To know or not to know? Looking at payoffs signals selfish behavior, but it does not actually mean so

Article


Capraro, V. and Kuilder, J. 2016. To know or not to know? Looking at payoffs signals selfish behavior, but it does not actually mean so. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. 65, pp. 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2016.08.005
TypeArticle
TitleTo know or not to know? Looking at payoffs signals selfish behavior, but it does not actually mean so
AuthorsCapraro, V. and Kuilder, J.
Abstract

Costs and benefits of everyday actions are often not known beforehand. In such situations, people can either make a choice “without looking” at the payoffs, or they can “look” and learn the exact payoffs involved before making the actual choice. Recent studies suggest that the mere act of looking at payoffs will be met with distrust by observers: “lookers” are both less trustworthy and perceived to be less trustworthy than “non-lookers”. Here we extend this line of work by changing the measure of pro-sociality: instead of trustworthiness, we consider altruism. Does “looking at payoffs” signal self-regarding preferences? Do observers’ beliefs match decision makers’ actions? Two experiments demonstrate that: (i) the level of altruism among “lookers” is not different from the level of altruism among “non-lookers”, but (ii) “lookers” are perceived to be less altruistic than “non-lookers”. These results hold both when the measure of altruism is the choice whether to help or not in the so-called “envelope game” (Experiment 1) or when the measure of altruism is the donation in a standard Dictator Game (Experiment 2). In sum, these results uncover a perception gap according to which looking at payoffs signals selfish behavior, but it does not actually mean so.

PublisherElsevier
JournalJournal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics
ISSN2214-8043
Publication dates
Online10 Aug 2016
Print01 Dec 2016
Publication process dates
Deposited26 Nov 2018
Accepted09 Aug 2016
Output statusPublished
Accepted author manuscript
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Copyright Statement

© 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2016.08.005
LanguageEnglish
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Rand, D., Brescoll, V., Everett, J., Capraro, V. and Barcelo, H. 2016. Social heuristics and social roles: Intuition favors altruism for women but not for men. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 145 (4), pp. 389-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000154
Liking but devaluing animals: emotional and deliberative paths to speciesism
Caviola, L. and Capraro, V. 2020. Liking but devaluing animals: emotional and deliberative paths to speciesism. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 11 (8), pp. 1080-1088. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619893959
Priming intuition disfavors instrumental harm but not impartial beneficence
Capraro, V., Everett, J. and Earp, B. 2019. Priming intuition disfavors instrumental harm but not impartial beneficence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 83, pp. 142-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.006
Time pressure and honesty in a deception game
Capraro, V., Schulz, J. and Rand, D. 2019. Time pressure and honesty in a deception game. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. 79, pp. 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2019.01.007
Gender differences in the trade-off between objective equality and efficiency
Capraro, V. 2020. Gender differences in the trade-off between objective equality and efficiency. Judgment and Decision Making. 15 (4), pp. 534-544.
The effect of norm-based messages on reading and understanding COVID-19 pandemic response governmental rules
Bilancini, E., Boncinelli, L., Capraro, V., Celadin, T. and Di Paolo, R. 2020. The effect of norm-based messages on reading and understanding COVID-19 pandemic response governmental rules . Journal of Behavioral Economics for Policy. 4, pp. 45-55.
"Do the right thing" for whom? An experiment on ingroup favouritism, group assorting and moral suasion
Bilancini, E., Boncinelli, L., Capraro, V., Celadin, T. and Di Paolo, R. 2020. "Do the right thing" for whom? An experiment on ingroup favouritism, group assorting and moral suasion. Judgment and Decision Making. 15 (2), pp. 182-192.
Translucent players: explaining cooperative behavior in social dilemmas
Capraro, V. and Halpern, J. 2019. Translucent players: explaining cooperative behavior in social dilemmas. Rationality and Society. 31 (4), pp. 371-408. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463119885102
Increasing altruistic and cooperative behaviour with simple moral nudges
Capraro, V., Jagfeld, G., Klein, R., Mul, M. and de Pol, I. 2019. Increasing altruistic and cooperative behaviour with simple moral nudges. Scientific Reports. 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48094-4
The evolution of lying in well-mixed populations
Capraro, V., Perc, M. and Vilone, D. 2019. The evolution of lying in well-mixed populations. Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 16 (156). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0211
The power of moral words: loaded language generates framing effects in the extreme dictator game
Capraro, V. and Vanzo, A. 2019. The power of moral words: loaded language generates framing effects in the extreme dictator game. Judgment and Decision Making. 14 (3), pp. 309-317.
Author correction: Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games
Pereda, M., Capraro, V. and Sánchez, A. 2019. Author correction: Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49306-7
Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games
Pereda, M., Capraro, V. and Sánchez, A. 2019. Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games. Scientific Reports. 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41988-3
Grand challenges in social physics: in pursuit of moral behavior
Capraro, V. and Perc, M. 2018. Grand challenges in social physics: in pursuit of moral behavior. Frontiers in Physics. 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2018.00107
Doing good vs. avoiding bad in prosocial choice: a refined test and extension of the morality preference hypothesis
Tappin, B. and Capraro, V. 2018. Doing good vs. avoiding bad in prosocial choice: a refined test and extension of the morality preference hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 79, pp. 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.06.005
Does the truth come naturally? Time pressure increases honesty in one-shot deception games
Capraro, V. 2017. Does the truth come naturally? Time pressure increases honesty in one-shot deception games. Economics Letters. 158, pp. 54-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2017.06.015
Gender differences in moral judgment and the evaluation of gender-specified moral agents
Capraro, V. and Sippel, J. 2017. Gender differences in moral judgment and the evaluation of gender-specified moral agents. Cognitive Processing. 18 (4), pp. 399-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-017-0822-9
Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: evidence from USA and India
Capraro, V., Corgnet, B., Espín, A. and Hernán-González, R. 2017. Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: evidence from USA and India. Royal Society Open Science. 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.1098/RSOS.160605
People making deontological judgments in the Trapdoor dilemma are perceived to be more prosocial in economic games than they actually are
Capraro, V., Sippel, J., Zhao, B., Hornischer, L., Savary, M., Terzopoulou, Z., Faucher, P. and Griffioen, S. 2018. People making deontological judgments in the Trapdoor dilemma are perceived to be more prosocial in economic games than they actually are. PLoS ONE. 13 (10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205066
Gender differences in altruism on Mechanical Turk: expectations and actual behaviour
Branas-Garza, P., Capraro, V. and Rascon Ramirez, E. 2018. Gender differences in altruism on Mechanical Turk: expectations and actual behaviour. Economics Letters. 170, pp. 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.05.022
Gender differences in lying in sender-receiver games: a meta-analysis
Capraro, V. 2018. Gender differences in lying in sender-receiver games: a meta-analysis. Judgment and Decision Making. 13 (4), pp. 345-355.
Hierarchical invasion of cooperation in complex networks
Vilone, D., Capraro, V. and Ramasco, J. 2018. Hierarchical invasion of cooperation in complex networks. Journal of Physics Communications. 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/aaab2e
Do the right thing: experimental evidence that preferences for moral behavior, rather than equity or efficiency per se, drive human prosociality
Capraro, V. and Rand, D. 2018. Do the right thing: experimental evidence that preferences for moral behavior, rather than equity or efficiency per se, drive human prosociality. Judgment and Decision Making. 13 (1), pp. 99-111.
Push, don't nudge: behavioral spillovers and policy instruments
d'Adda, G., Capraro, V. and Tavoni, M. 2017. Push, don't nudge: behavioral spillovers and policy instruments. Economics Letters. 154, pp. 92-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2017.02.029
Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: evidence from US and India
Capraro, V., Corgnet, B., Espín, A. and Hernán-González, R. 2017. Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: evidence from US and India. Royal Society Open Science. 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160605
Partner selection supported by opaque reputation promotes cooperative behavior
Capraro, V., Giardini, F., Vilone, D. and Paolucci, M. 2016. Partner selection supported by opaque reputation promotes cooperative behavior. Judgment and Decision Making. 11 (6), pp. 589-600.