Freedom of religion or belief and the wearing of religious symbols

Book chapter

Howard, E. 2020. Freedom of religion or belief and the wearing of religious symbols. in: Portaru, A. (ed.) A precious asset? Analyzing religious freedom protections in Europe Vienna, Austria Kairos Publications. pp. 69-98
Chapter titleFreedom of religion or belief and the wearing of religious symbols
AuthorsHoward, E.
Abstract

This Chapter examines the wearing, by individuals, of religious symbols in relation to the right to freely manifest one’s religion and the right to be free from religious discrimination under both the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and EU law. Restrictions on both these rights are not always against the law: they can be justified under certain circumstances. In the case law on the wearing of religious symbols of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, this concept of justification plays an important role. This concept of justification and the case law of the two Courts is analysed in this Chapter to establish whether, in Europe and in relation to the wearing of religious symbols, the right to freedom of religion is fully protected.

Research GroupLaw and Politics
Page range69-98
Book titleA precious asset? Analyzing religious freedom protections in Europe
EditorsPortaru, A.
PublisherKairos Publications
Place of publicationVienna, Austria
ISBN
Hardcover9783950385151
Publication dates
Print2020
Publication process dates
Deposited06 Jan 2021
Accepted17 Nov 2017
Output statusPublished
LanguageEnglish
Permalink -

https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/item/89356

Log in to edit
  • 70
    total views
  • 0
    total downloads
  • 2
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Intersectional discrimination and EU law: Time to revisit Parris
Howard, E. 2024. Intersectional discrimination and EU law: Time to revisit Parris. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/13582291241285336
Religious discrimination at the CJEU and the social inclusion approach
Howard, E. 2024. Religious discrimination at the CJEU and the social inclusion approach. European Labour Law Journal . https://doi.org/10.1177/20319525241261030
OP v Commune d'Ans: another step in the wrong direction for headscarf wearing women
Howard, E. 2024. OP v Commune d'Ans: another step in the wrong direction for headscarf wearing women. Industrial Law Journal. 53 (2), p. 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwae008
Op-Ed: The Court of Justice and headscarves at work: discretion in EU anti-discrimination law: a dangerous precedent (Case C-148/22 OP v Commune d’Ans)
Howard, E. 2023. Op-Ed: The Court of Justice and headscarves at work: discretion in EU anti-discrimination law: a dangerous precedent (Case C-148/22 OP v Commune d’Ans). EU Law Live Sociedad Limitada.
LF v SCRL and the CJEU’s failure to engage with the reality of Muslim women in the labour market
Howard, E. 2023. LF v SCRL and the CJEU’s failure to engage with the reality of Muslim women in the labour market. Industrial Law Journal. 52 (4), pp. 997-1014. https://doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwad024
Headscarves and the Court of Justice of the European Union: an analysis of the case law
Howard, E. 2023. Headscarves and the Court of Justice of the European Union: an analysis of the case law. London Routledge.
Op-Ed: Encouraging tolerance and respect and accepting a greater degree of diversity … but not for Muslim women (Case C344/20 LF v SCRL)
Howard, E. 2022. Op-Ed: Encouraging tolerance and respect and accepting a greater degree of diversity … but not for Muslim women (Case C344/20 LF v SCRL). EU Law Live Sociedad Limitada.
Equality as an EU value
Howard, E. 2022. Equality as an EU value. in: Garben, S. and Gormley, L. (ed.) Oxford Encyclopedia of EU Law Oxford Oxford University Press (OUP).
Bans on the wearing of Burqas, Niqabs and Hijabs, religious freedom and the secular nature of the state
Howard, E. 2022. Bans on the wearing of Burqas, Niqabs and Hijabs, religious freedom and the secular nature of the state. in: Bhuiyan, M. and Black, A. (ed.) Religious Freedom in Secular States: A 21st Century Perspective Leiden, The Netherlands Brill | Nijhoff.
Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights and pandering to prejudice: the CJEU does both
Howard, E. 2022. Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights and pandering to prejudice: the CJEU does both. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 29 (2), pp. 245-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X221080557
Hate speech
Howard, E. 2022. Hate speech. in: Binder, C., Nowak, M., Hofbauer, J. and Janig, P. (ed.) Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar.
Religious clothing
Howard, E. 2022. Religious clothing. in: Binder, C., Nowak, M., Hofbauer, J. and Janig, P. (ed.) Elgar Encyclopedia of Huamn Rights Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar Publishing.
Headscarf-wearing employees and the CJEU: what employers can and cannot do
Howard, E. 2021. Headscarf-wearing employees and the CJEU: what employers can and cannot do. ERA Forum. 22 (4), pp. 687-698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-021-00689-z
German headscarf cases at the ECJ: a glimmer of hope? [Blog post]
Howard, E. 2021. German headscarf cases at the ECJ: a glimmer of hope? [Blog post]. European Law Blog European Law Blog.
Human dignity principle in the United Kingdom
Howard, E. 2020. Human dignity principle in the United Kingdom. Global Human Dignity Project.
Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights or pandering to prejudice
Howard, E. 2021. Headscarves and the CJEU: protecting fundamental rights or pandering to prejudice. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 28 (5), pp. 648-666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211028427
Introduction
Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Howard, E. 2020. Introduction. in: Howard, E., Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Baéz, N. (ed.) Affirmative Action and the Law: Efficacy of National and International Approaches London / New York Routledge. pp. 3-12
Achieving substantive equality: mainstreaming duties to complement affirmative action measures
Howard, E. 2020. Achieving substantive equality: mainstreaming duties to complement affirmative action measures. in: Howard, E., Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Beaz, N. (ed.) Affirmative Action and the Law: Efficacy of National and International Approaches London / New York Routledge. pp. 198-212
Effectiveness of affirmative action measures in the United Kingdom and South Africa
Howard, E. 2020. Effectiveness of affirmative action measures in the United Kingdom and South Africa. in: Howard, E., Dominguez-Redondo, E. and Baéz, N. (ed.) Affirmative Action and the Law: Efficacy of National and International Approaches London / New York Routledge. pp. 58-77
Headscarves return to the CJEU: unfinished business
Howard, E. 2020. Headscarves return to the CJEU: unfinished business. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 27 (1), pp. 10-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X19889247
Law and the wearing of religious symbols in Europe
Howard, E. 2019. Law and the wearing of religious symbols in Europe. Abingdon/New York Routledge.
Political rhetoric, freedom of expression and hate speech against religious believers
Howard, E. 2020. Political rhetoric, freedom of expression and hate speech against religious believers. in: Vidmar, J. (ed.) European populism and human rights Leiden, The Netherlands Brill | Nijhoff. pp. 193-214
Ritual slaughter and religious freedom
Howard, E. 2019. Ritual slaughter and religious freedom. Common Market Law Review. 56 (3), pp. 803-824.
Andras Koltay The Troubled Relationship Between Religions and the State Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion [Book review]
Howard, E. 2018. Andras Koltay The Troubled Relationship Between Religions and the State Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion [Book review]. Human Rights Law Review. 18 (4), pp. 791-795. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngy031
Moving hate speech to the civil courts
Howard, E. 2018. Moving hate speech to the civil courts. Anti-Discrimination Law Review. 1 (3), pp. 80-97.
EU anti-discrimination law: has the CJEU stopped moving forward?
Howard, E. 2018. EU anti-discrimination law: has the CJEU stopped moving forward? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 18 (2-3), pp. 60-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229118788454
Protection des personnes LGBT+ en Europe : le cadre juridique national et de l’EU [LGBT+ Protection In Europe: the EU and National Legal Framework]
Howard, E. 2019. Protection des personnes LGBT+ en Europe : le cadre juridique national et de l’EU [LGBT+ Protection In Europe: the EU and National Legal Framework]. Droit et Cultures. 77 (1), pp. 21-37.
Affirmative action in the UK and South Africa
Howard, E. 2018. Affirmative action in the UK and South Africa. in: Baéz, N. and Dominguez-Redondo, E. (ed.) The Existence and Efficacy of Affirmative Action Measures in UK, South Africa, India, China, Latin America and Brazil Jaocaba, Brazil Editora Unoesc. pp. 185-215
Clashing rights? Freedom of religion or belief and equality for LGBT people
Howard, E. 2017. Clashing rights? Freedom of religion or belief and equality for LGBT people. Special Rapporteur on relgion and belief UN.
Religious clothing and symbols in employment. A legal analysis of the situation in the EU member states
Howard, E. and Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (European Commission) 2017. Religious clothing and symbols in employment. A legal analysis of the situation in the EU member states. Luxembourg European Union. https://doi.org/10.2838/380042
Freedom of expression, blasphemy and religious hatred: a view from the United Kingdom
Howard, E. 2017. Freedom of expression, blasphemy and religious hatred: a view from the United Kingdom. in: Temperman, J. and Koltay, A. (ed.) Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression: Comparative, Theoretical and Historical Reflections after the Charlie Hebdo Massacre Cambridge Cambridge University Press. pp. 595-618
Islamic headscarves and the CJEU: Achbita and Bougnaoui
Howard, E. 2017. Islamic headscarves and the CJEU: Achbita and Bougnaoui. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 24 (3), pp. 348-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X17722326
Freedom of expression and religious hate speech in Europe
Howard, E. 2017. Freedom of expression and religious hate speech in Europe. UK Routledge.
Gratuitously offensive speech and the political debate
Howard, E. 2016. Gratuitously offensive speech and the political debate. European Human Rights Law Review. 6, pp. 636-644.
Indirect discrimination, reasonable accommodation and religion
Howard, E. 2016. Indirect discrimination, reasonable accommodation and religion. in: Cuypers, D. and Vrielink, J. (ed.) Equal is not enough Cambridge/Antwerp/Portland Intersentia.
Freedom of speech versus freedom of religion? The case of Dutch politician Geert Wilders
Howard, E. 2017. Freedom of speech versus freedom of religion? The case of Dutch politician Geert Wilders. Human Rights Law Review. 17 (2), pp. 313-337. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngx002
The right to freedom of religion or belief and its intersection with other rights
Donald, A., Howard, E. and ILGA-Europe 2015. The right to freedom of religion or belief and its intersection with other rights. Brussels, Belgium ILGA-Europe.
Implementation of the Employment Equality Directive - The principle of non-discrimination on the basis of religion or belief
Howard, E. and European Parliament: Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services 2016. Implementation of the Employment Equality Directive - The principle of non-discrimination on the basis of religion or belief. Brussels European Parliament. https://doi.org/10.2861/783216
Indirect discrimination 15 years on
Howard, E. 2015. Indirect discrimination 15 years on. E Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies. 4 (3).
Religious rights versus sexual orientation discrimination: a fair deal for everyone
Howard, E. 2015. Religious rights versus sexual orientation discrimination: a fair deal for everyone. Religion and Human Rights: an international journal. 10 (2), pp. 128-159. https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-12341284
The impact of gendered and racialised identities on the experience of discrimination
Kofman, E., Howard, E., Vacchelli, E. and Wray, H. 2010. The impact of gendered and racialised identities on the experience of discrimination.
Religion or belief in the workplace and service delivery: findings from a call for evidence
Mitchell, M., Beninger, K., Donald, A., Howard, E. and NatCen Social Research 2015. Religion or belief in the workplace and service delivery: findings from a call for evidence. Equality and Human Rights Commission.
The protection of religious minorities in Europe: strengths and weaknesses
Howard, E. 2015. The protection of religious minorities in Europe: strengths and weaknesses. in: Ippolito, F. and Iglesias Sanchez, S. (ed.) Protecting Vulnerable Groups: The Human Rights Framework Hart Publishing. pp. 181-200
S.A.S. v France: living together or increased social division?
Howard, E. 2014. S.A.S. v France: living together or increased social division? EJIL-talk!: Blog of the European Journal of International Law.
Banning niqabs in public spaces
Howard, E. 2013. Banning niqabs in public spaces. EJIL-talk!: Blog of the European Journal of International Law.
Protecting freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief: Strasbourg or Luxembourg?
Howard, E. 2014. Protecting freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief: Strasbourg or Luxembourg? Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 32 (2), pp. 159-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/016934411403200204
Islamic veil bans: the gender equality justification and empirical evidence
Howard, E. 2014. Islamic veil bans: the gender equality justification and empirical evidence. in: Brems, E. (ed.) The experiences of face veil wearers in Europe and the law Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. pp. 206-217
Equality bodies and individual victims: an example of good practice from the Netherlands
Howard, E. 2012. Equality bodies and individual victims: an example of good practice from the Netherlands. E Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies. 1 (1-2).
Reasonable accommodation of religion and other discrimination grounds in EU law
Howard, E. 2013. Reasonable accommodation of religion and other discrimination grounds in EU law. European Law Review.
Banning Islamic veils: is gender equality a valid argument?
Howard, E. 2012. Banning Islamic veils: is gender equality a valid argument? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 12 (3), pp. 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229112464450
The European Court of Human Rights gets it right: a comment on Eweida and others v the United Kingdom
Howard, E. 2013. The European Court of Human Rights gets it right: a comment on Eweida and others v the United Kingdom. EJIL:Talk! - Blog of the European Journal of International Law.
Law and the wearing of religious symbols: European bans on the wearing of religious symbols in education
Howard, E. 2012. Law and the wearing of religious symbols: European bans on the wearing of religious symbols in education. London Routledge.
Case Comment. An opportunity missed? Comment on Romer
Howard, E. 2011. Case Comment. An opportunity missed? Comment on Romer. European Law Review. 36 (4), pp. 589-599.
Multiple discrimination in law.
Howard, E. 2011. Multiple discrimination in law. Think Equal - Symposium on Multiple Discrimination. National Commission for the Promotion of Equality (NCPE), Malta 01 Nov 2011
Bans on the wearing of religious symbols in British Schools: a violation of the right to non-discrimination?
Howard, E. 2011. Bans on the wearing of religious symbols in British Schools: a violation of the right to non-discrimination? Religion and Human Rights. 6 (2), pp. 127-149.
EU Equality Law: three recent developments
Howard, E. 2011. EU Equality Law: three recent developments. European Law Journal. 17 (6), pp. 785-803. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2011.00578.x
Gendered experiences of racial discrimination: comparative socio-legal research
Carles, I., Howard, E. and Kofman, E. 2011. Gendered experiences of racial discrimination: comparative socio-legal research. in: Schiek, D. and Lawson, A. (ed.) European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: investigating the triangle of racial, gender and disability discrimination Ashgate.
ECJ advances equality in Europe by giving horizontal direct effect to directives
Howard, E. 2011. ECJ advances equality in Europe by giving horizontal direct effect to directives. European Public Law. 17 (4), pp. 729-743. https://doi.org/10.54648/euro2011046
The EU race directive: developing the protection against racial discrimination within the EU.
Howard, E. 2009. The EU race directive: developing the protection against racial discrimination within the EU. London Routledge.
Equality: a fundamental right in the EU?
Howard, E. 2009. Equality: a fundamental right in the EU? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 10 (1), pp. 19-38.
School bans on the wearing of religious symbols: examining the implications of recent case law from the UK.
Howard, E. 2009. School bans on the wearing of religious symbols: examining the implications of recent case law from the UK. Religion and Human Rights: an international journal. 4 (1), pp. 7-24. https://doi.org/10.1163/187103209X440182
The European year of equal opportunities for all, 2007: is the EU moving away from a formal idea of equality?
Howard, E. 2007. The European year of equal opportunities for all, 2007: is the EU moving away from a formal idea of equality? European Law Journal. 14 (2), pp. 168-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00409.x
Race and racism: why does European law have difficulties with definitions?
Howard, E. 2008. Race and racism: why does European law have difficulties with definitions? The international journal of comparative labour law and industrial relations. 24 (1), pp. 1-30.
The European agency for fundamental rights
Howard, E. 2006. The European agency for fundamental rights. European Human Rights Law Review. 4, pp. 445-455.
Anti race discrimination measures in Europe: an attack on two fronts
Howard, E. 2005. Anti race discrimination measures in Europe: an attack on two fronts. European Law Journal. 11 (4), pp. 468-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2005.00271.x
The EU race directive: time for change?
Howard, E. 2007. The EU race directive: time for change? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 8 (4), pp. 237-261.
The case for a considered hierarchy of discrimination grounds in EU law.
Howard, E. 2007. The case for a considered hierarchy of discrimination grounds in EU law. Maastrict Journal of European and Comparative Law. 13 (4), pp. 445-470.
The EU race directive: its symbolic value - its only value?
Howard, E. 2004. The EU race directive: its symbolic value - its only value? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 6 (2), pp. 141-163.