The impact of gendered and racialised identities on the experience of discrimination

Project report

Kofman, E., Howard, E., Vacchelli, E. and Wray, H. 2010. The impact of gendered and racialised identities on the experience of discrimination.
TypeProject report
TitleThe impact of gendered and racialised identities on the experience of discrimination
AuthorsKofman, E., Howard, E., Vacchelli, E. and Wray, H.
EditorsCarles, I. and Jubany-Baucells, O.
Research GroupLaw and Politics
Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC)
Page range118-146
Publication dates
Print01 Jun 2010
Publication process dates
Deposited11 May 2015
Output statusPublished
Additional information

The GendeRace project is funded by the European Commission Seventh Framework programme. It is coordinated by the Université Libré de Bruxelles and the Universitat de Barcelona. Beginning in February 2008 and ending in July 2010, the research has been conducted by six teams in France, Bulgaria, Germany, Spain, Sweden and the UK.

Web address (URL)http://sprc.info/research-projects/past-projects/genderace-the-use-of-racial-anti-discrimination-laws-gender-and-citizenship-in-a-multicultural-context/
LanguageEnglish
Book titleGendeRace: The Use of Racial Anti-Discrimination Laws: gender and citizenship in a multicultural context - Final Report June 2010
Permalink -

https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/item/8545w

Log in to edit

Restricted files

Publisher's version

  • 55
    total views
  • 0
    total downloads
  • 3
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Intersectional discrimination and EU law: Time to revisit Parris
Howard, E. 2024. Intersectional discrimination and EU law: Time to revisit Parris. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/13582291241285336
Religious discrimination at the CJEU and the social inclusion approach
Howard, E. 2024. Religious discrimination at the CJEU and the social inclusion approach. European Labour Law Journal . 15 (4), pp. 711-725. https://doi.org/10.1177/20319525241261030
Gendered citizenship and the right to the city
Kofman, E. 2024. Gendered citizenship and the right to the city. in: Peake, L., Datta, A. and Adeniyi-Ogunyankin, G. (ed.) Handbook of Gender and the City Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 162-171
Gendered dynamics of international labour migration: migrant women working in Pakistan
Lazzarino, R., Kofman, E. and Kapadia, S. 2024. Gendered dynamics of international labour migration: migrant women working in Pakistan. London The Gender, Justice and Security Hub. https://doi.org/10.60528/112z87
Gendered dynamics of international labour migration in the Kurdistan region - Iraq
Irwani, M., Aghapouri, J. and Kofman, E. 2024. Gendered dynamics of international labour migration in the Kurdistan region - Iraq. London, UK The Gender, Justice and Security Hub. https://doi.org/10.60528/10y627
OP v Commune d'Ans: another step in the wrong direction for headscarf wearing women
Howard, E. 2024. OP v Commune d'Ans: another step in the wrong direction for headscarf wearing women. Industrial Law Journal. 53 (2), p. 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwae008
Op-Ed: The Court of Justice and headscarves at work: discretion in EU anti-discrimination law: a dangerous precedent (Case C-148/22 OP v Commune d’Ans)
Howard, E. 2023. Op-Ed: The Court of Justice and headscarves at work: discretion in EU anti-discrimination law: a dangerous precedent (Case C-148/22 OP v Commune d’Ans). EU Law Live Sociedad Limitada.
Integration discourses, the purification of gender and interventions in family migrations
Kofman, E. 2023. Integration discourses, the purification of gender and interventions in family migrations. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 46 (14), pp. 3037-3057. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2023.2166791
Temporalities, dependency, and the politics of marriage migration
Kofman, E. and Vachhelli, E. 2023. Temporalities, dependency, and the politics of marriage migration. in: Le Louvie, K. and Hough, K.L. (ed.) UK Borderscapes: Sites of Enforcement and Resistance London, UK Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 52-65
Gender in migration aspirations and decision-making, trajectories and policies
Olárìndé, O., Detlefsen, L., Tornari, M.E., Kofman, E., Heidland, T. and Salawudeen, A. 2023. Gender in migration aspirations and decision-making, trajectories and policies. DYNAMIG.
Conceptual framework: Report of synthesis of recent theoretical developments
Kofman, E. 2023. Conceptual framework: Report of synthesis of recent theoretical developments. Brussels, Belgium DYNAMIG.
LF v SCRL and the CJEU’s failure to engage with the reality of Muslim women in the labour market
Howard, E. 2023. LF v SCRL and the CJEU’s failure to engage with the reality of Muslim women in the labour market. Industrial Law Journal. 52 (4), pp. 997-1014. https://doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwad024
Headscarves and the Court of Justice of the European Union: an analysis of the case law
Howard, E. 2023. Headscarves and the Court of Justice of the European Union: an analysis of the case law. London Routledge.
Op-Ed: Encouraging tolerance and respect and accepting a greater degree of diversity … but not for Muslim women (Case C344/20 LF v SCRL)
Howard, E. 2022. Op-Ed: Encouraging tolerance and respect and accepting a greater degree of diversity … but not for Muslim women (Case C344/20 LF v SCRL). EU Law Live Sociedad Limitada.
Equality as an EU value
Howard, E. 2022. Equality as an EU value. in: Garben, S. and Gormley, L. (ed.) Oxford Encyclopedia of EU Law Oxford Oxford University Press (OUP).
Bans on the wearing of Burqas, Niqabs and Hijabs, religious freedom and the secular nature of the state
Howard, E. 2022. Bans on the wearing of Burqas, Niqabs and Hijabs, religious freedom and the secular nature of the state. in: Bhuiyan, M. and Black, A. (ed.) Religious Freedom in Secular States: A 21st Century Perspective Leiden, The Netherlands De Gruyter Brill.
Scale and spaces of global labor markets
Kofman, E. 2022. Scale and spaces of global labor markets. in: Mense-Petermann, U., Welskopp, T. and Zaharieva, A. (ed.) In Search of the Global Labor Market Leiden De Gruyter Brill.
Gender and migration
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2022. Gender and migration. in: Scholten, P. (ed.) Introduction to Migration Studies: An Interactive Guide to the Literatures on Migration and Diversity Springer. pp. 281-294
Family migration
Kofman, E., Buhr, F. and Fonseca, M.L. 2022. Family migration. in: Scholten, P. (ed.) Introduction to Migration Studies: An Interactive Guide to the Literatures on Migration and Diversity Springer. pp. 137-149
Gendered dynamics of international labour migration: migrant women in Greater Beirut, Lebanon
Bechtold, H., Chaya, C., Maydaa, C., Kofman, E., Tuncer, E. and Lazzarino, R. 2022. Gendered dynamics of international labour migration: migrant women in Greater Beirut, Lebanon. London, UK The Gender, Justice and Security Hub. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25110.01600
Gender and migration: IMISCOE short reader
Christou, A. and Kofman, E. 2022. Gender and migration: IMISCOE short reader. Cham, Switzerland Springer.
Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights and pandering to prejudice: the CJEU does both
Howard, E. 2022. Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights and pandering to prejudice: the CJEU does both. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 29 (2), pp. 245-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X221080557
Hate speech
Howard, E. 2022. Hate speech. in: Binder, C., Nowak, M., Hofbauer, J. and Janig, P. (ed.) Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar Publishing .
Religious clothing
Howard, E. 2022. Religious clothing. in: Binder, C., Nowak, M., Hofbauer, J. and Janig, P. (ed.) Elgar Encyclopedia of Huamn Rights Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar Publishing.
China and the internationalisation of the sociology of contemporary work and employment
Kofman, E., Lee, M. and Tse, T. 2021. China and the internationalisation of the sociology of contemporary work and employment. Work, Employment and Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170211059420
Gender, migration and policymaking in light of the 60th anniversary of international migration
Kofman, E. 2021. Gender, migration and policymaking in light of the 60th anniversary of international migration. International Migration. 59 (5), pp. 273-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12918
Headscarf-wearing employees and the CJEU: what employers can and cannot do
Howard, E. 2021. Headscarf-wearing employees and the CJEU: what employers can and cannot do. ERA Forum. 22 (4), pp. 687-698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-021-00689-z
German headscarf cases at the ECJ: a glimmer of hope? [Blog post]
Howard, E. 2021. German headscarf cases at the ECJ: a glimmer of hope? [Blog post]. European Law Blog European Law Blog.
Onward migration: an introduction
Montagna, N., della Puppa, F. and Kofman, E. 2021. Onward migration: an introduction. International Migration. 59 (6), pp. 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12882
Freedom of religion or belief and the wearing of religious symbols
Howard, E. 2020. Freedom of religion or belief and the wearing of religious symbols. in: Portaru, A. (ed.) A precious asset? Analyzing religious freedom protections in Europe Vienna, Austria Kairos Publications. pp. 69-98
Human dignity principle in the United Kingdom
Howard, E. 2020. Human dignity principle in the United Kingdom. Global Human Dignity Project.
Onward migration: An introduction
Montagna, N., Della Puppa, F. and Kofman, E. 2021. Onward migration: An introduction. International Migration. 59 (6), pp. 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12882
Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights or pandering to prejudice
Howard, E. 2021. Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights or pandering to prejudice. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 28 (5), pp. 648-666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211028427
Onward migration and intra‐European mobilities: a critical and theoretical overview
Della Puppa, F., Montagna, N. and Kofman, E. 2021. Onward migration and intra‐European mobilities: a critical and theoretical overview. International Migration. 59 (6), pp. 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12815
Subversive citizens: using free movement law to bypass the UK’s rules on marriage migration
Wray, H., Kofman, E. and Simic, A. 2021. Subversive citizens: using free movement law to bypass the UK’s rules on marriage migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 47 (2), pp. 447-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1625140
Migrants at work: perspectives, perceptions and new connections [Editorial]
D’Angelo, A., Kofman, E. and Keles, J. 2020. Migrants at work: perspectives, perceptions and new connections [Editorial]. Work, Employment and Society. 34 (5), pp. 745-748. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017020946571
Unequal internationalisation and the emergence of a new epistemic community: gender and migration
Kofman, E. 2020. Unequal internationalisation and the emergence of a new epistemic community: gender and migration. Comparative Migration Studies. 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00194-1
Introduction
Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Howard, E. 2020. Introduction. in: Howard, E., Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Baéz, N. (ed.) Affirmative Action and the Law: Efficacy of National and International Approaches London / New York Routledge. pp. 3-12
Achieving substantive equality: mainstreaming duties to complement affirmative action measures
Howard, E. 2020. Achieving substantive equality: mainstreaming duties to complement affirmative action measures. in: Howard, E., Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Beaz, N. (ed.) Affirmative Action and the Law: Efficacy of National and International Approaches London / New York Routledge. pp. 198-212
Effectiveness of affirmative action measures in the United Kingdom and South Africa
Howard, E. 2020. Effectiveness of affirmative action measures in the United Kingdom and South Africa. in: Howard, E., Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Baéz, N. (ed.) Affirmative Action and the Law: Efficacy of National and International Approaches London / New York Routledge. pp. 58-77
Gendered dynamics of transnational social protection
Bilecen, B., Barglowski, K., Faist, T. and Kofman, E. 2019. Gendered dynamics of transnational social protection. Comparative Migration Studies. 7 (1), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0161-3
Headscarves return to the CJEU: unfinished business
Howard, E. 2020. Headscarves return to the CJEU: unfinished business. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 27 (1), pp. 10-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X19889247
Law and the wearing of religious symbols in Europe
Howard, E. 2019. Law and the wearing of religious symbols in Europe. Abingdon/New York Routledge.
Political rhetoric, freedom of expression and hate speech against religious believers
Howard, E. 2020. Political rhetoric, freedom of expression and hate speech against religious believers. in: Vidmar, J. (ed.) European populism and human rights Leiden, The Netherlands De Gruyter Brill. pp. 193-214
Globalization and labour migrations
Kofman, E. 2015. Globalization and labour migrations. in: Edgell, S., Gottfried, H. and Granter, E. (ed.) The Sage Handbook of the Sociology of Work and Employment, London SAGE Publications. pp. 597-615
Ritual slaughter and religious freedom
Howard, E. 2019. Ritual slaughter and religious freedom. Common Market Law Review. 56 (3), pp. 803-824.
Gendered mobilities and vulnerabilities: refugee journeys to and in Europe
Kofman, E. 2019. Gendered mobilities and vulnerabilities: refugee journeys to and in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 45 (12), pp. 2185-2199. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468330
Protection des personnes LGBT+ en Europe : le cadre juridique national et de l’EU
Howard, E. 2019. Protection des personnes LGBT+ en Europe : le cadre juridique national et de l’EU. Droit et Cultures. 77 (1), pp. 21-36. https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.4991
Andras Koltay The Troubled Relationship Between Religions and the State Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion [Book review]
Howard, E. 2018. Andras Koltay The Troubled Relationship Between Religions and the State Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion [Book review]. Human Rights Law Review. 18 (4), pp. 791-795. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngy031
Moving hate speech to the civil courts
Howard, E. 2018. Moving hate speech to the civil courts. Anti-Discrimination Law Review. 1 (3), pp. 80-97.
EU anti-discrimination law: has the CJEU stopped moving forward?
Howard, E. 2018. EU anti-discrimination law: has the CJEU stopped moving forward? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 18 (2-3), pp. 60-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229118788454
Affirmative action in the UK and South Africa
Howard, E. 2018. Affirmative action in the UK and South Africa. in: Baéz, N. and Dominguez-Redondo, E. (ed.) The Existence and Efficacy of Affirmative Action Measures in UK, South Africa, India, China, Latin America and Brazil Jaocaba, Brazil Editora Unoesc. pp. 185-215
Clashing rights? Freedom of religion or belief and equality for LGBT people
Howard, E. 2017. Clashing rights? Freedom of religion or belief and equality for LGBT people. Special Rapporteur on relgion and belief UN.
Religious clothing and symbols in employment. A legal analysis of the situation in the EU member states
Howard, E. and Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) 2017. Religious clothing and symbols in employment. A legal analysis of the situation in the EU member states. Luxembourg European Union. https://doi.org/10.2838/380042
Towards an inclusive and gendered right to the city
Vacchelli, E. and Kofman, E. 2018. Towards an inclusive and gendered right to the city. Cities: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning. 76, pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.10.013
Gender, migration and social reproduction
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2018. Gender, migration and social reproduction. in: Elias, J. and Roberts, A. (ed.) Handbook on the International Political Economy of Gender Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 427-439
Family migration as a class matter
Kofman, E. 2018. Family migration as a class matter. International Migration. 56 (4), pp. 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12433
From mobile workers to fellow citizens and back again? The future status of EU citizens in the UK
D'Angelo, A. and Kofman, E. 2018. From mobile workers to fellow citizens and back again? The future status of EU citizens in the UK. Social Policy and Society. 17 (2), pp. 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746417000495
Freedom of expression, blasphemy and religious hatred: a view from the United Kingdom
Howard, E. 2017. Freedom of expression, blasphemy and religious hatred: a view from the United Kingdom. in: Temperman, J. and Koltay, A. (ed.) Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression: Comparative, Theoretical and Historical Reflections after the Charlie Hebdo Massacre Cambridge Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 595-618
Islamic headscarves and the CJEU: Achbita and Bougnaoui
Howard, E. 2017. Islamic headscarves and the CJEU: Achbita and Bougnaoui. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 24 (3), pp. 348-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X17722326
Freedom of expression and religious hate speech in Europe
Howard, E. 2017. Freedom of expression and religious hate speech in Europe. UK Routledge.
Refugees count
Blitz, B. and Kofman, E. 2017. Refugees count. The Economist Newspaper.
Health challenges in refugee reception: dateline Europe 2016
Blitz, B., D'Angelo, A., Kofman, E. and Montagna, N. 2017. Health challenges in refugee reception: dateline Europe 2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121484
UK: large-scale European migration and the challenge to EU free movement
D'Angelo, A. and Kofman, E. 2016. UK: large-scale European migration and the challenge to EU free movement. in: Lafleur, J. and Stanek, M. (ed.) South-North Migration of EU Citizens in Times of Crisis Springer.
Gratuitously offensive speech and the political debate
Howard, E. 2016. Gratuitously offensive speech and the political debate. European Human Rights Law Review. 6, pp. 636-644.
Indirect discrimination, reasonable accommodation and religion
Howard, E. 2016. Indirect discrimination, reasonable accommodation and religion. in: Cuypers, D. and Vrielink, J. (ed.) Equal is not enough Cambridge/Antwerp/Portland Intersentia.
Freedom of speech versus freedom of religion? The case of Dutch politician Geert Wilders
Howard, E. 2017. Freedom of speech versus freedom of religion? The case of Dutch politician Geert Wilders. Human Rights Law Review. 17 (2), pp. 313-337. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngx002
The right to freedom of religion or belief and its intersection with other rights
Donald, A., Howard, E. and ILGA-Europe 2015. The right to freedom of religion or belief and its intersection with other rights. Brussels, Belgium ILGA-Europe.
Implementation of the Employment Equality Directive - The principle of non-discrimination on the basis of religion or belief
Howard, E. and European Parliament: Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services 2016. Implementation of the Employment Equality Directive - The principle of non-discrimination on the basis of religion or belief. Brussels European Parliament. https://doi.org/10.2861/783216
Indirect discrimination 15 years on
Howard, E. 2015. Indirect discrimination 15 years on. E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies. 4 (3).
Gendered migrations and global social reproduction
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2015. Gendered migrations and global social reproduction. Basingstoke, Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan.
Reviewing theories of gender and migration: perspectives from Europe and North America
Kofman, E. 2014. Reviewing theories of gender and migration: perspectives from Europe and North America. in: Batistella, G. (ed.) Global and Asian Perspectives on International Migration Springer.
Family friendly? The impact on children of the family migration rules: a review of the financial requirements
Wray, H., Kofman, E., Grant, S. and Peel, C. 2015. Family friendly? The impact on children of the family migration rules: a review of the financial requirements. London Children's Commissioner.
Religious rights versus sexual orientation discrimination: a fair deal for everyone
Howard, E. 2015. Religious rights versus sexual orientation discrimination: a fair deal for everyone. Religion and Human Rights: an international journal. 10 (2), pp. 128-159. https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-12341284
Socio-economic impact of integration policies in the United Kingdom
Kofman, E. and Vacchelli, E. 2012. Socio-economic impact of integration policies in the United Kingdom. PROSINT (Promoting Sustainable Policies for Integration).
National discourses on the migration-integration nexus during a period of electoral and political change in the UK
Kofman, E. and Vacchelli, E. 2012. National discourses on the migration-integration nexus during a period of electoral and political change in the UK. PROSINT (Promoting Sustainable Politices for Integration).
Religion or belief in the workplace and service delivery: findings from a call for evidence
Mitchell, M., Beninger, K., Donald, A., Howard, E. and NatCen Social Research 2015. Religion or belief in the workplace and service delivery: findings from a call for evidence. Equality and Human Rights Commission.
The protection of religious minorities in Europe: strengths and weaknesses
Howard, E. 2015. The protection of religious minorities in Europe: strengths and weaknesses. in: Ippolito, F. and Iglesias Sanchez, S. (ed.) Protecting Vulnerable Groups: The Human Rights Framework Hart Publishing. pp. 181-200
Care, women and migration in the global south
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2015. Care, women and migration in the global south. in: The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Development Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 309-318
Gendered perspectives on integration discourses and measures
Kofman, E., Saharso, S. and Vacchelli, E. 2015. Gendered perspectives on integration discourses and measures. International Migration. 53 (4), pp. 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12102
S.A.S. v France: living together or increased social division?
Howard, E. 2014. S.A.S. v France: living together or increased social division? EJIL-talk!: Blog of the European Journal of International Law.
Banning niqabs in public spaces
Howard, E. 2013. Banning niqabs in public spaces. EJIL-talk!: Blog of the European Journal of International Law.
Protecting freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief: Strasbourg or Luxembourg?
Howard, E. 2014. Protecting freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief: Strasbourg or Luxembourg? Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 32 (2), pp. 159-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/016934411403200204
Islamic veil bans: the gender equality justification and empirical evidence
Howard, E. 2014. Islamic veil bans: the gender equality justification and empirical evidence. in: Brems, E. (ed.) The experiences of face veil wearers in Europe and the law Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 206-217
Gendered migrations, social reproduction and the household in Europe
Kofman, E. 2014. Gendered migrations, social reproduction and the household in Europe. Dialectical Anthropology. 38 (1), pp. 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-014-9330-9
Towards a gendered evaluation of (highly) skilled immigration policies in Europe
Kofman, E. 2014. Towards a gendered evaluation of (highly) skilled immigration policies in Europe. International Migration. 52 (3), pp. 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12121
The implications of migration for gender and care regimes in the South
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2010. The implications of migration for gender and care regimes in the South. in: Hujo, K. and Piper, N. (ed.) South-South Migration: implications for social policy and development Basingstoke, UK Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 46-83
Equality bodies and individual victims: an example of good practice from the Netherlands
Howard, E. 2012. Equality bodies and individual victims: an example of good practice from the Netherlands. E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies. 1 (1-2).
Reasonable accommodation of religion and other discrimination grounds in EU law
Howard, E. 2013. Reasonable accommodation of religion and other discrimination grounds in EU law. European Law Review.
Banning Islamic veils: is gender equality a valid argument?
Howard, E. 2012. Banning Islamic veils: is gender equality a valid argument? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 12 (3), pp. 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229112464450
The European Court of Human Rights gets it right: a comment on Eweida and others v the United Kingdom
Howard, E. 2013. The European Court of Human Rights gets it right: a comment on Eweida and others v the United Kingdom. EJIL:Talk! - Blog of the European Journal of International Law.
Knowledge, gender and changing mobility regimes: women migrants in Europe
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2013. Knowledge, gender and changing mobility regimes: women migrants in Europe. in: Ilcan, S. (ed.) Mobilities, knowledge and social justice Montreal, Canada McGill-Queen’s University Press. pp. 59-75
Gendered labour migrations in Europe and emblematic migratory figures
Kofman, E. 2013. Gendered labour migrations in Europe and emblematic migratory figures. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 39 (4), pp. 579-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.745234
Local integration policies for newcomers in the United Kingdom
Kofman, E., Vacchelli, E. and D'Angelo, A. 2011. Local integration policies for newcomers in the United Kingdom. European Commission.
National frame for the integration of newcomers in the United Kingdom
Kofman, E., Vacchelli, E. and D'Angelo, A. 2012. National frame for the integration of newcomers in the United Kingdom. European Commission.
Gender and skiller migration in Europe
Kofman, E. 2012. Gender and skiller migration in Europe. Cuadernos de relaciones laborales. 30 (1), pp. 63-89.
Law and the wearing of religious symbols: European bans on the wearing of religious symbols in education
Howard, E. 2012. Law and the wearing of religious symbols: European bans on the wearing of religious symbols in education. London Routledge.
Case Comment. An opportunity missed? Comment on Romer
Howard, E. 2011. Case Comment. An opportunity missed? Comment on Romer. European Law Review. 36 (4), pp. 589-599.
Multiple discrimination in law.
Howard, E. 2011. Multiple discrimination in law. Think Equal - Symposium on Multiple Discrimination. National Commission for the Promotion of Equality (NCPE), Malta 01 Nov 2011
Bans on the wearing of religious symbols in British Schools: a violation of the right to non-discrimination?
Howard, E. 2011. Bans on the wearing of religious symbols in British Schools: a violation of the right to non-discrimination? Religion and Human Rights. 6 (2), pp. 127-149.
EU Equality Law: three recent developments
Howard, E. 2011. EU Equality Law: three recent developments. European Law Journal. 17 (6), pp. 785-803. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2011.00578.x
Women, migration, and care: explorations of diversity and dynamism in the global south
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2012. Women, migration, and care: explorations of diversity and dynamism in the global south. Social Politics. 19 (3), pp. 408-432. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxs012
Rethinking care through social reproduction: Articulating circuits of migration
Kofman, E. 2012. Rethinking care through social reproduction: Articulating circuits of migration. Social Politics. 19 (1), pp. 142-162. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxr030
Gendered experiences of racial discrimination: comparative socio-legal research
Carles, I., Howard, E. and Kofman, E. 2011. Gendered experiences of racial discrimination: comparative socio-legal research. in: Schiek, D. and Lawson, A. (ed.) European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: investigating the triangle of racial, gender and disability discrimination Ashgate.
ECJ advances equality in Europe by giving horizontal direct effect to directives
Howard, E. 2011. ECJ advances equality in Europe by giving horizontal direct effect to directives. European Public Law. 17 (4), pp. 729-743. https://doi.org/10.54648/euro2011046
Insiders and outsiders: working with peer researchers in researching Muslim communities
Ryan, L., Kofman, E. and Aaron, P. 2011. Insiders and outsiders: working with peer researchers in researching Muslim communities. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 14 (1), pp. 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2010.481835
Migrant and minority women, inequalities and discrimination in the labour market.
Kofman, E., Roosblad, J. and Keuzenkamp, S. 2009. Migrant and minority women, inequalities and discrimination in the labour market. in: Kraal, K., Roosblad, J. and Wrench, J. (ed.) Equal opportunities and ethnic inequality in European Labour Markets: discrimination, gender and policies of diversity. Amsterdam University Press.
New migrants in England and their needs.
Kofman, E., Lukes, S., D'Angelo, A., Montagna, N., Di Florido, E. and Middlesex University Social Policy Research Centre 2007. New migrants in England and their needs. London Metropolitan Support Trust.
The equality implications of being a migrant in Britain.
Kofman, E., Lukes, S., D'Angelo, A., Montagna, N. and Midllesex University Social Policy Research Centre 2009. The equality implications of being a migrant in Britain. London Equality and Human Rights Commission.
Muslim youth in Barnet: exploring identity, citizenship and belonging
Ryan, L., Kofman, E. and Banfi, L. 2009. Muslim youth in Barnet: exploring identity, citizenship and belonging. London Barnet Muslim Engagement Partnership.
Thinking care through reproduction.
Kofman, E. 2009. Thinking care through reproduction. European Science Foundation Conference: A Caring Europe? Care, gender and migration. Open University, Milton Keynes 11 - 13 Nov 2009
Family migration in Europe: policies vs. reality.
Kraler, A. and Kofman, E. 2009. Family migration in Europe: policies vs. reality. Amsterdam, Netherlands IMISCOE.
Exploring intersectionality: age and gender in immigration policies.
Kofman, E. 2009. Exploring intersectionality: age and gender in immigration policies. Sixth Annual IMISCOE Conference. University of Stockholm, Sweden 09 - 11 Sep 2009
Gender, migration and globalisation: some feminist reflections.
Kofman, E. 2009. Gender, migration and globalisation: some feminist reflections. Connecting Feminist Geographies: Continuities and Differences across Time and Space. University of Reading 03 Dec 2009
Equality implications of the points based system.
Kofman, E. 2009. Equality implications of the points based system. The Points Based System: can it really make labour migration work for Britain?,. London 26 Nov 2009
Gendered migrations, policies and rights in the UK.
Kofman, E. 2007. Gendered migrations, policies and rights in the UK. in: Clarke, K., Maltby, T. and Kennett, P. (ed.) Social Policy Review 2007: analysis and debate in social policy. Bristol Policy Press.
Migration, ethnicity and entitlements in European welfare regimes
Kofman, E. 2006. Migration, ethnicity and entitlements in European welfare regimes. in: Guichon, A., Anker, C. and Novikova, I. (ed.) Women’s social rights and entitlements. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 130-154
Migrant and minority women, inequalities and discrimination in the labour market.
Kofman, E., Roosblad, J. and Kreuzenkamp, S. 2009. Migrant and minority women, inequalities and discrimination in the labour market. in: Kraal, K., Roosblad, J. and Wrench, J. (ed.) Equal opportunities and ethnic inequality in European labour markets: discrimination, gender and policies of diversity. Amsterdam Amsterdam U. P..
Globalization: theory and practice.
Kofman, E. and Youngs, G. 2008. Globalization: theory and practice. New York Continuum.
Family migration in Europe: policies vs. reality
Kraler, A., Kofman, E. and Social Policy Research Centre Middlesex University 2009. Family migration in Europe: policies vs. reality. Amsterdam Amsterdam U. P..
Gender, remittances and migration: Latin Americans and Caribbeans in Europe
Kofman, E. and UNESCO 2006. Gender, remittances and migration: Latin Americans and Caribbeans in Europe. International Forum on the Social Science – Policy Nexus. Argentina and Uruguay 20 - 24 Feb 2006
Women migrants and refugees in the EU.
Kofman, E. 2003. Women migrants and refugees in the EU. Economic and social aspects of migration.. Brussels 21 - 22 Jan 2003 European Commission.
Family migration.
Kofman, E., Meetoo, V. and International Organization for Migration. (IOM) 2008. Family migration. in: World migration 2008: managing labour mobility in the evolving global economy. Geneva IOM.
The impact of family migration policies on migrants/ citizens affected by family migration policies.
Kofman, E., Kraler, A. and International Centre for Migration Policy Development 2007. The impact of family migration policies on migrants/ citizens affected by family migration policies. 22nd EMN Meeting (European Migration Network). Brussels 06 Jul 2007
Civic stratification, gender and family migration policies in Europe.
Kofman, E., Kraler, A. and International Centre for Migration Policy Development 2006. Civic stratification, gender and family migration policies in Europe. IMISCOE B3: European dynamics of citizenship public policies and migrant activities.. Central European University, Budapest 31 May - 02 Jun 2006
Family migration to United Kingdom: trends, statistics and policies.
Kofman, E., Lukes, S., Meetoo, V. and Aaron, P. 2008. Family migration to United Kingdom: trends, statistics and policies. Vienna International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Family migration policies in the United Kingdom: actors, practices and concerns.
Kofman, E., Lukes, S. and Aaron, P. 2008. Family migration policies in the United Kingdom: actors, practices and concerns. Vienna International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Family migration policies in France.
Kofman, E., Rogoz, M. and Levy, F. 2010. Family migration policies in France. Vienna International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD).
Skilled female labour migration.
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2009. Skilled female labour migration. Hamburg Hamburg Institute of International Economics.
The implications of migration for gender and care regimes in the south.
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2009. The implications of migration for gender and care regimes in the south. Geneva UNRISD.
Gendered migrations: towards gender sensitive policies in the UK, asylum and migration.
Kofman, E., Raghuram, P. and Merefield, M. 2005. Gendered migrations: towards gender sensitive policies in the UK, asylum and migration. Institute of Public Policy Research.
Out of Asia: skilling, re-skilling and deskilling of female migrants.
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2004. Out of Asia: skilling, re-skilling and deskilling of female migrants. Women's Studies International Forum. 27 (2), pp. 95-100.
Lutte contre la discrimination “raciale” au Royaume-Uni.
Kofman, E. and Lassalle, D. 2006. Lutte contre la discrimination “raciale” au Royaume-Uni. Migrations Société. 105 (6), pp. 153-165.
Beyond a reductionist analysis of female migrants in global European cities: the unskilled, deskilled and skilled.
Kofman, E. 2000. Beyond a reductionist analysis of female migrants in global European cities: the unskilled, deskilled and skilled. in: Marchand, M. and Runyan, A. (ed.) Gender and global restructuring. London Routledge. pp. 129-139
Civil rights and citizenship.
Kofman, E. 2008. Civil rights and citizenship. in: Agnew, J., Mitchell, K. and O'Tuathail, G. (ed.) A companion to political geography. Oxford Blackwell.
Political geography and globalization as we enter the twenty-first century.
Kofman, E. 2003. Political geography and globalization as we enter the twenty-first century. in: Kofman, E. and Youngs, G. (ed.) Globalization: theory and practice. London Continuum. pp. 17-31
Professional female immigration in post-war Europe: counteracting an historical amnesia.
Erel, U. and Kofman, E. 2003. Professional female immigration in post-war Europe: counteracting an historical amnesia. in: Ohliger, R., Schönwälder, K. and Triadafilopoulos, T. (ed.) European encounters: migrants, migration and European societies since 1945. Aldershot Ashgate. pp. 71-95
Genre et migration internationale: critique du réductionnisme théorique.
Kofman, E. 2004. Genre et migration internationale: critique du réductionnisme théorique. in: Hersent, M. and Zaidman, C. (ed.) Genre, travail et migrations en Europe. Paris CEDREF, [Centre d'enseignements, de recherches et de documentation pour les études féministes]. pp. 81-97
The EU race directive: developing the protection against racial discrimination within the EU.
Howard, E. 2009. The EU race directive: developing the protection against racial discrimination within the EU. London Routledge.
Equality: a fundamental right in the EU?
Howard, E. 2009. Equality: a fundamental right in the EU? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 10 (1), pp. 19-38.
School bans on the wearing of religious symbols: examining the implications of recent case law from the UK.
Howard, E. 2009. School bans on the wearing of religious symbols: examining the implications of recent case law from the UK. Religion and Human Rights: an international journal. 4 (1), pp. 7-24. https://doi.org/10.1163/187103209X440182
Henri Lefebvre: key writings
Lebas, E., Kofman, E. and Elden, S. 2003. Henri Lefebvre: key writings. London Continuum.
Recovery and re-appropriation in Lefebvre and Constant
Lebas, E. and Kofman, E. 2000. Recovery and re-appropriation in Lefebvre and Constant. in: Hughes, J. and Sadler, S. (ed.) Non-plan: essays on freedom, participation and change in modern architecture and urbanism. Oxford Architectural.
The European year of equal opportunities for all, 2007: is the EU moving away from a formal idea of equality?
Howard, E. 2007. The European year of equal opportunities for all, 2007: is the EU moving away from a formal idea of equality? European Law Journal. 14 (2), pp. 168-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00409.x
The European agency for fundamental rights
Howard, E. 2006. The European agency for fundamental rights. European Human Rights Law Review. 4, pp. 445-455.
Gendered migrations and the globalisation of social reproduction and care: new dialogues and directions
Kofman, E. 2009. Gendered migrations and the globalisation of social reproduction and care: new dialogues and directions. in: Schrover, M. and Yeo, E. (ed.) Gender, Migration, and the Public Sphere, 1850-2005 Abingdon, UK Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 118-139
Anti race discrimination measures in Europe: an attack on two fronts
Howard, E. 2005. Anti race discrimination measures in Europe: an attack on two fronts. European Law Journal. 11 (4), pp. 468-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2005.00271.x
The EU race directive: time for change?
Howard, E. 2007. The EU race directive: time for change? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 8 (4), pp. 237-261.
The case for a considered hierarchy of discrimination grounds in EU law.
Howard, E. 2007. The case for a considered hierarchy of discrimination grounds in EU law. Maastrict Journal of European and Comparative Law. 13 (4), pp. 445-470.
The EU race directive: its symbolic value - its only value?
Howard, E. 2004. The EU race directive: its symbolic value - its only value? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 6 (2), pp. 141-163.
Introduction: processes of cosmopolitanism and parochialism
Donald, S., Kofman, E. and Kevin, C. 2008. Introduction: processes of cosmopolitanism and parochialism. in: Donald, S., Kofman, E. and Kevin, C. (ed.) Branding cities: cosmopolitanism, parochialism and social change London, UK Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 1-13
Feminist transformations of political geography
Kofman, E. 2008. Feminist transformations of political geography. in: Cox, K., Low, M. and Robinson, J. (ed.) Handbook of Political Geography London, UK SAGE Publications.
Managing migration and citizenship in Europe: towards an overarching framework
Kofman, E. 2008. Managing migration and citizenship in Europe: towards an overarching framework. in: Gabriel, C. and Pellerin, H. (ed.) Governing international labour migration: current issues, challenges and dilemmas. London, UK Taylor & Francis (Routledge).
Branding cities: cosmopolitanism, parochialism and social change
Donald, S., Kofman, E. and Kevin, C. 2008. Branding cities: cosmopolitanism, parochialism and social change. London, UK Taylor & Francis (Routledge).
Race and racism - why does European law have difficulties with definitions?
Howard, E. 2008. Race and racism - why does European law have difficulties with definitions? International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations. 24 (1), pp. 5-29. https://doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2008002
Gendered immigrations, policies and rights in the UK
Kofman, E. 2007. Gendered immigrations, policies and rights in the UK. in: Clarke, K., Maltby, T. and Kennett, P. (ed.) Social Policy Review 19: Analysis and Debate in Social Policy, 2007 Bristol, UK Policy Press. pp. 265-292
Gendered migrations: livelihoods and entitlements in European welfare regimes
Kofman, E. 2007. Gendered migrations: livelihoods and entitlements in European welfare regimes. in: Piper, N. (ed.) New perspectives on gender and migration: livelihood, rights and entitlements Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 59-101
Gender and global labour migrations: incorporating skilled workers
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2006. Gender and global labour migrations: incorporating skilled workers. Antipode. 38 (2), pp. 282-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00580.x
Gender and skilled migration: into and beyond the work place
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2005. Gender and skilled migration: into and beyond the work place. Geoforum. 36 (2), pp. 149-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.06.001
Figures of the cosmopolitan: privileged nationals and national outsider.
Kofman, E. 2005. Figures of the cosmopolitan: privileged nationals and national outsider. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. 18 (1), pp. 83-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351161042000334808
Secure borders and safe haven and the gendered politics of belonging: Beyond social cohesion
Yuval-Davis, N., Anthias, F. and Kofman, E. 2005. Secure borders and safe haven and the gendered politics of belonging: Beyond social cohesion. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 28 (3), pp. 513-535. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987042000337867
Migration, citizenship and the reassertion of the nation-state in Europe
Kofman, E. 2005. Migration, citizenship and the reassertion of the nation-state in Europe. Citizenship Studies. 9 (6), pp. 453-467.
Feminist political geographies
Kofman, E. 2005. Feminist political geographies. in: Nelson, L. and Seager, J. (ed.) A Companion to Feminist Geography Oxford, UK Blackwell.
Citizenship, migration and the reassertion of national identity
Kofman, E. 2005. Citizenship, migration and the reassertion of national identity. Citizenship Studies. 9 (5), pp. 453-467. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020500301221
An introduction from the Guest Editors
Kofman, E. and Raghuram, P. 2004. An introduction from the Guest Editors. Feminist Review. 77 (1), pp. 4-6. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400153
Women, trade, and migration
Flynn, D. and Kofman, E. 2004. Women, trade, and migration. Gender & Development. 12 (2), pp. 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070412331332220
Preface
Staeheli, L., Kofman, E. and Peake, L. 2004. Preface. in: Staeheli, L., Kofman, E. and Peake, L. (ed.) Mapping Women, Making Politics: Feminist Perspectives on Political Geography New York, NY Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. vii
Mapping gender, making politics: toward feminist political geographies
Staeheli, L. and Kofman, E. 2004. Mapping gender, making politics: toward feminist political geographies. in: Staeheli, L., Kofman, E. and Peake, L. (ed.) Mapping Women, Making Politics: Feminist Perspectives on Political Geography New York, NY Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 1-14
Mapping women, making politics: feminist perspectives on political geography
Staeheli, L., Kofman, E. and Peake, L. 2004. Mapping women, making politics: feminist perspectives on political geography. New York, NY Taylor & Francis (Routledge).
Critically feminist geopolitics
Kofman, E. and Gilmartin, M. 2004. Critically feminist geopolitics. in: Staeheli, L., Kofman, E. and Peake, L. (ed.) Mapping women, making politics: feminist perspectives on political geography New York, NY Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 113-126
Family-related migration: a critical review of European studies
Kofman, E. 2004. Family-related migration: a critical review of European studies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 30 (2), pp. 243-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183042000200687
Gendered global migrations
Kofman, E. 2004. Gendered global migrations. International Feminist Journal of Politics. 6 (4), pp. 642-664. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461674042000283408
Future directions in political geography
Kofman, E. 2003. Future directions in political geography. Political Geography. 22 (6), pp. 621-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0962-6298(03)00067-2
State, labour markets and immigration: overseas doctors in the UK.
Raghuram, P. and Kofman, E. 2002. State, labour markets and immigration: overseas doctors in the UK. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. 34, pp. 2071-2089. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3541
Contemporary European migrations, civic stratification and citizenship
Kofman, E. 2002. Contemporary European migrations, civic stratification and citizenship. Political Geography. 21 (8), pp. 1035-1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(02)00085-9
Human geography of the UK: an introduction
Hardill, I., Graham, D.T. and Kofman, E. 2001. Human geography of the UK: an introduction. Taylor & Francis (Routledge).
The invisibility of female skilled migrants and gender relations in studies of skilled migration in Europe
Kofman, E. 2000. The invisibility of female skilled migrants and gender relations in studies of skilled migration in Europe. International Journal of Population Geography. 6 (1), pp. 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1220(200001/02)6:1<45::AID-IJPG169>3.0.CO;2-B
Gender and international migration in Europe: employment, welfare and politics
Kofman, E., Phizacklea, A., Raghuram, P. and Sales, R. 2000. Gender and international migration in Europe: employment, welfare and politics. London, UK Taylor & Francis (Routledge).
Female 'birds of passage' a decade later: gender and immigration in the European Union
Kofman, E. 1999. Female 'birds of passage' a decade later: gender and immigration in the European Union. International Migration Review. 33 (2), pp. 269-299. https://doi.org/10.2307/2547698
Migrant women and exclusion in Europe
Kofman, E. and Sales, R. 1998. Migrant women and exclusion in Europe. European Journal of Women's Studies. 5 (3-4), pp. 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050689800500307
Guest Editorial: Citizenship and international migration: taking account of gender, sexuality, and 'race'
Kofman, E. and England, K. 1997. Guest Editorial: Citizenship and international migration: taking account of gender, sexuality, and 'race'. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. 29 (2), pp. 191-193. https://doi.org/10.1068/a290191
Citizenship for some but not for others: spaces of citizenship in contemporary Europe
Kofman, E. 1995. Citizenship for some but not for others: spaces of citizenship in contemporary Europe. Political Geography. 14 (2), pp. 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0962-6298(95)91660-v
Unfinished agendas: acting upon minority voices of the past decade
Kofman, E. 1994. Unfinished agendas: acting upon minority voices of the past decade. Geoforum. 25 (4), pp. 429-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(94)90022-1
Cities: A decade of la politique de la ville
Kofman, E. 1993. Cities: A decade of la politique de la ville. Modern & Contemporary France. 1 (4), pp. 379-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639489308456139
Towards fortress Europe?
Kofman, E. and Sales, R. 1992. Towards fortress Europe? Women's Studies International Forum. 15 (1), pp. 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(92)90031-p
Political geography textbooks for myopic lecturers?
Kofman, E. 1991. Political geography textbooks for myopic lecturers? Journal of Geography in Higher Education. 15 (1), pp. 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098269108709131
Editorial comment on the special issue
Kofman, E. and Peake, L. 1990. Editorial comment on the special issue. Political Geography. 9 (4), pp. 311-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-9827(90)90031-5
Into the 1990s: a gendered agenda for political geography
Kofman, E. and Peake, L. 1990. Into the 1990s: a gendered agenda for political geography. Political Geography. 9 (4), pp. 313-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-9827(90)90032-6
Western Europe: France: economic and social studies
Flockton, C. and Kofman, E. 1989. Western Europe: France: economic and social studies. Paul Chapman Publishing.
Introduction: politics, geography and social stratification
Hoggart, K. and Kofman, E. 1986. Introduction: politics, geography and social stratification. in: Hoggart, K. and Kofman, E. (ed.) Croom Helm.
Politics, geography and social stratification
Hoggart, K. and Kofman, E. 1986. Politics, geography and social stratification. Croom Helm.
Differential modernisation, social conflicts and ethno-regionalism in Corsica
Kofman, E. 1982. Differential modernisation, social conflicts and ethno-regionalism in Corsica. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 5 (3), pp. 300-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1982.9993379
The concept of the culture region in the social sciences in France
Kofman, E. 1981. The concept of the culture region in the social sciences in France. L'Espace Géographique. 10 (4), pp. 281-285. https://doi.org/10.3406/spgeo.1981.3677
Functional regionalism and alternative regional development programmes in Corsica
Kofman, E. 1981. Functional regionalism and alternative regional development programmes in Corsica. Regional Studies. 15 (3), pp. 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595238100185201