The death penalty in Iran

Book chapter

Schabas, W. 2024. The death penalty in Iran. in: Fleury-Steiner, B. and Sarat, A.D. (ed.) The Elgar Companion to Capital Punishment and Society Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 372-383

ISBN
Chapter title	The death penalty in Iran
Authors	Schabas, W.
Abstract	Iran is today the country with the highest number of executions in proportion to its population as a whole. The death penalty is largely used to deal with drug trafficking offences although there is also an important dimension associated with suppression of political groups and movements opposed to the government. Issues continue to arise with respect to mass executions of political opponents in the late 1980s.
Keywords	death penalty; Iran; capital punishment
Sustainable Development Goals	16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
Middlesex University Theme	Sustainability
Page range	372-383
Book title	The Elgar Companion to Capital Punishment and Society
Editors	Fleury-Steiner, B. and Sarat, A.D.
Publisher	Edward Elgar Publishing
Place of publication	Cheltenham, UK
Hardcover	9781803929149
Electronic	9781803929156
Copyright Year	2024
Publication dates
Print	10 Sep 2024
Publication process dates
Accepted	10 Jan 2024
Deposited	29 Apr 2026
Output status	Published
Accepted author manuscript	death penalty in iran.schabas.24.4.23.pdf File Access Level Open
Copyright Statement	This is a draft chapter. The final version is available in The Elgar Companion to Capital Punishment and Society edited by Benjamin Fleury-Steiner and Austin D. Sarat, published in 2024, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781803929156.00036 It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. Without limiting the author's and publisher's exclusive rights, any unauthorised use of this work to train generative artificial intelligence (Al) technologies is expressly prohibited.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803929156.00036
Related Output
Is part of	https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803929156
Is part of	https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/isbn/9781803929149
Language	English

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Schabas, W. 2013. Travaux préparatoires of human rights instruments. in: Alen, A., Joosten, V., Leysen, R. and Verrijdt, W. (ed.) Liberae Cogitationes, Liber Amicorum Marc Bossuyt Cambridge/Antwerp/Portland Intersentia. pp. 579-589

International criminal courts

Schabas, W. 2013. International criminal courts. in: Romano, C., Alter, K. and Shany, Y. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication Oxford University Press (OUP). pp. 205-224

Do the “underlying values” of the European Convention on Human Rights begin in 1950?

Schabas, W. 2013. Do the “underlying values” of the European Convention on Human Rights begin in 1950? Polish Yearbook of International Law. 33, pp. 247-258.

Building the narrative: the UN Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone

Schabas, W. 2013. Building the narrative: the UN Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. in: Delage, C. and Goodrich, P. (ed.) The Scene of the Mass Crime: History, Film and International Tribunals Abingdon Routledge. pp. 23-40

The contribution of the Eichmann Trial to International Law

Schabas, W. 2013. The contribution of the Eichmann Trial to International Law. Leiden Journal of International Law. 26 (3), pp. 667-699. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156513000290

The banality of international justice

Schabas, W. 2013. The banality of international justice. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 11 (3), pp. 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqt027

Unimaginable atrocities: justice, politics, and rights at the war crimes tribunals

Schabas, W. 2012. Unimaginable atrocities: justice, politics, and rights at the war crimes tribunals. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press (OUP).

Introductory remarks by William Schabas

Schabas, W. 2012. Introductory remarks by William Schabas. Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting. 106, pp. 305-307. https://doi.org/10.5305/procannmeetasil.106.0305

The International Criminal Court: struggling to find its way

Schabas, W. 2012. The International Criminal Court: struggling to find its way. in: Cassese, A. (ed.) Realizing Utopia: the future of International Law Oxford Oxford University Press (OUP). pp. 250-260

The first ten years of the International Criminal Court

Schabas, W. 2012. The first ten years of the International Criminal Court. Meждyнapoднoe Пravocyдиe [= International Justice]. 2 (3), pp. 5-16.

The Human Right to Peace

Schabas, W. 2011. The Human Right to Peace. in: Eide, A., Ziemele, I. and Möller, J.T. (ed.) Making Peoples Heard: Essays on Human Rights in Honour of Gudmundur Alfredsson De Gruyter Brill. pp. 43-57

Criminology, accountability and international justice

Schabas, W. 2011. Criminology, accountability and international justice. in: Bosworth, M. and Hoyle, C. (ed.) What is Criminology? Oxford Oxford University Press (OUP). pp. 346-357

La peine de mort et la Convention européene des droits de l’homme

Schabas, W. 2011. La peine de mort et la Convention européene des droits de l’homme. in: Levinet, M. (ed.) Le droit au respect de la vie au sens de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme Brussels Bruylant. pp. 243-252

The International Criminal Court at ten

Schabas, W. 2011. The International Criminal Court at ten. Criminal Law Forum. 22 (4), pp. 493-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-011-9154-0

Crimes against humanity as a paradigm for international atrocity crimes

Schabas, W. 2011. Crimes against humanity as a paradigm for international atrocity crimes. Middle East Critique. 20 (3), pp. 253-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2011.619762

International War Crimes Tribunals and the United States

Schabas, W. 2011. International War Crimes Tribunals and the United States. Diplomatic History. 35 (5), pp. 769-786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.00983.x

Synergy or fragmentation? International Criminal Law and the European Convention on Human Rights

Schabas, W. 2011. Synergy or fragmentation? International Criminal Law and the European Convention on Human Rights. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 9 (3), pp. 609-632. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqr016

Gaza, Goldstone and Lawfare

Schabas, W. 2011. Gaza, Goldstone and Lawfare. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 43 (1/2), pp. 307-312.

An introduction to the International Criminal Court

Schabas, W. 2011. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

Judicial activism and the crime of genocide

Schabas, W. 2010. Judicial activism and the crime of genocide. in: Darcy, S. and Powderly, J. (ed.) Judicial Creativity at the International Criminal Tribunals Oxford Oxford University Press (OUP). pp. 63-79

Il rapido progresso verso l’abolizione della pena di morte in Africa

Schabas, W. 2010. Il rapido progresso verso l’abolizione della pena di morte in Africa. in: Costa, P. (ed.) Il diritto di uccidere, L’enigma della pena di morte Milan Feltrinelli. pp. 247-262

The international criminal court: a commentary on the Rome statute

Schabas, W. 2010. The international criminal court: a commentary on the Rome statute. Oxford University Press (OUP).

The Genocide Convention: The Travaux Préparatoires. By Hirad Abtahi and Philippa Webb. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.Vol. 1: Pp. xxxviii, 1252. Vol. 2: Pp. xv, 965 (1253–2217). Index. $585, €411 (set) [Book review]

Schabas, W. 2010. The Genocide Convention: The Travaux Préparatoires. By Hirad Abtahi and Philippa Webb. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.Vol. 1: Pp. xxxviii, 1252. Vol. 2: Pp. xv, 965 (1253–2217). Index. $585, €411 (set) [Book review]. American Journal of International Law. 104 (2), pp. 318-324. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.2.0318

The International Criminal Court and non-party States

Schabas, W. 2010. The International Criminal Court and non-party States. Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice. 28 (1), pp. 1-22.

'Victor’s justice': selecting 'situations’ at the International Criminal Court

Schabas, W. 2010. 'Victor’s justice': selecting 'situations’ at the International Criminal Court. John Marshall Law Review. 32, pp. 535-552.

Commentary on Paul Boghossian, 'the concept of genocide'

Schabas, W. 2010. Commentary on Paul Boghossian, 'the concept of genocide'. Journal of Genocide Research. 12 (1-2), pp. 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2010.515404

Retroactive application of the Genocide Convention

Schabas, W. 2010. Retroactive application of the Genocide Convention. University of St. Thomas Journal of Law & Public Policy. 4 (2), pp. 36-59.

Prosecuting Dr Strangelove, Goldfinger, and the Joker at the International Criminal Court: closing the loopholes

Schabas, W. 2010. Prosecuting Dr Strangelove, Goldfinger, and the Joker at the International Criminal Court: closing the loopholes. Leiden Journal of International Law. 23 (4), pp. 847-853. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156510000403

Crimes against humanity in Western Burma: the situation of the Rohingyas.

Schabas, W., Prudhomme, N. and Powderly, J. 2010. Crimes against humanity in Western Burma: the situation of the Rohingyas. Irish Centre for Human Rights, National University of Ireland, Galway.

Capital punishment and implementation of the safeguardsguaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing thedeath penalty. Report of the Secretary-General.

Schabas, W. 2009. Capital punishment and implementation of the safeguardsguaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing thedeath penalty. Report of the Secretary-General. United Nations Economic and Social Council.

Genocide in international law: the crime of crimes

Schabas, W. 2009. Genocide in international law: the crime of crimes. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

What is genocide? What are the gaps in the convention?How to prevent genocide?

Schabas, W. 2009. What is genocide? What are the gaps in the convention?How to prevent genocide? Politorbis. 47 (2), pp. 33-46.

War crimes and human rights: essays on the death penalty, justice and accountability.

Schabas, W. 2008. War crimes and human rights: essays on the death penalty, justice and accountability. London Cameron May Publishing.

International Crimes

Schabas, W. 2008. International Crimes. in: Armstrong, D. (ed.) Routledge Handbook of International Law London Routledge. pp. 268-280

Deuxième Protocole facultatif se rapportant au Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, visant à abolir la peine de mort

Schabas, W. 2008. Deuxième Protocole facultatif se rapportant au Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, visant à abolir la peine de mort. in: Decaux, E. (ed.) Le Pacte international relative aux droits civils et politiques, Commentaire article par article Paris Economica. pp. 869-882

Article 6

Schabas, W. 2008. Article 6. in: Decaux, E. (ed.) Le Pacte international relative aux droits civils et politiques, Commentaire article par article Paris Economica. pp. 179-199

'O Brave new world': the role of the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court

Schabas, W. 2008. 'O Brave new world': the role of the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. Die Friedens-Warte: Blaetter fuer internationale Verstaendigung und zwischenstaatliche Organisation. 83 (4), pp. 11-31.

The International Criminal Court and complementarity: five years on

Schabas, W., Stahn, C. and El Zeidy, M. 2008. The International Criminal Court and complementarity: five years on. Criminal Law Forum. 19 (1), pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-008-9058-9

Complementarity in practice: some uncomplimentary thoughts

Schabas, W. 2008. Complementarity in practice: some uncomplimentary thoughts. Criminal Law Forum. 19 (1), pp. 5-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-007-9054-5

Origins of the Genocide Convention: from Nuremberg to Paris

Schabas, W. 2008. Origins of the Genocide Convention: from Nuremberg to Paris. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 40 (1/2), pp. 35-55.

Prosecutorial discretion v. judicial activism at the International Criminal Court

Schabas, W. 2008. Prosecutorial discretion v. judicial activism at the International Criminal Court. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 6 (4), pp. 731-761. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqn045

Should active recruitment of health workers from sub-Saharan Africa be viewed as a crime?

Mills, E., Schabas, W., Volmink, J., Walker, R., Ford, N., Katabira, E., Anema, A., Joffres, M., Cahn, P. and Montaner, J. 2008. Should active recruitment of health workers from sub-Saharan Africa be viewed as a crime? The Lancet. 371 (9613), pp. 685-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60308-6

The Special Tribunal for Lebanon: is a ‘tribunal of an international character’ equivalent to an ‘international criminal court’?

Schabas, W. 2008. The Special Tribunal for Lebanon: is a ‘tribunal of an international character’ equivalent to an ‘international criminal court’? Leiden Journal of International Law. 21 (2), pp. 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156508005074

International Criminal Tribunals: a review of 2007.

Schabas, W. 2008. International Criminal Tribunals: a review of 2007. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights. 6 (3), pp. 382-414. https://doi.org/1549-828X

State policy as an element of international crimes

Schabas, W. 2008. State policy as an element of international crimes. Journal of criminal law and criminology. 98 (3), pp. 953-982.

Atrocities and international accountability.

Hughes, E., Thakur, R. and Schabas, W. 2007. Atrocities and international accountability. UN Publications.

An introduction to the International Criminal Court

Schabas, W. 2007. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

Regions, regionalism and international criminal law.

Schabas, W. 2007. Regions, regionalism and international criminal law. The New Zealand Yearbook of International Law. 4, pp. 3-23.

International human rights and Canadian law: legal commitment, implementation and the charter.

Schabas, W. and Beaulac, S. 2007. International human rights and Canadian law: legal commitment, implementation and the charter. Carswell.

Genocide and the International Court of Justice: finally, a duty to prevent the crime of crimes.

Schabas, W. 2007. Genocide and the International Court of Justice: finally, a duty to prevent the crime of crimes. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2), pp. 101-122. https://doi.org/10.3138/gsp.2.2.101

Lex specialis? Belt and suspenders? The parallel operation of human rights law and the law of armed conflict, and the conundrum of jus ad bellum

Schabas, W. 2007. Lex specialis? Belt and suspenders? The parallel operation of human rights law and the law of armed conflict, and the conundrum of jus ad bellum. Israel Law Review. 40 (2), pp. 592-613.

The UN international criminal tribunals: the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone

Schabas, W. 2006. The UN international criminal tribunals: the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

Preventing genocide and mass killing: the challenge for the United Nations.

Schabas, W. 2006. Preventing genocide and mass killing: the challenge for the United Nations. Minority Rights Group International.

Fair trials and national security evidence.

Schabas, W. 2006. Fair trials and national security evidence. International Commentary on Evidence. 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-4567.1056

International justice for international crimes: an idea whose time has come

Schabas, W. 2006. International justice for international crimes: an idea whose time has come. European Review. 14 (4), pp. 421-439. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798706000469

The “odious scourge”: evolving interpretations of the crime of genocide.

Schabas, W. 2006. The “odious scourge”: evolving interpretations of the crime of genocide. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (2), pp. 93-106. https://doi.org/10.3138/N485-G825-6747-MT40

Canada

Schabas, W. 2005. Canada. in: Brandon, B. and du Plessis, M. (ed.) The Prosecution of International Crimes: A Practical Guide to Prosecuting ICC Crimes in Commonwealth States Authors Commonwealth Secretariat Commonwealth Secretariat. pp. 153-171

Cultural genocide and the protection of the right of existence of Aboriginal and indigenous groups

Schabas, W. 2005. Cultural genocide and the protection of the right of existence of Aboriginal and indigenous groups. in: Castellino, J. and Walsh, N. (ed.) International law and indigenous peoples Leiden Martinus Nijhoff.

Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity

Shelton, D., Adelman, H., Chalk, F., Kiss, A. and Schabas, W. 2005. Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity. Macmillan Reference USA.

Genocide trials and gacaca courts

Schabas, W. 2005. Genocide trials and gacaca courts. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 3 (4), pp. 879-895. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi062

Darfur and the ‘odious scourge’: the Commission of Inquiry's findings on genocide

Schabas, W. 2005. Darfur and the ‘odious scourge’: the Commission of Inquiry's findings on genocide. Leiden Journal of International Law. 18 (4), pp. 871-885. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156505003031

An introduction to the International Criminal Court

Schabas, W. 2004. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

International law and the death penalty: reflecting or promoting change?

Schabas, W. 2004. International law and the death penalty: reflecting or promoting change? in: Hodgkinson, P. and Schabas, W. (ed.) Capital Punishment: Strategies for Abolition Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 36-62

Public opinion and the death penalty

Schabas, W. 2004. Public opinion and the death penalty. in: Hodgkinson, P. and Schabas, W. (ed.) Capital Punishment: Strategies for Abolition Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 309-331

The unfinished work of defining aggression: how many times must the cannonballs fly, before they are forever banned?

Schabas, W. 2004. The unfinished work of defining aggression: how many times must the cannonballs fly, before they are forever banned? in: McGoldrick, D., Rowe, P. and Donnelly, E. (ed.) The permanent international criminal court: legal and policy issues Oxford Hart Publishing. pp. 123-142

The special court for Sierra Leone: testing the waters: conjoined twins of transitional justice? The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court

Schabas, W. 2004. The special court for Sierra Leone: testing the waters: conjoined twins of transitional justice? The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 2 (4), pp. 1082-1099.

A synergistic relationship: the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone

Schabas, W. 2004. A synergistic relationship: the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Criminal Law Forum. 15 (1-2), pp. 3-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-004-6534-8

Amnesty, the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone

Schabas, W. 2004. Amnesty, the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. U.C. Davis Journal of International Law & Policy. 11, pp. 145-169.

United States hostility to the International Criminal Court: it's all about the Security Council

Schabas, W. 2004. United States hostility to the International Criminal Court: it's all about the Security Council. European Journal of International Law. 15 (4), pp. 701-720.

Punishment of non-state actors in non-international armed conflict

Schabas, W. 2003. Punishment of non-state actors in non-international armed conflict. Fordham International Law Journal. 26 (4), pp. 907-933.

International criminal law developments in the case law of the ICTY.

Boas, G. and Schabas, W. 2003. International criminal law developments in the case law of the ICTY. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

The relationship between Truth Commissions and International Courts: the case of Sierra Leone

Schabas, W. 2003. The relationship between Truth Commissions and International Courts: the case of Sierra Leone. Human Rights Quarterly. 25 (4), pp. 1035-1066.

National Courts finally begin to prosecute genocide, the ‘crime of crimes’

Schabas, W. 2003. National Courts finally begin to prosecute genocide, the ‘crime of crimes’. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 1 (1), pp. 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/1.1.39

The barbaric punishment: abolishing the death penalty

Franck, H. and Schabas, W. 2003. The barbaric punishment: abolishing the death penalty. Leiden Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Slobodan Milosevic on trial: a companion

Scharf, M. and Schabas, W. 2002. Slobodan Milosevic on trial: a companion. Continuum.

The abolition of the death penalty in International Law. 3rd edition

Schabas, W. 2002. The abolition of the death penalty in International Law. 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

Developments in the law of genocide

Schabas, W. 2002. Developments in the law of genocide. Yearbook of international humanitarian law. 5, pp. 131-165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1389135900001069

The ICJ ruling against the United States: is it really about the death penalty?

Schabas, W. 2002. The ICJ ruling against the United States: is it really about the death penalty? Yale Journal of International Law. 27, pp. 445-452.

An introduction to the International Criminal Court

Schabas, W. 2001. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

Was genocide committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? first judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

Schabas, W. 2001. Was genocide committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? first judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Fordham International Law Journal. 25 (1), pp. 23-53.