Howard, E.; Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission)

Religious clothing and symbols in employment. A legal analysis of the situation in the EU member states

Technical report

Howard, E. and Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) 2017. Religious clothing and symbols in employment. A legal analysis of the situation in the EU member states. Luxembourg European Union. https://doi.org/10.2838/380042

ISBN
Type	Technical report
Title	Religious clothing and symbols in employment. A legal analysis of the situation in the EU member states
Authors	Howard, E. and Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission)
Research Group	Law and Politics
Hardcover	9789279753527
Publisher	European Union
Place of publication	Luxembourg
Publication dates
Print	01 Nov 2017
Online	11 Dec 2017
Publication process dates
Deposited	13 Mar 2018
Output status	Published
Additional information	The text of this report was drafted by Erica Howard, coordinated by Catharina Germaine and Isabelle Chopin for the European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination. ISBN 978-92-79-75352-7 Doi:10.2838/380042 Catalogue number DS-06-17-260-3A-N
Web address (URL)	https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a29bf629-4641-11ea-b81b-01aa75ed71a1
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.2838/380042
Language	English

Permalink -

https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/item/878w4

Log in to edit

216
total views
0
total downloads
17
views this month
0
downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

The horizontal equal treatment directive: why it needs to be adopted

Howard, E. 2025. The horizontal equal treatment directive: why it needs to be adopted. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X251409619

Commentary on Kristin Henrard's 'The Margin of Appreciation for 'State-Religion Relations': Critical Reflections on the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR and the CJEU'

Howard, E. 2025. Commentary on Kristin Henrard's 'The Margin of Appreciation for 'State-Religion Relations': Critical Reflections on the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR and the CJEU'. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique. 38 (8), pp. 2757-2763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-025-10307-7

Intersectional discrimination and EU law: time to revisit Parris

Howard, E. 2024. Intersectional discrimination and EU law: time to revisit Parris. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 24 (4), pp. 292-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/13582291241285336

Religious discrimination at the CJEU and the social inclusion approach

Howard, E. 2024. Religious discrimination at the CJEU and the social inclusion approach. European Labour Law Journal . 15 (4), pp. 711-725. https://doi.org/10.1177/20319525241261030

OP v Commune d'Ans: another step in the wrong direction for headscarf wearing women

Howard, E. 2024. OP v Commune d'Ans: another step in the wrong direction for headscarf wearing women. Industrial Law Journal. 53 (2), p. 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwae008

Op-Ed: The Court of Justice and headscarves at work: discretion in EU anti-discrimination law: a dangerous precedent (Case C-148/22 OP v Commune d’Ans)

Howard, E. 2023. Op-Ed: The Court of Justice and headscarves at work: discretion in EU anti-discrimination law: a dangerous precedent (Case C-148/22 OP v Commune d’Ans). EU Law Live Sociedad Limitada.

LF v SCRL and the CJEU’s failure to engage with the reality of Muslim women in the labour market

Howard, E. 2023. LF v SCRL and the CJEU’s failure to engage with the reality of Muslim women in the labour market. Industrial Law Journal. 52 (4), pp. 997-1014. https://doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwad024

Headscarves and the Court of Justice of the European Union: an analysis of the case law

Howard, E. 2023. Headscarves and the Court of Justice of the European Union: an analysis of the case law. London Routledge.

Op-Ed: Encouraging tolerance and respect and accepting a greater degree of diversity … but not for Muslim women (Case C344/20 LF v SCRL)

Howard, E. 2022. Op-Ed: Encouraging tolerance and respect and accepting a greater degree of diversity … but not for Muslim women (Case C344/20 LF v SCRL). EU Law Live Sociedad Limitada.

Equality as an EU value

Howard, E. 2022. Equality as an EU value. in: Garben, S. and Gormley, L. (ed.) Oxford Encyclopedia of EU Law Oxford Oxford University Press (OUP).

Bans on the wearing of Burqas, Niqabs and Hijabs, religious freedom and the secular nature of the state

Howard, E. 2022. Bans on the wearing of Burqas, Niqabs and Hijabs, religious freedom and the secular nature of the state. in: Bhuiyan, M. and Black, A. (ed.) Religious Freedom in Secular States: A 21st Century Perspective Leiden, The Netherlands De Gruyter Brill.

Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights and pandering to prejudice: the CJEU does both

Howard, E. 2022. Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights and pandering to prejudice: the CJEU does both. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 29 (2), pp. 245-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X221080557

Hate speech

Howard, E. 2022. Hate speech. in: Binder, C., Nowak, M., Hofbauer, J. and Janig, P. (ed.) Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar Publishing .

Religious clothing

Howard, E. 2022. Religious clothing. in: Binder, C., Nowak, M., Hofbauer, J. and Janig, P. (ed.) Elgar Encyclopedia of Huamn Rights Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar Publishing.

Headscarf-wearing employees and the CJEU: what employers can and cannot do

Howard, E. 2021. Headscarf-wearing employees and the CJEU: what employers can and cannot do. ERA Forum. 22 (4), pp. 687-698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-021-00689-z

Freedom of religion or belief and the wearing of religious symbols

Howard, E. 2020. Freedom of religion or belief and the wearing of religious symbols. in: Portaru, A. (ed.) A precious asset? Analyzing religious freedom protections in Europe Vienna, Austria Kairos Publications. pp. 69-98

Human dignity principle in the United Kingdom

Howard, E. 2020. Human dignity principle in the United Kingdom. Global Human Dignity Project.

German headscarf cases at the ECJ: a glimmer of hope?

Howard, E. 2021. German headscarf cases at the ECJ: a glimmer of hope? European Law Blog.

Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights or pandering to prejudice

Howard, E. 2021. Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights or pandering to prejudice. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 28 (5), pp. 648-666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211028427

Introduction

Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Howard, E. 2020. Introduction. in: Howard, E., Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Baéz, N. (ed.) Affirmative Action and the Law: Efficacy of National and International Approaches London / New York Routledge. pp. 3-12

Achieving substantive equality: mainstreaming duties to complement affirmative action measures

Howard, E. 2020. Achieving substantive equality: mainstreaming duties to complement affirmative action measures. in: Howard, E., Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Beaz, N. (ed.) Affirmative Action and the Law: Efficacy of National and International Approaches London / New York Routledge. pp. 198-212

Effectiveness of affirmative action measures in the United Kingdom and South Africa

Howard, E. 2020. Effectiveness of affirmative action measures in the United Kingdom and South Africa. in: Howard, E., Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Baéz, N. (ed.) Affirmative Action and the Law: Efficacy of National and International Approaches London / New York Routledge. pp. 58-77

Headscarves return to the CJEU: unfinished business

Howard, E. 2020. Headscarves return to the CJEU: unfinished business. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 27 (1), pp. 10-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X19889247

Law and the wearing of religious symbols in Europe

Howard, E. 2019. Law and the wearing of religious symbols in Europe. Abingdon/New York Routledge.

Political rhetoric, freedom of expression and hate speech against religious believers

Howard, E. 2020. Political rhetoric, freedom of expression and hate speech against religious believers. in: Vidmar, J. (ed.) European populism and human rights Leiden, The Netherlands De Gruyter Brill. pp. 193-214

Ritual slaughter and religious freedom

Howard, E. 2019. Ritual slaughter and religious freedom. Common Market Law Review. 56 (3), pp. 803-824.

Protection des personnes LGBT+ en Europe : le cadre juridique national et de l’EU

Howard, E. 2019. Protection des personnes LGBT+ en Europe : le cadre juridique national et de l’EU. Droit et Cultures. 77 (1), pp. 21-36. https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.4991

Andras Koltay The Troubled Relationship Between Religions and the State Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion [Book review]

Howard, E. 2018. Andras Koltay The Troubled Relationship Between Religions and the State Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion [Book review]. Human Rights Law Review. 18 (4), pp. 791-795. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngy031

Moving hate speech to the civil courts

Howard, E. 2018. Moving hate speech to the civil courts. Anti-Discrimination Law Review. 1 (3), pp. 80-97.

Affirmative action in the UK and South Africa

Howard, E. 2018. Affirmative action in the UK and South Africa. in: Baéz, N. and Dominguez-Redondo, E. (ed.) The Existence and Efficacy of Affirmative Action Measures in UK, South Africa, India, China, Latin America and Brazil Jaocaba, Brazil Editora Unoesc. pp. 185-215

Clashing rights? Freedom of religion or belief and equality for LGBT people

Howard, E. 2017. Clashing rights? Freedom of religion or belief and equality for LGBT people. Special Rapporteur on relgion and belief UN.

EU anti-discrimination law: has the CJEU stopped moving forward?

Howard, E. 2018. EU anti-discrimination law: has the CJEU stopped moving forward? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 18 (2-3), pp. 60-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229118788454

Freedom of expression, blasphemy and religious hatred: a view from the United Kingdom

Howard, E. 2017. Freedom of expression, blasphemy and religious hatred: a view from the United Kingdom. in: Temperman, J. and Koltay, A. (ed.) Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression: Comparative, Theoretical and Historical Reflections after the Charlie Hebdo Massacre Cambridge Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 595-618

Islamic headscarves and the CJEU: Achbita and Bougnaoui

Howard, E. 2017. Islamic headscarves and the CJEU: Achbita and Bougnaoui. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 24 (3), pp. 348-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X17722326

Freedom of expression and religious hate speech in Europe

Howard, E. 2017. Freedom of expression and religious hate speech in Europe. UK Routledge.

Gratuitously offensive speech and the political debate

Howard, E. 2016. Gratuitously offensive speech and the political debate. European Human Rights Law Review. 6, pp. 636-644.

Indirect discrimination, reasonable accommodation and religion

Howard, E. 2016. Indirect discrimination, reasonable accommodation and religion. in: Cuypers, D. and Vrielink, J. (ed.) Equal is not enough Cambridge/Antwerp/Portland Intersentia.

Freedom of speech versus freedom of religion? The case of Dutch politician Geert Wilders

Howard, E. 2017. Freedom of speech versus freedom of religion? The case of Dutch politician Geert Wilders. Human Rights Law Review. 17 (2), pp. 313-337. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngx002

The right to freedom of religion or belief and its intersection with other rights

Donald, A., Howard, E. and ILGA-Europe 2015. The right to freedom of religion or belief and its intersection with other rights. Brussels, Belgium ILGA-Europe.

Implementation of the Employment Equality Directive - The principle of non-discrimination on the basis of religion or belief

Howard, E. and European Parliament: Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services 2016. Implementation of the Employment Equality Directive - The principle of non-discrimination on the basis of religion or belief. Brussels European Parliament. https://doi.org/10.2861/783216

Indirect discrimination 15 years on

Howard, E. 2015. Indirect discrimination 15 years on. E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies. 4 (3).

Religious rights versus sexual orientation discrimination: a fair deal for everyone

Howard, E. 2015. Religious rights versus sexual orientation discrimination: a fair deal for everyone. Religion and Human Rights: an international journal. 10 (2), pp. 128-159. https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-12341284

The impact of gendered and racialised identities on the experience of discrimination

Kofman, E., Howard, E., Vacchelli, E. and Wray, H. 2010. The impact of gendered and racialised identities on the experience of discrimination.

Religion or belief in the workplace and service delivery: findings from a call for evidence

Mitchell, M., Beninger, K., Donald, A., Howard, E. and NatCen Social Research 2015. Religion or belief in the workplace and service delivery: findings from a call for evidence. Equality and Human Rights Commission.

The protection of religious minorities in Europe: strengths and weaknesses

Howard, E. 2015. The protection of religious minorities in Europe: strengths and weaknesses. in: Ippolito, F. and Iglesias Sanchez, S. (ed.) Protecting Vulnerable Groups: The Human Rights Framework Hart Publishing. pp. 181-200

S.A.S. v France: living together or increased social division?

Howard, E. 2014. S.A.S. v France: living together or increased social division? EJIL:Talk!: Blog of the European Journal of International Law.

Banning niqabs in public spaces

Howard, E. 2013. Banning niqabs in public spaces. EJIL:Talk!: Blog of the European Journal of International Law.

Protecting freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief: Strasbourg or Luxembourg?

Howard, E. 2014. Protecting freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief: Strasbourg or Luxembourg? Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 32 (2), pp. 159-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/016934411403200204

Islamic veil bans: the gender equality justification and empirical evidence

Howard, E. 2014. Islamic veil bans: the gender equality justification and empirical evidence. in: Brems, E. (ed.) The experiences of face veil wearers in Europe and the law Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 206-217

Equality bodies and individual victims: an example of good practice from the Netherlands

Howard, E. 2012. Equality bodies and individual victims: an example of good practice from the Netherlands. E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies. 1 (1-2).

Reasonable accommodation of religion and other discrimination grounds in EU law

Howard, E. 2013. Reasonable accommodation of religion and other discrimination grounds in EU law. European Law Review.

The European Court of Human Rights gets it right: a comment on Eweida and others v the United Kingdom

Howard, E. 2013. The European Court of Human Rights gets it right: a comment on Eweida and others v the United Kingdom. EJIL:Talk!: Blog of the European Journal of International Law.

Law and the wearing of religious symbols: European bans on the wearing of religious symbols in education

Howard, E. 2012. Law and the wearing of religious symbols: European bans on the wearing of religious symbols in education. London Routledge.

Case Comment. An opportunity missed? Comment on Romer

Howard, E. 2011. Case Comment. An opportunity missed? Comment on Romer. European Law Review. 36 (4), pp. 589-599.

Multiple discrimination in law.

Howard, E. 2011. Multiple discrimination in law. Think Equal - Symposium on Multiple Discrimination. National Commission for the Promotion of Equality (NCPE), Malta 01 Nov 2011

Bans on the wearing of religious symbols in British Schools: a violation of the right to non-discrimination?

Howard, E. 2011. Bans on the wearing of religious symbols in British Schools: a violation of the right to non-discrimination? Religion and Human Rights. 6 (2), pp. 127-149.

EU Equality Law: three recent developments

Howard, E. 2011. EU Equality Law: three recent developments. European Law Journal. 17 (6), pp. 785-803. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2011.00578.x

Banning Islamic veils: is gender equality a valid argument?

Howard, E. 2012. Banning Islamic veils: is gender equality a valid argument? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 12 (3), pp. 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229112464450

Gendered experiences of racial discrimination: comparative socio-legal research

Carles, I., Howard, E. and Kofman, E. 2011. Gendered experiences of racial discrimination: comparative socio-legal research. in: Schiek, D. and Lawson, A. (ed.) European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: investigating the triangle of racial, gender and disability discrimination Ashgate.