Non-suicidal self-harm amongst incarcerated men: a qualitative study

Article

Marzano, L., Ciclitira, K. and Adler, J. 2016. Non-suicidal self-harm amongst incarcerated men: a qualitative study. Journal of Criminal Psychology. 6 (4), pp. 157-172. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCP-04-2016-0017
TypeArticle
TitleNon-suicidal self-harm amongst incarcerated men: a qualitative study
AuthorsMarzano, L., Ciclitira, K. and Adler, J.
Abstract

Purpose: To further understanding of the needs and motivations of incarcerated men who self-harm with no apparent suicidal intent. These have received little attention in research and policy, despite men accounting for a high and increasing proportion of self-harm in prisons.
Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 adult male prisoners with a recent history or thoughts of non-suicidal self-harm. The interviews were analysed drawing on principles of thematic analysis and discourse analysis.
Findings: Against a backdrop of early traumatic experiences and more recent adverse events (including prison-related ones), self-harm was described by many as a desperate - but meaningful – coping strategy; both a means of releasing tension, sadness and frustration, and of being heard in an unresponsive system.
Value: These findings echo those of research conducted with women (including women prisoners) who self-harm, but challenge some of the more negative ways in which non-suicidal male prisoner self-harm has been portrayed in the (scant) previous literature. As well as pointing to the need for greater awareness of the complex needs of men in prisons, they underscore the importance of (also) exploring - and perhaps addressing - the issue of self-harm separately from suicide, and of striving to make prisons, as well as prisoners, ‘healthier’ and better able to cope with pressure.

KeywordsSelf-harm; Prison; Qualitative; Suicide; Jail; Non-suicidal self-injury
PublisherEmerald Publishing Limited
JournalJournal of Criminal Psychology
ISSN2009-3829
Electronic2049-9388
Publication dates
Print07 Nov 2016
Publication process dates
Submitted20 Apr 2016
Accepted18 Jul 2016
Deposited07 Sep 2016
Output statusPublished
Accepted author manuscript
File Access Level
Open
Copyright Statement

© 2016, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. This AAM is provided for your own personal use only. It may not be used for resale, reprinting, systematic distribution, emailing, or for any other commercial purpose without the permission of the publisher

Additional information

Special Issue: Self-harm and suicidal behaviour in forensic settings

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1108/JCP-04-2016-0017
Scopus EID2-s2.0-84992150924
Web of Science identifierWOS:000386682800003
LanguageEnglish
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Payne, N., Ciclitira, K., Starr, F., Marzano, L. and Brunswick, N. 2015. Evaluation of long-term counselling at a community health service for women who are on a low income. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 15 (2), pp. 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2013.877513
The application of mHealth to mental health: opportunities and challenges
Marzano, L., Bardill, A., Fields, B., Herd, K., Veale, D., Grey, N. and Moran, P. 2015. The application of mHealth to mental health: opportunities and challenges. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2 (10), pp. 942-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00268-0
Hard-to-get-at data from difficult-to-access users
Fields, B., Bardill, A., Marzano, L. and Herd, K. 2015. Hard-to-get-at data from difficult-to-access users. Abascal, J., Barbosa, S., Fetter, M., Gross, T., Palanque, P. and Winckler, M. (ed.) 15th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Bamberg, Germany 14 - 18 Sep 2015 Springer. pp. 409-416 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22723-8_32
Responding to repetitive, non-suicidal self-harm in an English male prison: staff experiences, reactions, and concerns
Marzano, L., Adler, J. and Ciclitira, K. 2015. Responding to repetitive, non-suicidal self-harm in an English male prison: staff experiences, reactions, and concerns. Legal and Criminological Psychology. 20 (2), pp. 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12025
Genocide and hate crime
Jacks, W. and Adler, J. 2015. Genocide and hate crime. in: Crighton, D. and Towl, G. (ed.) Forensic psychology Wiley. pp. 369-381
Psychology and criminal justice
Adler, J. 2013. Psychology and criminal justice. in: Hucklesby, A. and Wahidin, A. (ed.) Criminal justice Oxford, UK Oxford University Press (OUP). pp. 297-321
Evaluation of the pilot of Domestic Violence Protection Orders
Kelly, L., Adler, J., Horvath, M., Lovett, J., Coulson, M., Kernohan, D., Gray, M., London Metropolitan University, Middlesex University and Home Office Science 2013. Evaluation of the pilot of Domestic Violence Protection Orders. London, UK Home Office.
Still not receiving the support they deserve ... final evaluation report for the Stella Project Young Women's Initiative
Horvath, M., Hansen, S., Rogers, S., Adler, J., FPS: Forensic Psychological Services, AVA Stella Project and Middlesex University School of Health and Social Sciences 2013. Still not receiving the support they deserve ... final evaluation report for the Stella Project Young Women's Initiative. London, UK AVA (Against Violence & Abuse).
Interviewing women bereaved by homicide: reports of secondary victimization by the criminal justice system
Gekoski, A., Adler, J. and Gray, J. 2013. Interviewing women bereaved by homicide: reports of secondary victimization by the criminal justice system. International Review of Victimology. 19 (3), pp. 307-329. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758013494136
Before the project everything seemed a little bit woolly - now we are definitely clearer in terms of pathways for women. Evaluating the Stella Project Mental Health Initiative: executive summary
Horvath, M., Hansen, S., Apena, F., Adler, J. and Holly, J. 2013. Before the project everything seemed a little bit woolly - now we are definitely clearer in terms of pathways for women. Evaluating the Stella Project Mental Health Initiative: executive summary. London, UK Forensic Psychological Services, Middlesex University and Against Violence and Abuse.
Psychosocial characteristics and social networks of suicidal prisoners: towards a model of suicidal behaviour in detention
Rivlin, A., Hawton, K., Marzano, L. and Fazel, S. 2013. Psychosocial characteristics and social networks of suicidal prisoners: towards a model of suicidal behaviour in detention. PLoS ONE. 8 (7), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068944
A typology of male prisoners making near-lethal suicide attempts
Rivlin, A., Ferris, R., Marzano, L., Fazel, S. and Hawton, K. 2013. A typology of male prisoners making near-lethal suicide attempts. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 34 (5), pp. 335-347. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000205
Before the project everything seemed a little bit woolly - now we are definitely clearer in terms of pathways for women. Evaluating the Stella Mental Health Initiative
Horvath, M., Hansen, S., Adler, J. and Rogers, S. 2013. Before the project everything seemed a little bit woolly - now we are definitely clearer in terms of pathways for women. Evaluating the Stella Mental Health Initiative. London, UK Against Violence and Abuse.
"Basically... porn is everywhere": A rapid evidence assessment on the effects that access and exposure to pornography has on children and young people
Horvath, M., Alys, L., Massey, K., Pina, A., Scally, M. and Adler, J. 2013. "Basically... porn is everywhere": A rapid evidence assessment on the effects that access and exposure to pornography has on children and young people. London, UK Office of the Children's Commissioner for England.
The suicidal process in male prisoners making near-lethal suicide attempts
Rivlin, A., Fazel, S., Marzano, L. and Hawton, K. 2013. The suicidal process in male prisoners making near-lethal suicide attempts. Psychology, Crime and Law. 19 (4), pp. 305-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2011.631540
Comfort and challenge: A thematic analysis of female clinicians’ experiences of supervision
Starr, F., Ciclitira, K., Marzano, L., Brunswick, N. and Costa, A. 2013. Comfort and challenge: A thematic analysis of female clinicians’ experiences of supervision. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 86 (3), pp. 334-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2012.02063.x
Working in partnership to support the women: the Stella Project Mental Health Initiative interim evaluation report
Horvath, M., Hansen, S., Adler, J., Hiserodt, M. and Herring, J. 2012. Working in partnership to support the women: the Stella Project Mental Health Initiative interim evaluation report. London UK AVA Stella Project.
It blocks out the problem and becomes the addiction: the intersections between problem substance use and domestic and sexual violence experienced by young women in two London Boroughs
Horvath, M., Hansen, S., Apena-Rogers, S. and Adler, J. 2012. It blocks out the problem and becomes the addiction: the intersections between problem substance use and domestic and sexual violence experienced by young women in two London Boroughs. London, UK AVA Stella Project.
Evaluation of The Forgiveness project within prisons
Adler, J. and Mir, M. 2012. Evaluation of The Forgiveness project within prisons. London, UK Forensic Psychological Services at Middlesex University.
What makes a homicide newsworthy? UK national tabloid newspaper journalists tell all
Gekoski, A., Gray, J. and Adler, J. 2012. What makes a homicide newsworthy? UK national tabloid newspaper journalists tell all. The British Journal of Criminology: An International Review of Crime and Society. 52 (6), pp. 1212-1232. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azs047
Impact on prisoners of participating in research interviews related to near-lethal suicide attempts
Rivlin, A., Marzano, L., Hawton, K. and Fazel, S. 2012. Impact on prisoners of participating in research interviews related to near-lethal suicide attempts. Journal of Affective Disorders. 136 (1-2), pp. 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.009
Studying survivors of near-lethal suicide attempts as a proxy for completed suicide in prisons
Rivlin, A., Fazel, S., Marzano, L. and Hawton, K. 2012. Studying survivors of near-lethal suicide attempts as a proxy for completed suicide in prisons. Forensic Science International. 220 (1), pp. 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.022
Women counsellors' experiences of personal therapy: A thematic analysis
Ciclitira, K., Starr, F., Marzano, L., Brunswick, N. and Costa, A. 2012. Women counsellors' experiences of personal therapy: A thematic analysis. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research. 12 (2), pp. 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2011.645050
The impact of prison staff responses on self-harming behaviours: prisoners’ perspectives
Marzano, L., Ciclitira, K. and Adler, J. 2012. The impact of prison staff responses on self-harming behaviours: prisoners’ perspectives. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 51 (1), pp. 4-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.2010.02007.x
Group-work therapeutic engagement in a high secure hospital: male service user perspectives
Mason, K. and Adler, J. 2012. Group-work therapeutic engagement in a high secure hospital: male service user perspectives. The British Journal of Forensic Practice. 14 (2), pp. 92-103. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636641211223657
Without fear or favour, prejudice of ill will: magistrates sentencing decisions
Ormerod, P. and Adler, J. 2010. Without fear or favour, prejudice of ill will: magistrates sentencing decisions. in: Adler, J. and Gray, J. (ed.) Forensic Psychology, concepts, debates and practice Abingdon Willan. pp. 123-144
Report of an evaluation of the community engagement programme
Murphy, A., Adler, J. and Herring, J. 2010. Report of an evaluation of the community engagement programme. Forensic Psychological Services UK..
Report of an evaluation of partnership working for London Probation Trust
Marsden, S., Adler, J. and Ryan, L. 2010. Report of an evaluation of partnership working for London Probation Trust. Forensic Psychological Services UK..
Interviewing women bereaved by homicide: assessing the impact of trauma-focused research
Gekoski, A., Gray, J. and Adler, J. 2011. Interviewing women bereaved by homicide: assessing the impact of trauma-focused research. Psychology, Crime and Law. 18 (2), pp. 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683161003718692
Psychosocial influences on prisoner suicide: a case-control study of near-lethal self-harm in women prisoners
Marzano, L., Hawton, K., Rivlin, A. and Fazel, S. 2011. Psychosocial influences on prisoner suicide: a case-control study of near-lethal self-harm in women prisoners. Social Science & Medicine. 72 (6), pp. 874-883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.12.028
Near-lethal self-harm in women prisoners: contributing factors and psychological processes
Marzano, L., Fazel, S., Rivlin, A. and Hawton, K. 2011. Near-lethal self-harm in women prisoners: contributing factors and psychological processes. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. 22 (6), pp. 863-884. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2011.617465
Eating and drinking habits of young London-based Irish men: a qualitative study
Kelly, A. and Ciclitira, K. 2011. Eating and drinking habits of young London-based Irish men: a qualitative study. Journal of Gender Studies. 20 (3), pp. 223-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2011.593322
Self-harm in a men's prison: staff's and prisoners' perspectives.
Marzano, L. 2007. Self-harm in a men's prison: staff's and prisoners' perspectives. PhD thesis Middlesex University
Inside parenting programmes: case studies of family group conferencing
Davies, J., Adler, J. and Goodman, A. 2007. Inside parenting programmes: case studies of family group conferencing. Internet Journal of Criminology.
Visuo-spatial ability and dyslexia: is there a male global advantage?
Brunswick, N., Martin, G. and Marzano, L. 2008. Visuo-spatial ability and dyslexia: is there a male global advantage? British Dyslexia Association International Conference, 2008 [Dyslexia: making links]. Harrogate, York 27 - 29 Mar 2008
Visuo-spatial ability, handedness and developmental dyslexia: just how sinister was Andy Warhol?
Brunswick, N., Martin, G. and Marzano, L. 2007. Visuo-spatial ability, handedness and developmental dyslexia: just how sinister was Andy Warhol? 25th European Workshop on Cognitive Neuropsychology. Bressanone, Italy 21 - 26 Jan 2007
‘Rights’ and ‘change’ roundtable: with the keynote speakers.
Ciclitira, K. 2008. ‘Rights’ and ‘change’ roundtable: with the keynote speakers. Psychology of Women Section 21st anniversary conference.. Cumberland Lodge, The Great Park, Windsor.
To be or not to be … a psychologist: critical and feminist dilemmas.
Ciclitira, K., Capdevila, R., Marzano, L. and Adams, E. 2008. To be or not to be … a psychologist: critical and feminist dilemmas. 2008 BPS Annual Conference.. Dublin 04 Feb 2008
Counsellors’ experiences of working as volunteers at a women’s service.
Costa, A., Ciclitira, K. and Marzano, L. 2008. Counsellors’ experiences of working as volunteers at a women’s service. 2008 Psychology of Women Section 21st Anniversary Conference on 'Rights and Changes'.. Cumberland Lodge, The Great Park, Windsor.
The impact of personal psychotherapy and supervision on volunteer counsellors.
Ciclitira, K., Marzano, L., Starr, F., Brunswick, N., Costa, A. and Berger, S. 2009. The impact of personal psychotherapy and supervision on volunteer counsellors. 2009 BPS Annual Conference. Brighton, UK 01 - 03 Apr 2009
Parenting projects, justice and welfare
Goodman, A. and Adler, J. 2004. Parenting projects, justice and welfare. in: Adler, J. (ed.) Forensic psychology: concepts, debates and practice. Cullompton Willan Publishing. pp. 266-285
Why we kill: understanding violence across cultures and disciplines
Loucks, N., Holt, S. and Adler, J. Loucks, N., Smith Holt, S. and Adler, J. (ed.) 2009. Why we kill: understanding violence across cultures and disciplines. London Middlesex University Press.
Prison gang related activity in England
Wood, J. and Adler, J. 2001. Prison gang related activity in England. Psychology, Crime and Law. 7 (1), pp. 167-192.
Forensic psychology: concepts, debates and practice.
Adler, J. and Gray, J. Adler, J. and Gray, J. (ed.) 2010. Forensic psychology: concepts, debates and practice. Uffculme, Devon Willan Publishing.
An evaluation of escaping victimhood
Adler, J. and Allonby, M. 2010. An evaluation of escaping victimhood. London Forensic Psychological Services.
Genocide
Adler, J. and Golec de Zavala, A. 2010. Genocide. in: Brown, J. and Campbell, E. (ed.) Cambridge handbook of forensic psychology. Cambridge Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Afghan nationals in the UK: professional capacity and views on return
Sales, R., Blitz, B. and Marzano, L. 2002. Afghan nationals in the UK: professional capacity and views on return. Research commissioned by Refugee Action and the International Organization for Migration, London..
Adolescents' attitudes and behaviours about crime
Gray, J. and Adler, J. 2007. Adolescents' attitudes and behaviours about crime. British Psychological Society Social Psychology Section Annual Conference. Department of Psychology, University of Kent 05 - 07 Sep 2007
Self-harm in prisons: dominant models and (mis)understandings
Marzano, L. 2010. Self-harm in prisons: dominant models and (mis)understandings. in: Adler, J. and Gray, J. (ed.) Forensic psychology: concepts, debates and practice Willan. pp. 486-507
Psychiatric disorders in male prisoners who made near-lethal suicide attempts: case-control study
Rivlin, A., Hawton, K., Marzano, L. and Fazel, S. 2010. Psychiatric disorders in male prisoners who made near-lethal suicide attempts: case-control study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 197 (4), pp. 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077883
Psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who have engaged in near-lethal self-harm: case–control study
Marzano, L., Fazel, S., Rivlin, A. and Hawton, K. 2010. Psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who have engaged in near-lethal self-harm: case–control study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 197 (3), pp. 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075424
Visuospatial superiority in developmental dyslexia: myth or reality?
Brunswick, N., Martin, G. and Marzano, L. 2010. Visuospatial superiority in developmental dyslexia: myth or reality? Learning and Individual Differences. 20 (5), pp. 421-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2010.04.007
Conference report
Ciclitira, K. 2005. Conference report. International Society for Theoretical Psychology Conference.. Cape Town, South Africa. School of Health, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Middlesex University.
The pornographic body: embodiment or representation?
Ciclitira, K. 2001. The pornographic body: embodiment or representation? Proceedings of the British Psychological Society. 9 (1).
The good father: a qualitative analysis of a parenting workshop in a male UK prison.
Capdevila, R., Ciclitira, K. and Lazard, L. 2006. The good father: a qualitative analysis of a parenting workshop in a male UK prison. Mobility and conflict, Psychology of Women Section. Manchester Metropolitan University 05 - 07 Jul 2006 The British Psychological Society.
Psychology of innovation: classical perspectives.
Ciclitira, K. and D'Angour, A. 2004. Psychology of innovation: classical perspectives. Proceedings of the British Psychological Society. 12 (2).
Theoretical and ethical issues in conducting research at a women’s centre.
Ciclitira, K. and Marzano, L. 2004. Theoretical and ethical issues in conducting research at a women’s centre. Proceedings of the British Psychological Society. 12 (2).
Being a man: justice and care.
Capdevila, R., Ciclitira, K., Lazard, L. and Marzano, L. 2006. Being a man: justice and care. Psychology of Women Section Annual Conference 2005.. University of Huddersfield. The British Psychological Society.
Pornography, women and feminism: between pleasure and politics
Ciclitira, K. 2004. Pornography, women and feminism: between pleasure and politics. Sexualities. 7 (3), pp. 281-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460704040143
Interviewing survivors of near-lethal self-harm: a novel approach for investigating suicide amongst prisoners
Marzano, L., Rivlin, A., Fazel, S. and Hawton, K. 2009. Interviewing survivors of near-lethal self-harm: a novel approach for investigating suicide amongst prisoners. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 16 (3), pp. 152-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2008.08.011
Rights and change and the psychology of women. (conference report).
Ciclitira, K. 2009. Rights and change and the psychology of women. (conference report). Psychology of Women Section Review. 11 (1), pp. 17-19.
Justice and care: theorising the 'new man' and the 'caring father.'
Marzano, L., Capdevila, R., Ciclitira, K. and Lazard, L. 2009. Justice and care: theorising the 'new man' and the 'caring father.'. Psychology of Women Secton Review. 11 (2), pp. 11-20.
My brother's keeper: faith based units in prisons
Adler, J., Burnside, J., Loucks, N. and Rose, G. 2005. My brother's keeper: faith based units in prisons. Willan Publishing.
Kainos community in prisons: report of an evaluation
Adler, J., Burnside, J., Loucks, N. and Viki, G. 2001. Kainos community in prisons: report of an evaluation. London Home Office.
Gang activity in English prisons: the staff perspective
Adler, J. and Wood, J. 2001. Gang activity in English prisons: the staff perspective. Psychology, Crime and Law. 7 (2), pp. 167-192.
Measuring religion in prisons: offenders' beliefs and attitudes
Adler, J., Burnside, J., Loucks, N. and Viki, G. 2008. Measuring religion in prisons: offenders' beliefs and attitudes. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice. 8 (2), pp. 130-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228930801963929
Being young feminists: discussions and (dis)contents
Adams, E., Del Busso, L., Foster, N., Majumdar, A., Marzano, L. and Papadima, M. 2007. Being young feminists: discussions and (dis)contents. Feminism and Psychology. 17 (3), pp. 291-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353507079081
I. Is my work 'feminist' enough? Tensions and dilemmas in researching male prisoners who self-harm
Marzano, L. 2007. I. Is my work 'feminist' enough? Tensions and dilemmas in researching male prisoners who self-harm. Feminism and Psychology. 17 (3), pp. 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353507079082
Supporting staff working with prisoners who self-harm: a survey of support services for staff dealing with self-harm in prisons in England and Wales
Marzano, L. and Adler, J. 2007. Supporting staff working with prisoners who self-harm: a survey of support services for staff dealing with self-harm in prisons in England and Wales. International Journal of Prisoner Health. 3 (4), pp. 268-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449200701682501
Men and dieting: a qualitative analysis
De Souza, P. and Ciclitira, K. 2005. Men and dieting: a qualitative analysis. Journal of Health Psychology. 10 (6), pp. 793-804. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105305057314
Non voluntary return? The politics of refugee return to Afghanistan
Sales, R., Blitz, B. and Marzano, L. 2005. Non voluntary return? The politics of refugee return to Afghanistan. Political Studies. 53 (1), pp. 182-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00523.x
Theoretical and ethical issues in conducting research at a women’s health centre.
Ciclitira, K., Marzano, L., Brunswick, N., Starr, F. and Berger, S. 2004. Theoretical and ethical issues in conducting research at a women’s health centre. Psychology of Women Section Review. 6 (1), pp. 60-69.
Researching pornography and sexual bodies
Ciclitira, K. 2002. Researching pornography and sexual bodies. The Psychologist. 15 (4), pp. 191-194.
The body
Ciclitira, K. and Weaver, J. 2002. The body. The Psychologist. 15 (4), pp. 180-181.