The right to life, jus cogens and the death penalty

Book chapter

Schabas, W. 2025. The right to life, jus cogens and the death penalty. in: Rodrigues, A.M. and de Lemos, M.M. (ed.) Global Movement Towards the Abolition of the Death Penalty, Debate on the jus cogens Status of its Prohibition Coimbra University Press. pp. 137-146
Chapter titleThe right to life, jus cogens and the death penalty
AuthorsSchabas, W.
Abstract

That the right to life is a peremptory norm (jus cogens) is generally admitted. Although when the right to life is framed in some human rights treaties the issue of capital punishment is excluded to some extent, this was always a concession to retentionist States rather than a recognition that the death penalty was a logical limitation. The notion of jus cogens became an entrenched part of international law subsequent to the adoption of these treaties. Capital punishment cannot be reconciled with the peremptory nature of the right to life.

Keywordsjus cogens; prohibition of torture; right to life; death penalty; capital punishment
Sustainable Development Goals16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
Middlesex University ThemeHealth & Wellbeing
Page range137-146
Book titleGlobal Movement Towards the Abolition of the Death Penalty, Debate on the jus cogens Status of its Prohibition
EditorsRodrigues, A.M. and de Lemos, M.M.
PublisherCoimbra University Press
SeriesDesafios Societais e Direito
ISBN9789892626895
Copyright Year2025
Publication dates
Print21 Feb 2025
Publication process dates
Accepted03 Feb 2025
Deposited05 Dec 2025
Output statusPublished
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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Schabas, W. 2013. Do the “underlying values” of the European Convention on Human Rights begin in 1950? Polish Yearbook of International Law. 33, pp. 247-258.
Building the narrative: the UN Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone
Schabas, W. 2013. Building the narrative: the UN Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. in: Delage, C. and Goodrich, P. (ed.) The Scene of the Mass Crime: History, Film and International Tribunals Abingdon Routledge. pp. 23-40
The contribution of the Eichmann Trial to International Law
Schabas, W. 2013. The contribution of the Eichmann Trial to International Law. Leiden Journal of International Law. 26 (3), pp. 667-699. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156513000290
The banality of international justice
Schabas, W. 2013. The banality of international justice. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 11 (3), pp. 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqt027
Unimaginable atrocities: justice, politics, and rights at the war crimes tribunals
Schabas, W. 2012. Unimaginable atrocities: justice, politics, and rights at the war crimes tribunals. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press (OUP).
Introductory remarks by William Schabas
Schabas, W. 2012. Introductory remarks by William Schabas. Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting. 106, pp. 305-307. https://doi.org/10.5305/procannmeetasil.106.0305
The International Criminal Court: struggling to find its way
Schabas, W. 2012. The International Criminal Court: struggling to find its way. in: Cassese, A. (ed.) Realizing Utopia: the future of International Law Oxford Oxford University Press (OUP). pp. 250-260
The first ten years of the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2012. The first ten years of the International Criminal Court. Meждyнapoднoe Пravocyдиe [= International Justice]. 2 (3), pp. 5-16.
The Human Right to Peace
Schabas, W. 2011. The Human Right to Peace. in: Eide, A., Ziemele, I. and Möller, J.T. (ed.) Making Peoples Heard: Essays on Human Rights in Honour of Gudmundur Alfredsson De Gruyter Brill. pp. 43-57
Criminology, accountability and international justice
Schabas, W. 2011. Criminology, accountability and international justice. in: Bosworth, M. and Hoyle, C. (ed.) What is Criminology? Oxford Oxford University Press (OUP). pp. 346-357
La peine de mort et la Convention européene des droits de l’homme
Schabas, W. 2011. La peine de mort et la Convention européene des droits de l’homme. in: Levinet, M. (ed.) Le droit au respect de la vie au sens de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme Brussels Bruylant. pp. 243-252
The International Criminal Court at ten
Schabas, W. 2011. The International Criminal Court at ten. Criminal Law Forum. 22 (4), pp. 493-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-011-9154-0
Crimes against humanity as a paradigm for international atrocity crimes
Schabas, W. 2011. Crimes against humanity as a paradigm for international atrocity crimes. Middle East Critique. 20 (3), pp. 253-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2011.619762
International War Crimes Tribunals and the United States
Schabas, W. 2011. International War Crimes Tribunals and the United States. Diplomatic History. 35 (5), pp. 769-786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.00983.x
Synergy or fragmentation? International Criminal Law and the European Convention on Human Rights
Schabas, W. 2011. Synergy or fragmentation? International Criminal Law and the European Convention on Human Rights. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 9 (3), pp. 609-632. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqr016
Gaza, Goldstone and Lawfare
Schabas, W. 2011. Gaza, Goldstone and Lawfare. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 43 (1/2), pp. 307-312.
An introduction to the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2011. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Judicial activism and the crime of genocide
Schabas, W. 2010. Judicial activism and the crime of genocide. in: Darcy, S. and Powderly, J. (ed.) Judicial Creativity at the International Criminal Tribunals Oxford Oxford University Press (OUP). pp. 63-79
Il rapido progresso verso l’abolizione della pena di morte in Africa
Schabas, W. 2010. Il rapido progresso verso l’abolizione della pena di morte in Africa. in: Costa, P. (ed.) Il diritto di uccidere, L’enigma della pena di morte Milan Feltrinelli. pp. 247-262
The international criminal court: a commentary on the Rome statute
Schabas, W. 2010. The international criminal court: a commentary on the Rome statute. Oxford University Press (OUP).
The Genocide Convention: The Travaux Préparatoires. By Hirad Abtahi and Philippa Webb. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.Vol. 1: Pp. xxxviii, 1252. Vol. 2: Pp. xv, 965 (1253–2217). Index. $585, €411 (set) [Book review]
Schabas, W. 2010. The Genocide Convention: The Travaux Préparatoires. By Hirad Abtahi and Philippa Webb. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.Vol. 1: Pp. xxxviii, 1252. Vol. 2: Pp. xv, 965 (1253–2217). Index. $585, €411 (set) [Book review]. American Journal of International Law. 104 (2), pp. 318-324. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.2.0318
The International Criminal Court and non-party States
Schabas, W. 2010. The International Criminal Court and non-party States. Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice. 28 (1), pp. 1-22.
'Victor’s justice': selecting 'situations’ at the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2010. 'Victor’s justice': selecting 'situations’ at the International Criminal Court. John Marshall Law Review. 32, pp. 535-552.
Commentary on Paul Boghossian, 'the concept of genocide'
Schabas, W. 2010. Commentary on Paul Boghossian, 'the concept of genocide'. Journal of Genocide Research. 12 (1-2), pp. 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2010.515404
Retroactive application of the Genocide Convention
Schabas, W. 2010. Retroactive application of the Genocide Convention. University of St. Thomas Journal of Law & Public Policy. 4 (2), pp. 36-59.
Prosecuting Dr Strangelove, Goldfinger, and the Joker at the International Criminal Court: closing the loopholes
Schabas, W. 2010. Prosecuting Dr Strangelove, Goldfinger, and the Joker at the International Criminal Court: closing the loopholes. Leiden Journal of International Law. 23 (4), pp. 847-853. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156510000403
Crimes against humanity in Western Burma: the situation of the Rohingyas.
Schabas, W., Prudhomme, N. and Powderly, J. 2010. Crimes against humanity in Western Burma: the situation of the Rohingyas. Irish Centre for Human Rights, National University of Ireland, Galway.
Capital punishment and implementation of the safeguardsguaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing thedeath penalty. Report of the Secretary-General.
Schabas, W. 2009. Capital punishment and implementation of the safeguardsguaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing thedeath penalty. Report of the Secretary-General. United Nations Economic and Social Council.
Genocide in international law: the crime of crimes
Schabas, W. 2009. Genocide in international law: the crime of crimes. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
What is genocide? What are the gaps in the convention?How to prevent genocide?
Schabas, W. 2009. What is genocide? What are the gaps in the convention?How to prevent genocide? Politorbis. 47 (2), pp. 33-46.
War crimes and human rights: essays on the death penalty, justice and accountability.
Schabas, W. 2008. War crimes and human rights: essays on the death penalty, justice and accountability. London Cameron May Publishing.
International Crimes
Schabas, W. 2008. International Crimes. in: Armstrong, D. (ed.) Routledge Handbook of International Law London Routledge. pp. 268-280
Deuxième Protocole facultatif se rapportant au Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, visant à abolir la peine de mort
Schabas, W. 2008. Deuxième Protocole facultatif se rapportant au Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, visant à abolir la peine de mort. in: Decaux, E. (ed.) Le Pacte international relative aux droits civils et politiques, Commentaire article par article Paris Economica. pp. 869-882
Article 6
Schabas, W. 2008. Article 6. in: Decaux, E. (ed.) Le Pacte international relative aux droits civils et politiques, Commentaire article par article Paris Economica. pp. 179-199
Brave new world: the role of the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court.
Schabas, W. 2008. Brave new world: the role of the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. Friedens-Warte: Blaetter fuer internationale Verstaendigung und zwischenstaatliche Organisation. 83 (4), pp. 11-31.
The International Criminal Court and complementarity: five years on
Schabas, W., Stahn, C. and El Zeidy, M. 2008. The International Criminal Court and complementarity: five years on. Criminal Law Forum. 19 (1), pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-008-9058-9
Complementarity in practice: some uncomplimentary thoughts
Schabas, W. 2008. Complementarity in practice: some uncomplimentary thoughts. Criminal Law Forum. 19 (1), pp. 5-33.
Origins of the Genocide Convention: from Nuremberg to Paris
Schabas, W. 2008. Origins of the Genocide Convention: from Nuremberg to Paris. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 40 (1/2), pp. 35-55.
Prosecutorial discretion v. judicial activism at the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2008. Prosecutorial discretion v. judicial activism at the International Criminal Court. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 6 (4), pp. 731-761. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqn045
Should active recruitment of health workers from sub-Saharan Africa be viewed as a crime?
Mills, E., Schabas, W., Volmink, J., Walker, R., Ford, N., Katabira, E., Anema, A., Joffres, M., Cahn, P. and Montaner, J. 2008. Should active recruitment of health workers from sub-Saharan Africa be viewed as a crime? The Lancet. 371 (9613), pp. 685-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60308-6
The Special Tribunal for Lebanon: is a ‘tribunal of an international character’ equivalent to an ‘international criminal court’?
Schabas, W. 2008. The Special Tribunal for Lebanon: is a ‘tribunal of an international character’ equivalent to an ‘international criminal court’? Leiden Journal of International Law. 21 (2), pp. 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156508005074
International Criminal Tribunals: a review of 2007.
Schabas, W. 2008. International Criminal Tribunals: a review of 2007. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights. 6 (3), pp. 382-414. https://doi.org/1549-828X
State policy as an element of international crimes
Schabas, W. 2008. State policy as an element of international crimes. Journal of criminal law and criminology. 98 (3), pp. 953-982.
Atrocities and international accountability.
Hughes, E., Thakur, R. and Schabas, W. 2007. Atrocities and international accountability. UN Publications.
An introduction to the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2007. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Regions, regionalism and international criminal law.
Schabas, W. 2007. Regions, regionalism and international criminal law. The New Zealand Yearbook of International Law. 4, pp. 3-23.
International human rights and Canadian law: legal commitment, implementation and the charter.
Schabas, W. and Beaulac, S. 2007. International human rights and Canadian law: legal commitment, implementation and the charter. Carswell.
Genocide and the International Court of Justice: finally, a duty to prevent the crime of crimes.
Schabas, W. 2007. Genocide and the International Court of Justice: finally, a duty to prevent the crime of crimes. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2), pp. 101-122. https://doi.org/10.3138/gsp.2.2.101
Lex specialis? Belt and suspenders? The parallel operation of human rights law and the law of armed conflict, and the conundrum of jus ad bellum
Schabas, W. 2007. Lex specialis? Belt and suspenders? The parallel operation of human rights law and the law of armed conflict, and the conundrum of jus ad bellum. Israel Law Review. 40 (2), pp. 592-613.
The UN international criminal tribunals: the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone
Schabas, W. 2006. The UN international criminal tribunals: the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Preventing genocide and mass killing: the challenge for the United Nations.
Schabas, W. 2006. Preventing genocide and mass killing: the challenge for the United Nations. Minority Rights Group International.
Fair trials and national security evidence.
Schabas, W. 2006. Fair trials and national security evidence. International Commentary on Evidence. 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-4567.1056
International justice for international crimes: an idea whose time has come
Schabas, W. 2006. International justice for international crimes: an idea whose time has come. European Review. 14 (4), pp. 421-439. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798706000469
The “odious scourge”: evolving interpretations of the crime of genocide.
Schabas, W. 2006. The “odious scourge”: evolving interpretations of the crime of genocide. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (2), pp. 93-106. https://doi.org/10.3138/N485-G825-6747-MT40
Canada
Schabas, W. 2005. Canada. in: Brandon, B. and du Plessis, M. (ed.) The Prosecution of International Crimes: A Practical Guide to Prosecuting ICC Crimes in Commonwealth States Authors Commonwealth Secretariat Commonwealth Secretariat. pp. 153-171
Cultural genocide and the protection of the right of existence of Aboriginal and indigenous groups
Schabas, W. 2005. Cultural genocide and the protection of the right of existence of Aboriginal and indigenous groups. in: Castellino, J. and Walsh, N. (ed.) International law and indigenous peoples Leiden Martinus Nijhoff.
Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity
Shelton, D., Adelman, H., Chalk, F., Kiss, A. and Schabas, W. 2005. Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity. Macmillan Reference USA.
Genocide trials and gacaca courts
Schabas, W. 2005. Genocide trials and gacaca courts. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 3 (4), pp. 879-895. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi062
Darfur and the ‘odious scourge’: the Commission of Inquiry's findings on genocide
Schabas, W. 2005. Darfur and the ‘odious scourge’: the Commission of Inquiry's findings on genocide. Leiden Journal of International Law. 18 (4), pp. 871-885. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156505003031
An introduction to the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2004. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
International law and the death penalty: reflecting or promoting change?
Schabas, W. 2004. International law and the death penalty: reflecting or promoting change? in: Hodgkinson, P. and Schabas, W. (ed.) Capital Punishment: Strategies for Abolition Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 36-62
Public opinion and the death penalty
Schabas, W. 2004. Public opinion and the death penalty. in: Hodgkinson, P. and Schabas, W. (ed.) Capital Punishment: Strategies for Abolition Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 309-331
The unfinished work of defining aggression: how many times must the cannonballs fly, before they are forever banned?
Schabas, W. 2004. The unfinished work of defining aggression: how many times must the cannonballs fly, before they are forever banned? in: McGoldrick, D., Rowe, P. and Donnelly, E. (ed.) The permanent international criminal court: legal and policy issues Oxford Hart.
The special court for Sierra Leone: testing the waters: conjoined twins of transitional justice? The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court
Schabas, W. 2004. The special court for Sierra Leone: testing the waters: conjoined twins of transitional justice? The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 2 (4), pp. 1082-1099.
A synergistic relationship: the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Schabas, W. 2004. A synergistic relationship: the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Criminal Law Forum. 15 (1/2), pp. 3-54.
Amnesty, the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Schabas, W. 2004. Amnesty, the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. U.C. Davis Journal of International Law & Policy. 11, pp. 145-169.
United States hostility to the International Criminal Court: it's all about the Security Council
Schabas, W. 2004. United States hostility to the International Criminal Court: it's all about the Security Council. European Journal of International Law. 15 (4), pp. 701-720.
Punishment of non-state actors in non-international armed conflict
Schabas, W. 2003. Punishment of non-state actors in non-international armed conflict. Fordham International Law Journal. 26 (4), pp. 907-933.
International criminal law developments in the case law of the ICTY.
Boas, G. and Schabas, W. 2003. International criminal law developments in the case law of the ICTY. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
The relationship between Truth Commissions and International Courts: the case of Sierra Leone
Schabas, W. 2003. The relationship between Truth Commissions and International Courts: the case of Sierra Leone. Human Rights Quarterly. 25 (4), pp. 1035-1066.
National Courts finally begin to prosecute genocide, the ‘crime of crimes’
Schabas, W. 2003. National Courts finally begin to prosecute genocide, the ‘crime of crimes’. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 1 (1), pp. 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/1.1.39
The barbaric punishment: abolishing the death penalty
Franck, H. and Schabas, W. 2003. The barbaric punishment: abolishing the death penalty. Leiden Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Slobodan Milosevic on trial: a companion
Scharf, M. and Schabas, W. 2002. Slobodan Milosevic on trial: a companion. Continuum.
The abolition of the death penalty in International Law. 3rd edition
Schabas, W. 2002. The abolition of the death penalty in International Law. 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Developments in the law of genocide
Schabas, W. 2002. Developments in the law of genocide. Yearbook of international humanitarian law. 5, pp. 131-165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1389135900001069
The ICJ ruling against the United States: is it really about the death penalty?
Schabas, W. 2002. The ICJ ruling against the United States: is it really about the death penalty? Yale Journal of International Law. 27, pp. 445-452.
An introduction to the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2001. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Was genocide committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? first judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Schabas, W. 2001. Was genocide committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? first judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Fordham International Law Journal. 25 (1), pp. 23-53.
The Jelisić Case and the Mens Rea of the crime of genocide
Schabas, W. 2001. The Jelisić Case and the Mens Rea of the crime of genocide. Leiden Journal of International Law. 14 (1), pp. 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156501000061
Genocide in international law: The crimes of crimes
Schabas, W. 2000. Genocide in international law: The crimes of crimes. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Canadian implementing legislation for the Rome statute
Schabas, W. 2000. Canadian implementing legislation for the Rome statute. Yearbook of international humanitarian law. 3, pp. 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1389135900000684
Islam and the death penalty
Schabas, W. 2000. Islam and the death penalty. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal. 9 (1), pp. 223-236.
Twenty-five years of public international law at the Supreme Court of Canada.
Schabas, W. 2000. Twenty-five years of public international law at the Supreme Court of Canada. The Canadian Bar Review. 79 (2), pp. 174-195.
Life, death and the crime of crimes supreme penalties and the ICC statute
Schabas, W. 2000. Life, death and the crime of crimes supreme penalties and the ICC statute. Punishment and Society: The International Journal of Penology. 2 (3), pp. 263-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624740022228006
Perverse effects of the nulla poena principle: national practice and the ad hoc tribunals
Schabas, W. 2000. Perverse effects of the nulla poena principle: national practice and the ad hoc tribunals. European Journal of International Law. 11 (3), pp. 521-539. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/11.3.521
The Genocide Convention at Fifty
Schabas, W. 1999. The Genocide Convention at Fifty. United States Institute of Peace.
Bringing Rwandan Génocidaires to book.
Schabas, W. 1999. Bringing Rwandan Génocidaires to book. Yale Center for International and Area Studies.
Canadian ratification of the American Convention on Human Rights.
Schabas, W. 1998. Canadian ratification of the American Convention on Human Rights. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 16 (3), pp. 315-342.
General principles of criminal law in the International Criminal Court Statute (Part III)
Schabas, W. 1998. General principles of criminal law in the International Criminal Court Statute (Part III). European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. 6 (4), pp. 400-428.
The International Criminal Court: an historic step to combat impunity
Schabas, W. 1998. The International Criminal Court: an historic step to combat impunity. Refuge. 17 (3), pp. 21-28.
Canada and the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Schabas, W. 1998. Canada and the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. McGill Law Journal. 43 (2), pp. 403-441.
International legal aspects
Schabas, W. 1996. International legal aspects. in: Hodgkinson, P. and Rutherford, A. (ed.) Capital punnishment: global issues and prospects Winchester Waterside.
Justice, democracy, and impunity in post-genocide Rwanda: searching for solutions to impossible problems
Schabas, W. 1996. Justice, democracy, and impunity in post-genocide Rwanda: searching for solutions to impossible problems. Criminal Law Forum. 7 (3), pp. 523-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02197818
The death penalty as cruel treatment and torture: capital punishment challenged in the world's courts
Schabas, W. 1996. The death penalty as cruel treatment and torture: capital punishment challenged in the world's courts. Boston Northeastern University Press.
Reservations to the convention on the rights of the child
Schabas, W. 1996. Reservations to the convention on the rights of the child. Human Rights Quarterly. 18 (2), pp. 472-491.
Soering's legacy: the Human Rights Committee and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council take a walk down death row
Schabas, W. 1994. Soering's legacy: the Human Rights Committee and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council take a walk down death row. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 43 (4), pp. 913-923. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/43.4.913
The abolition of the death penalty in international law
Schabas, W. 1993. The abolition of the death penalty in international law. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
International norms on execution of the insane and the mentally retarded
Schabas, W. 1993. International norms on execution of the insane and the mentally retarded. Criminal Law Forum. 4 (1), pp. 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01096025