The evolution of lying in well-mixed populations

Article

Capraro, V., Perc, M. and Vilone, D. 2019. The evolution of lying in well-mixed populations. Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 16 (156). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0211
TypeArticle
TitleThe evolution of lying in well-mixed populations
AuthorsCapraro, V., Perc, M. and Vilone, D.
Abstract

Lies can have profoundly negative consequences for individuals, groups and even for societies. Understanding how lying evolves and when it proliferates is therefore of significant importance for our personal and societal well-being. To that effect, we here study the sender–receiver game in well-mixed populations with methods of statistical physics. We use the Monte Carlo method to determine the stationary frequencies of liars and believers for four different lie types. We consider altruistic white lies that favour the receiver at a cost to the sender, black lies that favour the sender at a cost to the receiver, spiteful lies that harm both the sender and the receiver, and Pareto white lies that favour both the sender and the receiver. We find that spiteful lies give rise to trivial behaviour, where senders quickly learn that their best strategy is to send a truthful message, while receivers likewise quickly learn that their best strategy is to believe the sender’s message. For altruistic white lies and black lies, we find that most senders lie while most receivers do not believe the sender’s message, but the exact frequencies of liars and non-believers depend significantly on the payoffs, and they also evolve non-monotonically before reaching the stationary state. Lastly, for Pareto white lies we observe the most complex dynamics, with the possibility of both lying and believing evolving with all frequencies between 0 and 1 in dependence on the payoffs. We discuss the implications of these results for moral behaviour in human experiments.

KeywordsBiotechnology, Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioengineering, Biomaterials, Biomedical Engineering
PublisherThe Royal Society
JournalJournal of The Royal Society Interface
ISSN1742-5689
Electronic1742-5662
Publication dates
Print26 Jul 2019
Online31 Jul 2019
Publication process dates
Deposited12 Aug 2019
Accepted24 Jun 2019
Output statusPublished
Accepted author manuscript
Copyright Statement

© 2019 The Author(s)
This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by the Royal Society in the Journal of The Royal Society Interface, the final published version is available at: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0211. The accepted manuscript is made available in this repository as permitted by the publisher.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0211
LanguageEnglish
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Capraro, V. and Cococcioni, G. 2015. Social setting, intuition, and experience in lab experiments interact to shape cooperative decision-making. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1811). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0237
Social heuristics and social roles: Intuition favors altruism for women but not for men
Rand, D., Brescoll, V., Everett, J., Capraro, V. and Barcelo, H. 2016. Social heuristics and social roles: Intuition favors altruism for women but not for men. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 145 (4), pp. 389-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000154
Liking but devaluing animals: emotional and deliberative paths to speciesism
Caviola, L. and Capraro, V. 2020. Liking but devaluing animals: emotional and deliberative paths to speciesism. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 11 (8), pp. 1080-1088. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619893959
Priming intuition disfavors instrumental harm but not impartial beneficence
Capraro, V., Everett, J. and Earp, B. 2019. Priming intuition disfavors instrumental harm but not impartial beneficence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 83, pp. 142-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.006
Time pressure and honesty in a deception game
Capraro, V., Schulz, J. and Rand, D. 2019. Time pressure and honesty in a deception game. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. 79, pp. 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2019.01.007
Gender differences in the trade-off between objective equality and efficiency
Capraro, V. 2020. Gender differences in the trade-off between objective equality and efficiency. Judgment and Decision Making. 15 (4), pp. 534-544.
The effect of norm-based messages on reading and understanding COVID-19 pandemic response governmental rules
Bilancini, E., Boncinelli, L., Capraro, V., Celadin, T. and Di Paolo, R. 2020. The effect of norm-based messages on reading and understanding COVID-19 pandemic response governmental rules . Journal of Behavioral Economics for Policy. 4, pp. 45-55.
"Do the right thing" for whom? An experiment on ingroup favouritism, group assorting and moral suasion
Bilancini, E., Boncinelli, L., Capraro, V., Celadin, T. and Di Paolo, R. 2020. "Do the right thing" for whom? An experiment on ingroup favouritism, group assorting and moral suasion. Judgment and Decision Making. 15 (2), pp. 182-192.
Translucent players: explaining cooperative behavior in social dilemmas
Capraro, V. and Halpern, J. 2019. Translucent players: explaining cooperative behavior in social dilemmas. Rationality and Society. 31 (4), pp. 371-408. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463119885102
Increasing altruistic and cooperative behaviour with simple moral nudges
Capraro, V., Jagfeld, G., Klein, R., Mul, M. and de Pol, I. 2019. Increasing altruistic and cooperative behaviour with simple moral nudges. Scientific Reports. 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48094-4
The power of moral words: loaded language generates framing effects in the extreme dictator game
Capraro, V. and Vanzo, A. 2019. The power of moral words: loaded language generates framing effects in the extreme dictator game. Judgment and Decision Making. 14 (3), pp. 309-317.
Author correction: Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games
Pereda, M., Capraro, V. and Sánchez, A. 2019. Author correction: Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49306-7
Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games
Pereda, M., Capraro, V. and Sánchez, A. 2019. Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games. Scientific Reports. 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41988-3
Grand challenges in social physics: in pursuit of moral behavior
Capraro, V. and Perc, M. 2018. Grand challenges in social physics: in pursuit of moral behavior. Frontiers in Physics. 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2018.00107
Doing good vs. avoiding bad in prosocial choice: a refined test and extension of the morality preference hypothesis
Tappin, B. and Capraro, V. 2018. Doing good vs. avoiding bad in prosocial choice: a refined test and extension of the morality preference hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 79, pp. 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.06.005
Does the truth come naturally? Time pressure increases honesty in one-shot deception games
Capraro, V. 2017. Does the truth come naturally? Time pressure increases honesty in one-shot deception games. Economics Letters. 158, pp. 54-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2017.06.015
Gender differences in moral judgment and the evaluation of gender-specified moral agents
Capraro, V. and Sippel, J. 2017. Gender differences in moral judgment and the evaluation of gender-specified moral agents. Cognitive Processing. 18 (4), pp. 399-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-017-0822-9
Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: evidence from USA and India
Capraro, V., Corgnet, B., Espín, A. and Hernán-González, R. 2017. Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: evidence from USA and India. Royal Society Open Science. 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.1098/RSOS.160605
To know or not to know? Looking at payoffs signals selfish behavior, but it does not actually mean so
Capraro, V. and Kuilder, J. 2016. To know or not to know? Looking at payoffs signals selfish behavior, but it does not actually mean so. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. 65, pp. 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2016.08.005
People making deontological judgments in the Trapdoor dilemma are perceived to be more prosocial in economic games than they actually are
Capraro, V., Sippel, J., Zhao, B., Hornischer, L., Savary, M., Terzopoulou, Z., Faucher, P. and Griffioen, S. 2018. People making deontological judgments in the Trapdoor dilemma are perceived to be more prosocial in economic games than they actually are. PLoS ONE. 13 (10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205066
Gender differences in altruism on Mechanical Turk: expectations and actual behaviour
Branas-Garza, P., Capraro, V. and Rascon Ramirez, E. 2018. Gender differences in altruism on Mechanical Turk: expectations and actual behaviour. Economics Letters. 170, pp. 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.05.022
Gender differences in lying in sender-receiver games: a meta-analysis
Capraro, V. 2018. Gender differences in lying in sender-receiver games: a meta-analysis. Judgment and Decision Making. 13 (4), pp. 345-355.
Hierarchical invasion of cooperation in complex networks
Vilone, D., Capraro, V. and Ramasco, J. 2018. Hierarchical invasion of cooperation in complex networks. Journal of Physics Communications. 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/aaab2e
Do the right thing: experimental evidence that preferences for moral behavior, rather than equity or efficiency per se, drive human prosociality
Capraro, V. and Rand, D. 2018. Do the right thing: experimental evidence that preferences for moral behavior, rather than equity or efficiency per se, drive human prosociality. Judgment and Decision Making. 13 (1), pp. 99-111.
Push, don't nudge: behavioral spillovers and policy instruments
d'Adda, G., Capraro, V. and Tavoni, M. 2017. Push, don't nudge: behavioral spillovers and policy instruments. Economics Letters. 154, pp. 92-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2017.02.029
Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: evidence from US and India
Capraro, V., Corgnet, B., Espín, A. and Hernán-González, R. 2017. Deliberation favours social efficiency by making people disregard their relative shares: evidence from US and India. Royal Society Open Science. 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160605
Partner selection supported by opaque reputation promotes cooperative behavior
Capraro, V., Giardini, F., Vilone, D. and Paolucci, M. 2016. Partner selection supported by opaque reputation promotes cooperative behavior. Judgment and Decision Making. 11 (6), pp. 589-600.