Genocide and Ukraine: Do words always mean what we choose them to mean?

Article

Schabas, W. 2022. Genocide and Ukraine: Do words always mean what we choose them to mean? Journal of International Criminal Justice. 20 (4), pp. 843-857. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqac042
TypeArticle
TitleGenocide and Ukraine: Do words always mean what we choose them to mean?
AuthorsSchabas, W.
Abstract

Allegations of genocide have been made on both sides during the armed conflict in Ukraine. This article reviews the claims, concluding that they appear to be inconsistent with the crime of genocide as defined in Article II of the 1948 Convention, as interpreted by the International Court of Justice, the ad hoc tribunals and the International Law Commission. Most of the claims appear to use the term genocide in a rhetorical sense, without serious concern for the legal issues. The available evidence does not permit inferences to be drawn that the punishable acts are committed with genocidal intent, to the exclusion of other reasonable explanations.

Keywordsgenocide; Ukraine; International Court of Justice; International Law Commission
Sustainable Development Goals16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
Middlesex University ThemeCreativity, Culture & Enterprise
PublisherOxford University Press (OUP)
JournalJournal of International Criminal Justice
ISSN1478-1387
Electronic1478-1395
Publication dates
Online31 Oct 2022
Print28 Dec 2022
Publication process dates
Accepted01 Oct 2022
Deposited28 Jul 2023
Output statusPublished
Accepted author manuscript
Copyright Statement

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Journal of International Criminal Justice following peer review. The version of record William A Schabas, Genocide and Ukraine: Do Words Mean What We Choose them to Mean?, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume 20, Issue 4, September 2022, Pages 843–857 is available online at: https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/20/4/843/6782180 and https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqac042

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqac042
LanguageEnglish
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Schabas, W. 2011. Crimes against humanity as a paradigm for international atrocity crimes. Middle East Critique. 20 (3), pp. 253-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2011.619762
International War Crimes Tribunals and the United States
Schabas, W. 2011. International War Crimes Tribunals and the United States. Diplomatic History. 35 (5), pp. 769-786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.00983.x
Synergy or fragmentation? International Criminal Law and the European Convention on Human Rights
Schabas, W. 2011. Synergy or fragmentation? International Criminal Law and the European Convention on Human Rights. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 9 (3), pp. 609-632. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqr016
Gaza, Goldstone and Lawfare
Schabas, W. 2011. Gaza, Goldstone and Lawfare. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 43 (1/2), pp. 307-312.
An introduction to the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2011. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Judicial activism and the crime of genocide
Schabas, W. 2010. Judicial activism and the crime of genocide. in: Darcy, S. and Powderly, J. (ed.) Judicial Creativity at the International Criminal Tribunals Oxford Oxford University Press (OUP). pp. 63-79
Il rapido progresso verso l’abolizione della pena di morte in Africa
Schabas, W. 2010. Il rapido progresso verso l’abolizione della pena di morte in Africa. in: Costa, P. (ed.) Il diritto di uccidere, L’enigma della pena di morte Milan Feltrinelli. pp. 247-262
The international criminal court: a commentary on the Rome statute
Schabas, W. 2010. The international criminal court: a commentary on the Rome statute. Oxford University Press (OUP).
The Genocide Convention: The Travaux Préparatoires. By Hirad Abtahi and Philippa Webb. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.Vol. 1: Pp. xxxviii, 1252. Vol. 2: Pp. xv, 965 (1253–2217). Index. $585, €411 (set) [Book review]
Schabas, W. 2010. The Genocide Convention: The Travaux Préparatoires. By Hirad Abtahi and Philippa Webb. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.Vol. 1: Pp. xxxviii, 1252. Vol. 2: Pp. xv, 965 (1253–2217). Index. $585, €411 (set) [Book review]. American Journal of International Law. 104 (2), pp. 318-324. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.2.0318
The International Criminal Court and non-party States
Schabas, W. 2010. The International Criminal Court and non-party States. Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice. 28 (1), pp. 1-22.
'Victor’s justice': selecting 'situations’ at the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2010. 'Victor’s justice': selecting 'situations’ at the International Criminal Court. John Marshall Law Review. 32, pp. 535-552.
Commentary on Paul Boghossian, 'the concept of genocide'
Schabas, W. 2010. Commentary on Paul Boghossian, 'the concept of genocide'. Journal of Genocide Research. 12 (1-2), pp. 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2010.515404
Retroactive application of the Genocide Convention
Schabas, W. 2010. Retroactive application of the Genocide Convention. University of St. Thomas Journal of Law & Public Policy. 4 (2), pp. 36-59.
Prosecuting Dr Strangelove, Goldfinger, and the Joker at the International Criminal Court: closing the loopholes
Schabas, W. 2010. Prosecuting Dr Strangelove, Goldfinger, and the Joker at the International Criminal Court: closing the loopholes. Leiden Journal of International Law. 23 (4), pp. 847-853. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156510000403
Crimes against humanity in Western Burma: the situation of the Rohingyas.
Schabas, W., Prudhomme, N. and Powderly, J. 2010. Crimes against humanity in Western Burma: the situation of the Rohingyas. Irish Centre for Human Rights, National University of Ireland, Galway.
Capital punishment and implementation of the safeguardsguaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing thedeath penalty. Report of the Secretary-General.
Schabas, W. 2009. Capital punishment and implementation of the safeguardsguaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing thedeath penalty. Report of the Secretary-General. United Nations Economic and Social Council.
Genocide in international law: the crime of crimes
Schabas, W. 2009. Genocide in international law: the crime of crimes. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
What is genocide? What are the gaps in the convention?How to prevent genocide?
Schabas, W. 2009. What is genocide? What are the gaps in the convention?How to prevent genocide? Politorbis. 47 (2), pp. 33-46.
War crimes and human rights: essays on the death penalty, justice and accountability.
Schabas, W. 2008. War crimes and human rights: essays on the death penalty, justice and accountability. London Cameron May Publishing.
International Crimes
Schabas, W. 2008. International Crimes. in: Armstrong, D. (ed.) Routledge Handbook of International Law London Routledge. pp. 268-280
Deuxième Protocole facultatif se rapportant au Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, visant à abolir la peine de mort
Schabas, W. 2008. Deuxième Protocole facultatif se rapportant au Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, visant à abolir la peine de mort. in: Decaux, E. (ed.) Le Pacte international relative aux droits civils et politiques, Commentaire article par article Paris Economica. pp. 869-882
Article 6
Schabas, W. 2008. Article 6. in: Decaux, E. (ed.) Le Pacte international relative aux droits civils et politiques, Commentaire article par article Paris Economica. pp. 179-199
Brave new world: the role of the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court.
Schabas, W. 2008. Brave new world: the role of the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. Friedens-Warte: Blaetter fuer internationale Verstaendigung und zwischenstaatliche Organisation. 83 (4), pp. 11-31.
The International Criminal Court and complementarity: five years on
Schabas, W., Stahn, C. and El Zeidy, M. 2008. The International Criminal Court and complementarity: five years on. Criminal Law Forum. 19 (1), pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-008-9058-9
Complementarity in practice: some uncomplimentary thoughts
Schabas, W. 2008. Complementarity in practice: some uncomplimentary thoughts. Criminal Law Forum. 19 (1), pp. 5-33.
Origins of the Genocide Convention: from Nuremberg to Paris
Schabas, W. 2008. Origins of the Genocide Convention: from Nuremberg to Paris. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 40 (1/2), pp. 35-55.
Prosecutorial discretion v. judicial activism at the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2008. Prosecutorial discretion v. judicial activism at the International Criminal Court. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 6 (4), pp. 731-761. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqn045
Should active recruitment of health workers from sub-Saharan Africa be viewed as a crime?
Mills, E., Schabas, W., Volmink, J., Walker, R., Ford, N., Katabira, E., Anema, A., Joffres, M., Cahn, P. and Montaner, J. 2008. Should active recruitment of health workers from sub-Saharan Africa be viewed as a crime? The Lancet. 371 (9613), pp. 685-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60308-6
The Special Tribunal for Lebanon: is a ‘tribunal of an international character’ equivalent to an ‘international criminal court’?
Schabas, W. 2008. The Special Tribunal for Lebanon: is a ‘tribunal of an international character’ equivalent to an ‘international criminal court’? Leiden Journal of International Law. 21 (2), pp. 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156508005074
International Criminal Tribunals: a review of 2007.
Schabas, W. 2008. International Criminal Tribunals: a review of 2007. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights. 6 (3), pp. 382-414. https://doi.org/1549-828X
State policy as an element of international crimes
Schabas, W. 2008. State policy as an element of international crimes. Journal of criminal law and criminology. 98 (3), pp. 953-982.
Atrocities and international accountability.
Hughes, E., Thakur, R. and Schabas, W. 2007. Atrocities and international accountability. UN Publications.
An introduction to the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2007. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Regions, regionalism and international criminal law.
Schabas, W. 2007. Regions, regionalism and international criminal law. The New Zealand Yearbook of International Law. 4, pp. 3-23.
International human rights and Canadian law: legal commitment, implementation and the charter.
Schabas, W. and Beaulac, S. 2007. International human rights and Canadian law: legal commitment, implementation and the charter. Carswell.
Genocide and the International Court of Justice: finally, a duty to prevent the crime of crimes.
Schabas, W. 2007. Genocide and the International Court of Justice: finally, a duty to prevent the crime of crimes. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2), pp. 101-122. https://doi.org/10.3138/gsp.2.2.101
Lex specialis? Belt and suspenders? The parallel operation of human rights law and the law of armed conflict, and the conundrum of jus ad bellum
Schabas, W. 2007. Lex specialis? Belt and suspenders? The parallel operation of human rights law and the law of armed conflict, and the conundrum of jus ad bellum. Israel Law Review. 40 (2), pp. 592-613.
The UN international criminal tribunals: the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone
Schabas, W. 2006. The UN international criminal tribunals: the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Preventing genocide and mass killing: the challenge for the United Nations.
Schabas, W. 2006. Preventing genocide and mass killing: the challenge for the United Nations. Minority Rights Group International.
Fair trials and national security evidence.
Schabas, W. 2006. Fair trials and national security evidence. International Commentary on Evidence. 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-4567.1056
International justice for international crimes: an idea whose time has come
Schabas, W. 2006. International justice for international crimes: an idea whose time has come. European Review. 14 (4), pp. 421-439. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798706000469
The “odious scourge”: evolving interpretations of the crime of genocide.
Schabas, W. 2006. The “odious scourge”: evolving interpretations of the crime of genocide. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (2), pp. 93-106. https://doi.org/10.3138/N485-G825-6747-MT40
Canada
Schabas, W. 2005. Canada. in: Brandon, B. and du Plessis, M. (ed.) The Prosecution of International Crimes: A Practical Guide to Prosecuting ICC Crimes in Commonwealth States Authors Commonwealth Secretariat Commonwealth Secretariat. pp. 153-171
Cultural genocide and the protection of the right of existence of Aboriginal and indigenous groups
Schabas, W. 2005. Cultural genocide and the protection of the right of existence of Aboriginal and indigenous groups. in: Castellino, J. and Walsh, N. (ed.) International law and indigenous peoples Leiden Martinus Nijhoff.
Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity
Shelton, D., Adelman, H., Chalk, F., Kiss, A. and Schabas, W. 2005. Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity. Macmillan Reference USA.
Genocide trials and gacaca courts
Schabas, W. 2005. Genocide trials and gacaca courts. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 3 (4), pp. 879-895. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqi062
Darfur and the ‘odious scourge’: the Commission of Inquiry's findings on genocide
Schabas, W. 2005. Darfur and the ‘odious scourge’: the Commission of Inquiry's findings on genocide. Leiden Journal of International Law. 18 (4), pp. 871-885. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156505003031
An introduction to the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2004. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
International law and the death penalty: reflecting or promoting change?
Schabas, W. 2004. International law and the death penalty: reflecting or promoting change? in: Hodgkinson, P. and Schabas, W. (ed.) Capital Punishment: Strategies for Abolition Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 36-62
Public opinion and the death penalty
Schabas, W. 2004. Public opinion and the death penalty. in: Hodgkinson, P. and Schabas, W. (ed.) Capital Punishment: Strategies for Abolition Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 309-331
The unfinished work of defining aggression: how many times must the cannonballs fly, before they are forever banned?
Schabas, W. 2004. The unfinished work of defining aggression: how many times must the cannonballs fly, before they are forever banned? in: McGoldrick, D., Rowe, P. and Donnelly, E. (ed.) The permanent international criminal court: legal and policy issues Oxford Hart.
The special court for Sierra Leone: testing the waters: conjoined twins of transitional justice? The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court
Schabas, W. 2004. The special court for Sierra Leone: testing the waters: conjoined twins of transitional justice? The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 2 (4), pp. 1082-1099.
A synergistic relationship: the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Schabas, W. 2004. A synergistic relationship: the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Criminal Law Forum. 15 (1/2), pp. 3-54.
Amnesty, the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Schabas, W. 2004. Amnesty, the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. U.C. Davis Journal of International Law & Policy. 11, pp. 145-169.
United States hostility to the International Criminal Court: it's all about the Security Council
Schabas, W. 2004. United States hostility to the International Criminal Court: it's all about the Security Council. European Journal of International Law. 15 (4), pp. 701-720.
Punishment of non-state actors in non-international armed conflict
Schabas, W. 2003. Punishment of non-state actors in non-international armed conflict. Fordham International Law Journal. 26 (4), pp. 907-933.
International criminal law developments in the case law of the ICTY.
Boas, G. and Schabas, W. 2003. International criminal law developments in the case law of the ICTY. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
The relationship between Truth Commissions and International Courts: the case of Sierra Leone
Schabas, W. 2003. The relationship between Truth Commissions and International Courts: the case of Sierra Leone. Human Rights Quarterly. 25 (4), pp. 1035-1066.
National Courts finally begin to prosecute genocide, the ‘crime of crimes’
Schabas, W. 2003. National Courts finally begin to prosecute genocide, the ‘crime of crimes’. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 1 (1), pp. 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/1.1.39
The barbaric punishment: abolishing the death penalty
Franck, H. and Schabas, W. 2003. The barbaric punishment: abolishing the death penalty. Leiden Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Slobodan Milosevic on trial: a companion
Scharf, M. and Schabas, W. 2002. Slobodan Milosevic on trial: a companion. Continuum.
The abolition of the death penalty in International Law. 3rd edition
Schabas, W. 2002. The abolition of the death penalty in International Law. 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Developments in the law of genocide
Schabas, W. 2002. Developments in the law of genocide. Yearbook of international humanitarian law. 5, pp. 131-165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1389135900001069
The ICJ ruling against the United States: is it really about the death penalty?
Schabas, W. 2002. The ICJ ruling against the United States: is it really about the death penalty? Yale Journal of International Law. 27, pp. 445-452.
An introduction to the International Criminal Court
Schabas, W. 2001. An introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Was genocide committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? first judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Schabas, W. 2001. Was genocide committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? first judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Fordham International Law Journal. 25 (1), pp. 23-53.
The Jelisić Case and the Mens Rea of the crime of genocide
Schabas, W. 2001. The Jelisić Case and the Mens Rea of the crime of genocide. Leiden Journal of International Law. 14 (1), pp. 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156501000061
Genocide in international law: The crimes of crimes
Schabas, W. 2000. Genocide in international law: The crimes of crimes. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
Canadian implementing legislation for the Rome statute
Schabas, W. 2000. Canadian implementing legislation for the Rome statute. Yearbook of international humanitarian law. 3, pp. 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1389135900000684
Islam and the death penalty
Schabas, W. 2000. Islam and the death penalty. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal. 9 (1), pp. 223-236.
Twenty-five years of public international law at the Supreme Court of Canada.
Schabas, W. 2000. Twenty-five years of public international law at the Supreme Court of Canada. The Canadian Bar Review. 79 (2), pp. 174-195.
Life, death and the crime of crimes supreme penalties and the ICC statute
Schabas, W. 2000. Life, death and the crime of crimes supreme penalties and the ICC statute. Punishment and Society: The International Journal of Penology. 2 (3), pp. 263-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624740022228006
Perverse effects of the nulla poena principle: national practice and the ad hoc tribunals
Schabas, W. 2000. Perverse effects of the nulla poena principle: national practice and the ad hoc tribunals. European Journal of International Law. 11 (3), pp. 521-539. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/11.3.521
The Genocide Convention at Fifty
Schabas, W. 1999. The Genocide Convention at Fifty. United States Institute of Peace.
Bringing Rwandan Génocidaires to book.
Schabas, W. 1999. Bringing Rwandan Génocidaires to book. Yale Center for International and Area Studies.
Canadian ratification of the American Convention on Human Rights.
Schabas, W. 1998. Canadian ratification of the American Convention on Human Rights. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 16 (3), pp. 315-342.
General principles of criminal law in the International Criminal Court Statute (Part III)
Schabas, W. 1998. General principles of criminal law in the International Criminal Court Statute (Part III). European journal of crime, criminal law and criminal justice. 6 (4), pp. 400-428.
The International Criminal Court: an historic step to combat impunity
Schabas, W. 1998. The International Criminal Court: an historic step to combat impunity. Refuge. 17 (3), pp. 21-28.
Canada and the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Schabas, W. 1998. Canada and the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. McGill Law Journal. 43 (2), pp. 403-441.
International legal aspects
Schabas, W. 1996. International legal aspects. in: Hodgkinson, P. and Rutherford, A. (ed.) Capital punnishment: global issues and prospects Winchester Waterside.
Justice, democracy, and impunity in post-genocide Rwanda: searching for solutions to impossible problems
Schabas, W. 1996. Justice, democracy, and impunity in post-genocide Rwanda: searching for solutions to impossible problems. Criminal Law Forum. 7 (3), pp. 523-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02197818
The death penalty as cruel treatment and torture: capital punishment challenged in the world's courts
Schabas, W. 1996. The death penalty as cruel treatment and torture: capital punishment challenged in the world's courts. Boston Northeastern University Press.
Reservations to the convention on the rights of the child
Schabas, W. 1996. Reservations to the convention on the rights of the child. Human Rights Quarterly. 18 (2), pp. 472-491.
Soering's legacy: the Human Rights Committee and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council take a walk down death row
Schabas, W. 1994. Soering's legacy: the Human Rights Committee and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council take a walk down death row. International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 43 (4), pp. 913-923. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/43.4.913
The abolition of the death penalty in international law
Schabas, W. 1993. The abolition of the death penalty in international law. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
International norms on execution of the insane and the mentally retarded
Schabas, W. 1993. International norms on execution of the insane and the mentally retarded. Criminal Law Forum. 4 (1), pp. 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01096025