the general population, especially following the death of a well-known individual. By comparison, the impact of reporting on suicides at well-known, ‘high-frequency’ locations is less well understood. We investigated the relationship between news coverage of suicide and incidents at a high-frequency coastal location in the UK over a 7-year period.

Methods We analysed bidirectional associations (with daily and weekly lags) and Granger causality between suicide-related news in the UK (n=38 595, of which 789 focused on cliff locations) and suspected suicides (n=278) and crisis interventions (n=3050) at the site between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2023. Separate subanalyses explored associations with repeat coverage and with headlines featuring explicit location/method details.

Results While coverage of incidents at the study site and other coastal locations represents a small and decreasing proportion of all UK news of suicide, 51% of all cliff-related news focused on the study site, often explicitly identified in the story’s headline (81%). There were significant but small (r<0.3) correlations between the volume of news coverage (particularly when method-specific and location-specific) and suicidal behaviour at the site, with fatalities increasing in the immediate aftermath of reporting. This effect was strongest in 2018–2019 (which had the greatest volume of reporting and repeat coverage) but failed to reach significance in 2020–2023, when there were fewer reports, less repeat coverage and no headlines referring to multiple deaths at the site.

Conclusions Findings underscore the importance of continued efforts to monitor and improve the quality of news and other media portrayals of suicide. Follow-up studies, including qualitative research with people with lived/living experiences of suicide, could further explore how different types of news stories and wider narratives might contribute to increases—and potentially decreases—in suicides at high-frequency locations.

Sustainable Development Goals3 Good health and well-being
Middlesex University ThemeHealth & Wellbeing
Research GroupCentre for Abuse and Trauma Studies (CATS)
PublisherBMJ Publishing Group Ltd
JournalBMJ Public Health
ISSN
Electronic2753-4294
Publication dates
Online19 Jan 2025
PrintJan 2025
Publication process dates
Submitted02 Oct 2024
Accepted29 Nov 2024
Deposited03 Feb 2025
Output statusPublished
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Open
Copyright Statement

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2024-002136
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Help-seeking in emerging adults with and without a history of mental health referral: a qualitative study
Spence, R., Owens-Solari, M. and Goodyer, I. 2016. Help-seeking in emerging adults with and without a history of mental health referral: a qualitative study. BMC Research Notes. 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-2227-8
Prevention of suicidal behaviour in prisons: An overview of initiatives based on a systematic review of research on near-lethal suicide attempts
Marzano, L., Hawton, K., Rivlin, A., Smith, E., Piper, M. and Fazel, S. 2016. Prevention of suicidal behaviour in prisons: An overview of initiatives based on a systematic review of research on near-lethal suicide attempts. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 37 (5), pp. 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000394
Police and suicide prevention: Evaluation of a training programme
Marzano, L., Smith, M., Long, M., Kisby, C. and Hawton, K. 2016. Police and suicide prevention: Evaluation of a training programme. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 37 (3), pp. 194-204. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000381
Making a difference with ‘smartphone psychology’: can mobile digital technologies help create new insights into self-harming behaviours?
Marzano, L., Al-Ayoubi, L., Bardill, A., Herd, K., Vale, D., Grey, N. and Moran, P. 2017. Making a difference with ‘smartphone psychology’: can mobile digital technologies help create new insights into self-harming behaviours? in: Niven, K., Lewis, S. and Kagan, C. (ed.) Making a Difference with Psychology United Kingdom Richard Benjamin Trust. pp. 139-147
Measuring life events and their association with clinical disorder: a protocol for development of an online approach
Spence, R., Bunn, A., Nunn, S., Hosang, G., Kagan, L., Fisher, H., Taylor, M. and Bifulco, A. 2015. Measuring life events and their association with clinical disorder: a protocol for development of an online approach. JMIR Research Protocols. 4 (3), p. e83. https://doi.org/10.2196/resprot.4085
Focus on: antidepressant prescribing trends in the prescribing of antidepressants in primary care
Spence, R., Roberts, A., Ariti, C. and Bardsley, M. 2014. Focus on: antidepressant prescribing trends in the prescribing of antidepressants in primary care. Nuffield Trust.
Being young feminists: discussions and (dis)contents
Adams, E., DelBusso, L., Foster, N., Majumdar, A., Marzano, L. and Papadima, M. 2007. Being young feminists: discussions and (dis)contents. Feminism & Psychology.
Is my work ‘feminist’ enough? Tensions and dilemmas in researching male prisoners who self-harm
Marzano, L. 2007. Is my work ‘feminist’ enough? Tensions and dilemmas in researching male prisoners who self-harm. Feminism & Psychology.
Psychosocial characteristics and social networks of suicidal prisoners: towards a model of suicidal behaviour in detention
Rivlin, A., Hawton, K., Marzano, L. and Fazel, S. 2013. Psychosocial characteristics and social networks of suicidal prisoners: towards a model of suicidal behaviour in detention. PLoS ONE. 8 (7), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068944
A typology of male prisoners making near-lethal suicide attempts
Rivlin, A., Ferris, R., Marzano, L., Fazel, S. and Hawton, K. 2013. A typology of male prisoners making near-lethal suicide attempts. Crisis. 34 (5), pp. 335-347.
Evaluation of long-term counselling at a community health service for women who are on a low income
Payne, N., Ciclitira, K., Starr, F., Marzano, L. and Brunswick, N. 2015. Evaluation of long-term counselling at a community health service for women who are on a low income. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 15 (2), pp. 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2013.877513
The application of mHealth to mental health: opportunities and challenges
Marzano, L., Bardill, A., Fields, B., Herd, K., Veale, D., Grey, N. and Moran, P. 2015. The application of mHealth to mental health: opportunities and challenges. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2 (10), pp. 942-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00268-0
Hard-to-get-at data from difficult-to-access users
Fields, B., Bardill, A., Marzano, L. and Herd, K. 2015. Hard-to-get-at data from difficult-to-access users. Abascal, J., Barbosa, S., Fetter, M., Gross, T., Palanque, P. and Winckler, M. (ed.) 15th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Bamberg, Germany 14 - 18 Sep 2015 Springer. pp. 409-416 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22723-8_32
Self-harm in prisons: dominant models and (mis)understandings
Marzano, L. 2010. Self-harm in prisons: dominant models and (mis)understandings. in: Adler, J. and Gray, J. (ed.) Forensic psychology: concepts, debates and practice Willan. pp. 486-507
Interviewing survivors of near-lethal self-harm: a novel approach for investigating suicide amongst prisoners
Marzano, L., Rivlin, A., Fazel, S. and Hawton, K. 2009. Interviewing survivors of near-lethal self-harm: a novel approach for investigating suicide amongst prisoners. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 16 (3), pp. 152-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2008.08.011
The suicidal process in male prisoners making near-lethal suicide attempts
Rivlin, A., Fazel, S., Marzano, L. and Hawton, K. 2013. The suicidal process in male prisoners making near-lethal suicide attempts. Psychology, Crime and Law. 19 (4), pp. 305-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2011.631540
Psychosocial influences on prisoner suicide: a case-control study of near-lethal self-harm in women prisoners
Marzano, L., Hawton, K., Rivlin, A. and Fazel, S. 2011. Psychosocial influences on prisoner suicide: a case-control study of near-lethal self-harm in women prisoners. Social Science & Medicine. 72 (6), pp. 874-883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.12.028
Near-lethal self-harm in women prisoners: contributing factors and psychological processes
Marzano, L., Fazel, S., Rivlin, A. and Hawton, K. 2011. Near-lethal self-harm in women prisoners: contributing factors and psychological processes. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 22 (6), pp. 863-884. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2011.617465
Impact on prisoners of participating in research interviews related to near-lethal suicide attempts
Rivlin, A., Marzano, L., Hawton, K. and Fazel, S. 2012. Impact on prisoners of participating in research interviews related to near-lethal suicide attempts. Journal of Affective Disorders. 136 (1), pp. 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.009
Studying survivors of near-lethal suicide attempts as a proxy for completed suicide in prisons
Rivlin, A., Fazel, S., Marzano, L. and Hawton, K. 2012. Studying survivors of near-lethal suicide attempts as a proxy for completed suicide in prisons. Forensic Science International. 220 (1), pp. 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.022
The longitudinal psychometric properties of the EAS temperament survey in adolescence
Spence, R., Owens, M. and Goodyer, I. 2013. The longitudinal psychometric properties of the EAS temperament survey in adolescence. Journal of Personality Assessment. 95 (6), pp. 633-639. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.819513
Responding to repetitive, non-suicidal self-harm in an English male prison: staff experiences, reactions, and concerns
Marzano, L., Adler, J. and Ciclitira, K. 2013. Responding to repetitive, non-suicidal self-harm in an English male prison: staff experiences, reactions, and concerns. Legal and Criminological Psychology. 20 (2), pp. 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12025
Comfort and challenge: A thematic analysis of female clinicians’ experiences of supervision
Starr, F., Ciclitira, K., Marzano, L., Brunswick, N. and Costa, A. 2013. Comfort and challenge: A thematic analysis of female clinicians’ experiences of supervision. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 86 (3), pp. 334-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2012.02063.x
Item response theory and validity of the NEO-FFI in adolescents
Spence, R., Owens, M. and Goodyer, I. 2012. Item response theory and validity of the NEO-FFI in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences. 53 (6), pp. 801-807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.002
Women counsellors' experiences of personal therapy: A thematic analysis
Ciclitira, K., Starr, F., Marzano, L., Brunswick, N. and Costa, A. 2012. Women counsellors' experiences of personal therapy: A thematic analysis. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 12 (2), pp. 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2011.645050
Clinical and economic outcomes from the UK pilot psychiatric services for personality-disordered offenders
Fortune, Z., Barrett, B., Armstrong, D., Coid, J., Crawford, M., Mudd, D., Rose, D., Slade, M., Spence, R., Tyrer, P. and Moran, P. 2011. Clinical and economic outcomes from the UK pilot psychiatric services for personality-disordered offenders. International Review of Psychiatry. 23 (1), pp. 61-69. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2010.545989
The impact of prison staff responses on self-harming behaviours: prisoners’ perspectives
Marzano, L., Ciclitira, K. and Adler, J. 2011. The impact of prison staff responses on self-harming behaviours: prisoners’ perspectives. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 51 (1), pp. 4-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2010.02007.x
Self-harm in a men's prison: staff's and prisoners' perspectives.
Marzano, L. 2007. Self-harm in a men's prison: staff's and prisoners' perspectives. PhD thesis Middlesex University School of Health and Social Sciences
Visuo-spatial ability and dyslexia: is there a male global advantage?
Brunswick, N., Martin, G. and Marzano, L. 2008. Visuo-spatial ability and dyslexia: is there a male global advantage? British Dyslexia Association International Conference, 2008 [Dyslexia: making links]. Harrogate, York 27 - 29 Mar 2008
Visuo-spatial ability, handedness and developmental dyslexia: just how sinister was Andy Warhol?
Brunswick, N., Martin, G. and Marzano, L. 2007. Visuo-spatial ability, handedness and developmental dyslexia: just how sinister was Andy Warhol? 25th European Workshop on Cognitive Neuropsychology. Bressanone, Italy 21 - 26 Jan 2007
To be or not to be … a psychologist: critical and feminist dilemmas.
Ciclitira, K., Capdevila, R., Marzano, L. and Adams, E. 2008. To be or not to be … a psychologist: critical and feminist dilemmas. 2008 BPS Annual Conference.. Dublin 04 Feb 2008
Counsellors’ experiences of working as volunteers at a women’s service.
Costa, A., Ciclitira, K. and Marzano, L. 2008. Counsellors’ experiences of working as volunteers at a women’s service. 2008 Psychology of Women Section 21st Anniversary Conference on 'Rights and Changes'.. Cumberland Lodge, The Great Park, Windsor.
The impact of personal psychotherapy and supervision on volunteer counsellors.
Ciclitira, K., Marzano, L., Starr, F., Brunswick, N., Costa, A. and Berger, S. 2009. The impact of personal psychotherapy and supervision on volunteer counsellors. 2009 BPS Annual Conference. Brighton, UK 01 - 03 Apr 2009
Supporting staff working with prisoners who self harm: a survey of support services for staff dealing with self-harm in prisons in England and Wales
Marzano, L. and Adler, J. 2007. Supporting staff working with prisoners who self harm: a survey of support services for staff dealing with self-harm in prisons in England and Wales. International Journal of Prisoner Health. 3 (4), pp. 268-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449200701682501
Afghan nationals in the UK: professional capacity and views on return
Sales, R., Blitz, B. and Marzano, L. 2002. Afghan nationals in the UK: professional capacity and views on return. Research commissioned by Refugee Action and the International Organization for Migration, London..
An evaluation of new services for personality-disordered offenders: staff and service user perspectives
Fortune, Z., Rose, D., Crawford, M., Slade, M., Spence, R., Mudd, D., Barrett, B., Coid, J., Tyrer, P. and Moran, P. 2010. An evaluation of new services for personality-disordered offenders: staff and service user perspectives. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 56 (2), pp. 186-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764009105281
Psychiatric disorders in male prisoners who made near-lethal suicide attempts: case-control study
Rivlin, A., Hawton, K., Marzano, L. and Fazel, S. 2010. Psychiatric disorders in male prisoners who made near-lethal suicide attempts: case-control study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 197 (4), pp. 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077883
Psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who have engaged in near-lethal self-harm: case–control study
Marzano, L., Fazel, S., Rivlin, A. and Hawton, K. 2010. Psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who have engaged in near-lethal self-harm: case–control study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 197 (3), pp. 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075424
Visuospatial superiority in developmental dyslexia: myth or reality?
Brunswick, N., Martin, G. and Marzano, L. 2010. Visuospatial superiority in developmental dyslexia: myth or reality? Learning and Individual Differences. 20 (5), pp. 421-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2010.04.007
Justice and care: theorising the 'new man' and the 'caring father.'
Marzano, L., Capdevila, R., Ciclitira, K. and Lazard, L. 2009. Justice and care: theorising the 'new man' and the 'caring father.'. Psychology of Women Secton Review. 11 (2), pp. 11-20.
Theoretical and ethical issues in conducting research at a women’s centre.
Ciclitira, K. and Marzano, L. 2004. Theoretical and ethical issues in conducting research at a women’s centre. Proceedings of the British Psychological Society. 12 (2).
Being a man: justice and care.
Capdevila, R., Ciclitira, K., Lazard, L. and Marzano, L. 2006. Being a man: justice and care. Psychology of Women Section Annual Conference 2005.. University of Huddersfield. The British Psychological Society.
Theoretical and ethical issues in conducting research at a women’s health centre.
Ciclitira, K., Marzano, L., Brunswick, N., Starr, F. and Berger, S. 2004. Theoretical and ethical issues in conducting research at a women’s health centre. Psychology of Women Section Review. 6 (1), pp. 60-69.
Non voluntary return? The politics of refugee return to Afghanistan
Sales, R., Blitz, B. and Marzano, L. 2005. Non voluntary return? The politics of refugee return to Afghanistan. Political Studies. 53 (1), pp. 182-200.