An evolutionary approach to automated class-specific data augmentation for image classification

Conference paper


Marc, S., Belavkin, R., Windridge, D. and Gao, X. 2024. An evolutionary approach to automated class-specific data augmentation for image classification. Moosaei, H., Hladík, M. and Pardalos, P. (ed.) 6th International Conference on the Dynamics of Information Systems. Prague, Czech Republic 03 - 06 Dec 2023 Springer. pp. 170–185 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50320-7_12
TypeConference paper
TitleAn evolutionary approach to automated class-specific data augmentation for image classification
AuthorsMarc, S., Belavkin, R., Windridge, D. and Gao, X.
Abstract

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can achieve remarkable performance in many computer vision tasks (e.g. classification, detection and segmentation of images). However, the lack of labelled data can significantly hinder their generalization capabilities and limit the scope of their applications. Synthetic data augmentation (DA) is commonly used to address this issue, but uniformly applying global transformations can result in suboptimal performance when certain changes are more relevant to specific classes. The success of DA can be improved by adopting class-specific data transformations. However, this leads to an exponential increase in the number of combinations of image transformations. Finding an optimal combination is challenging due to a large number of possible transformations (e.g. some augmentation libraries offering up to sixty default transformations) and the training times of CNNs required to evaluate each combination. Here, we present an evolutionary approach using a genetic algorithm (GA) to search for an optimal combination of class-specific transformations subject to a feasible time constraint. Our study demonstrates a GA finding augmentation strategies that are significantly superior to those chosen randomly. We discuss and highlight the benefits of using class-specific data augmentation, how our evolutionary approach can automate the search for optimal DA strategies, and how it can be improved.

Sustainable Development Goals9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure
Middlesex University ThemeHealth & Wellbeing
Research GroupArtificial Intelligence group
Conference6th International Conference on the Dynamics of Information Systems
Page range170–185
Proceedings TitleDynamics of Information Systems: 6th International Conference, DIS 2023, Prague, Czech Republic, September 3–6, 2023, Revised Selected Papers
SeriesLecture Notes in Computer Science
EditorsMoosaei, H., Hladík, M. and Pardalos, P.
ISSN0302-9743
Electronic1611-3349
ISBN
Paperback9783031503191
Electronic9783031503207
PublisherSpringer
Publication dates
Online28 Dec 2023
Print03 Jan 2024
Publication process dates
Accepted06 May 2023
Deposited20 Sep 2024
Output statusPublished
Accepted author manuscript
File Access Level
Open
Copyright Statement

This version of the paper has been accepted for publication, after peer review and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use (https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/policies/accepted-ma...), but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50320-7_12

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50320-7_12
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85181977548
Web address (URL) of conference proceedingshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50320-7
LanguageEnglish
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Environmental pleiotropy and demographic history direct adaptation under antibiotic selection
Gifford, D., Krašovec, R., Aston, E., Belavkin, R., Channon, A. and Knight, C. 2018. Environmental pleiotropy and demographic history direct adaptation under antibiotic selection. Heredity. 121 (5), pp. 438-448. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-018-0137-3
Quantum error-correcting output codes
Windridge, D., Mengoni, R. and Nagarajan, R. 2018. Quantum error-correcting output codes. International Journal of Quantum Information. 16 (8). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219749918400038
Opposing effects of final population density and stress on Escherichia coli mutation rate
Krašovec, R., Richards, H., Gifford, D., Belavkin, R., Channon, A., Aston, E., McBain, A. and Knight, C. 2018. Opposing effects of final population density and stress on Escherichia coli mutation rate. The ISME journal. 12 (12), pp. 2981-2987. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0237-3
Analysing TB severity levels with an enhanced deep residual learning– depth-resnet
Gao, X., James-Reynolds, C. and Currie, E. 2018. Analysing TB severity levels with an enhanced deep residual learning– depth-resnet. Cappellato, L., Ferro, N., Nie, J-Y. and Soulier, L. (ed.) CLEF 2018 Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum - ImageCLEF-Multimedia Retrieval in CLEF. Avignon, France 10 - 14 Sep 2018 CEUR-WS.
Representational fluidity in embodied (artificial) cognition
Windridge, D. and Thill, S. 2018. Representational fluidity in embodied (artificial) cognition. Biosystems. 172, pp. 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.07.007
An improved block matching algorithm for motion estimation in video sequences and application in robotics
Bhattacharjee, K., Kumar, S., Pandey, H., Pant, M., Windridge, D. and Chaudhary, A. 2018. An improved block matching algorithm for motion estimation in video sequences and application in robotics. Computers & Electrical Engineering. 68, pp. 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.03.045
Prediction of multidrug-resistant TB from CT pulmonary images based on deep learning techniques
Gao, X. and Qian, Y. 2018. Prediction of multidrug-resistant TB from CT pulmonary images based on deep learning techniques. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 15 (10), pp. 4326-4335. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00875
Segmentation of brain lesions from CT images based on deep learning techniques
Gao, X. and Qian, Y. 2018. Segmentation of brain lesions from CT images based on deep learning techniques. Gimi, B. and Krol, A. (ed.) SPIE Medical Imaging 2018: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging. Houston, Texas, United States 10 - 15 Feb 2018 Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2286844
Addressing VAST 2016 mini challenge 2 with POLAR kermode, classifier, excel on a power wall and data timelines
Attfield, S., Hewitt, D., Xu, K., Passmore, P., Wagstaff, A., Phillips, G., Windridge, D., Dash, G., Chapman, R. and Mason, L. 2016. Addressing VAST 2016 mini challenge 2 with POLAR kermode, classifier, excel on a power wall and data timelines. IEEE VAST Challenge 2016. Baltimore, MD, USA 23 Oct 2016
Quantum Bootstrap Aggregation
Windridge, D. and Nagarajan, R. 2017. Quantum Bootstrap Aggregation. de Barros, J., Coecke, B. and Pothos, E. (ed.) Quantum Interaction. San Francisco, CA, USA 20 - 22 Jul 2016 Springer. pp. 115-121 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52289-0_9
Critical mutation rate has an exponential dependence on population size for eukaryotic-length genomes with crossover
Aston, E., Channon, A., Belavkin, R., Gifford, D., Krašovec, R. and Knight, C. 2017. Critical mutation rate has an exponential dependence on population size for eukaryotic-length genomes with crossover. Scientific Reports. 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14628-x
Hamming distance kernelisation via topological quantum computation
Di Pierro, A., Mengoni, R., Nagarajan, R. and Windridge, D. 2017. Hamming distance kernelisation via topological quantum computation. Martín-Vide C., Neruda R. and Vega-Rodríguez M. (ed.) 6th International Conference on the Theory and Practice of Natural Computing. Prague, Czech Republic 18 - 20 Dec 2017 Springer. pp. 269-280 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71069-3_21
Spontaneous mutation rate is a plastic trait associated with population density across domains of life
Krašovec, R., Richards, H., Gifford, D., Hatcher, C., Faulkner, K., Belavkin, R., Channon, A., Aston, E., McBain, A. and Knight, C. 2017. Spontaneous mutation rate is a plastic trait associated with population density across domains of life. PLOS Biology. 15 (8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2002731
Emergent intentionality in perception-action subsumption hierarchies
Windridge, D. 2017. Emergent intentionality in perception-action subsumption hierarchies. Frontiers in Robotics and AI. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2017.00038
Movement correction in DCE-MRI through windowed and reconstruction dynamic mode decomposition
Tirunagari, S., Poh, N., Wells, K., Bober, M., Gorden, I. and Windridge, D. 2017. Movement correction in DCE-MRI through windowed and reconstruction dynamic mode decomposition. Machine Vision and Applications. 28 (3-4), pp. 393-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-017-0835-5
Application of deep learning neural network for classification of TB lung CT images based on patches
Gao, X. and Qian, Y. 2017. Application of deep learning neural network for classification of TB lung CT images based on patches. ImageCLEF / LifeCLEF - Multimedia Retrieval in CLEF: CLEF 2017: Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum. Dublin, Ireland 11 - 14 Sep 2017 CEUR Workshop Proceedings.
A fused deep learning architecture for viewpoint classification of echocardiography
Gao, X., Li, W., Loomes, M. and Wang, L. 2017. A fused deep learning architecture for viewpoint classification of echocardiography. Information Fusion. 36, pp. 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2016.11.007
Classification of CT brain images based on deep learning networks
Gao, X., Hui, R. and Tian, Z. 2017. Classification of CT brain images based on deep learning networks. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 138 (2017), pp. 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.10.007
A generalised framework for saliency-based point feature detection
Brown, M., Windridge, D. and Guillemaut, J. 2017. A generalised framework for saliency-based point feature detection. Computer Vision and Image Understanding. 157, pp. 117-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2016.09.008
Post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome and its association with hypertrophic olivary degeneration
Avula, S., Spiteri, M., Kumar, R., Lewis, E., Harave, S., Windridge, D., Ong, C. and Pizer, B. 2016. Post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome and its association with hypertrophic olivary degeneration. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. 6 (5), pp. 535-544. https://doi.org/10.21037/qims.2016.10.11
Classification of fibroglandular tissue distribution in the breast based on radiotherapy planning CT
Juneja, P., Evans, P., Windridge, D. and Harris, E. 2016. Classification of fibroglandular tissue distribution in the breast based on radiotherapy planning CT. BMC Medical Imaging. 16 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-016-0107-2
Criminal pattern identification based on modified K-means clustering
Aljrees, T., Shi, D., Windridge, D. and Wong, B. 2016. Criminal pattern identification based on modified K-means clustering. 2016 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. Jeju, South Korea 10 - 13 Jul 2016 IEEE. pp. 799-806 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMLC.2016.7872990
Can DMD obtain a scene background in color?
Tirunagari, S., Poh, N., Bober, M. and Windridge, D. 2016. Can DMD obtain a scene background in color? 2016 International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing (ICIVC). Portsmouth, UK 03 - 05 Aug 2016 pp. 46-50 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIVC.2016.7571272
Monotonicity of fitness landscapes and mutation rate control
Belavkin, R., Channon, A., Aston, E., Aston, J., Krašovec, R. and Knight, C. 2016. Monotonicity of fitness landscapes and mutation rate control. Journal of Mathematical Biology. 73 (6-7), pp. 1491-1524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-016-0995-3
A deep learning based approach to classification of CT brain images
Gao, X. and Hui, R. 2016. A deep learning based approach to classification of CT brain images. SAI Computing Conference 2016. London, UK 13 - 15 Jul 2016 IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/sai.2016.7555958
A new approach to image enhancement for the visually impaired
Gao, X. and Loomes, M. 2016. A new approach to image enhancement for the visually impaired. IS&T International Symposium on Electronic Imaging 2016 - Color Imaging XXI: Displaying, Processing, Hardcopy, and Applications. San Francisco, CA, USA 14 - 18 Feb 2016 Society for Imaging Science and Technology. pp. 1-7 https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2016.20.COLOR-325
Kernel combination via debiased object correspondence analysis
Windridge, D. and Yan, F. 2016. Kernel combination via debiased object correspondence analysis. Information Fusion. 27, pp. 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2015.02.002
Advancing ambient assisted living with caution
Huyck, C., Augusto, J., Gao, X. and Botia, J. 2015. Advancing ambient assisted living with caution. in: Helfert, M., Holzinger, A., Ziefle, M., Fred, A., O'Donoghue, J. and Röcker, C. (ed.) Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health: First International Conference, ICT4AgeingWell 2015, Lisbon, Portugal, May 20-22, 2015. Revised Selected Papers Springer.
Identifying quantitative imaging features of posterior fossa syndrome in longitudinal MRI
Spiteri, M., Windridge, D., Avula, S., Kumar, R. and Lewis, E. 2015. Identifying quantitative imaging features of posterior fossa syndrome in longitudinal MRI. Journal of Medical Imaging. 2 (4), p. 044502. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JMI.2.4.044502
Evaluation of colour appearances displaying on smartphones
Gao, X., Khodamoradi, E., Guo, L., Yang, X., Tang, S., Guo, W. and Wang, Y. 2015. Evaluation of colour appearances displaying on smartphones. Yaguchi, H., Okajima, K., Ishida, T., Araki, K., Doi, M. and Manabe, Y. (ed.) AIC 2015, Color and Image, Midterm meeting of the International Colour Association (AIC). Tokyo, Japan 19 - 22 May 2015 The Color Science Association of Japan. pp. 539-544
Identifying similar patients using self-organising maps: a case study on type-1 diabetes self-care survey responses
Tirunagari, S., Poh, N., Hu, G. and Windridge, D. 2015. Identifying similar patients using self-organising maps: a case study on type-1 diabetes self-care survey responses. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1503.06316
Longitudinal MRI assessment: the identification of relevant features in the development of posterior fossa syndrome in children
Spiteri, M., Lewis, E., Windridge, D. and Avula, S. 2015. Longitudinal MRI assessment: the identification of relevant features in the development of posterior fossa syndrome in children. Medical imaging 2015: Computer-Aided Diagnosis. Orlando, Florida, United States 21 Feb 2015 Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2081591
Windowed DMD as a microtexture descriptor for finger vein counter-spoofing in biometrics
Tirunagari, S., Poh, N., Bober, M. and Windridge, D. 2015. Windowed DMD as a microtexture descriptor for finger vein counter-spoofing in biometrics. 2015 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS). Rome, Italy 16 - 19 Nov 2015 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 1-6 https://doi.org/10.1109/WIFS.2015.7368599
Globally optimal 2D-3D registration from points or lines without correspondences
Brown, M., Windridge, D. and Guillemaut, J. 2015. Globally optimal 2D-3D registration from points or lines without correspondences. 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). Santiago, Chile 07 - 13 Dec 2015 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 2111-2119 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2015.244
A generalisable framework for saliency-based line segment detection
Brown, M., Windridge, D. and Guillemaut, J. 2015. A generalisable framework for saliency-based line segment detection. Pattern Recognition. 48 (12), pp. 3993-4011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2015.06.015
A novel Markov logic rule induction strategy for characterizing sports video footage
Windridge, D., Kittler, J., De Campos, T., Yan, F., Christmas, W. and Khan, A. 2015. A novel Markov logic rule induction strategy for characterizing sports video footage. IEEE MultiMedia. 22 (2), pp. 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMUL.2014.36
Artificial co-drivers as a universal enabling technology for future intelligent vehicles and transportation systems
Da Lio, M., Biral, F., Bertolazzi, E., Galvani, M., Bosetti, P., Windridge, D., Saroldi, A. and Tango, F. 2015. Artificial co-drivers as a universal enabling technology for future intelligent vehicles and transportation systems. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 16 (1), pp. 244-263. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2014.2330199
Asymmetric topologies on statistical manifolds
Belavkin, R. 2015. Asymmetric topologies on statistical manifolds. 2nd International Conference on Geometric Science of Information. Palaiseau, France 28 - 30 Oct 2015 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25040-3_23
Breast cancer data analytics with missing values: a study on ethnic, age and income groups
Tirunagari, S., Poh, N., Abdulrahman, H., Nemmour, N. and Windridge, D. 2015. Breast cancer data analytics with missing values: a study on ethnic, age and income groups. ArXiv e-prints: Quantitative Biology > Quantitative Methods. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1503.03680
The application of KAZE features to the classification echocardiogram videos
Li, W., Qian, Y., Loomes, M. and Gao, X. 2015. The application of KAZE features to the classification echocardiogram videos. First International Workshop Multimodal Retrieval in the Medical Domain (MRMD 2015). Vienna, Austria 29 Mar 2015 Springer. pp. 61-72 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24471-6_6
Detection of face spoofing using visual dynamics
Tirunagari, S., Poh, N., Windridge, D., Iorliam, A., Suki, N. and Ho, A. 2015. Detection of face spoofing using visual dynamics. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 10 (4), pp. 762-777. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2015.2406533
Modelling of chromatic contrast for retrieval of wallpaper images
Gao, X., Wang, Y., Qian, Y. and Gao, A. 2015. Modelling of chromatic contrast for retrieval of wallpaper images. Color Research and Application. 40 (4), pp. 361-373. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.21897
Multilevel Chinese takeaway process and label-based processes for rule induction in the context of automated sports video annotation
Khan, A., Windridge, D. and Kittler, J. 2014. Multilevel Chinese takeaway process and label-based processes for rule induction in the context of automated sports video annotation. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. 44 (10), pp. 1910-1923. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCYB.2014.2299955
Domain anomaly detection in machine perception: a system architecture and taxonomy
Kittler, J., Christmas, W., De Campos, T., Windridge, D., Yan, F., Illingworth, J. and Osman, M. 2014. Domain anomaly detection in machine perception: a system architecture and taxonomy. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 36 (5), pp. 845-859. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2013.209
Local semantic indexing for resource discovery on overlay network using mobile agents
Singh, M., Cheng, X. and Belavkin, R. 2014. Local semantic indexing for resource discovery on overlay network using mobile agents. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems. 7 (3), pp. 432-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/18756891.2013.856257
A saliency-based framework for 2D-3D registration
Brown, M., Guillemaut, J. and Windridge, D. 2014. A saliency-based framework for 2D-3D registration. 9th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications (VISAPP 2014). Lisbon, Portugal 05 - 08 Jan 2014 SciTePress. pp. 265-273 https://doi.org/10.5220/0004675402650273
Supervised selective kernel fusion for membrane protein prediction
Tatarchuk, A., Sulimova, V., Torshin, I., Mottl, V. and Windridge, D. 2014. Supervised selective kernel fusion for membrane protein prediction. Comin, M., Käll, L., Marchiori, E., Ngom, A. and Rajapakse, J. (ed.) 9th IAPR International Conference Pattern Recognition in Bioinformatics (PRIB 2014). Stockholm, Sweden 21 - 23 Aug 2014 Springer. pp. 98-109 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09192-1_9
Challenges in designing an online healthcare platform for personalised patient analytics
Poh, N., Tirunagari, S. and Windridge, D. 2014. Challenges in designing an online healthcare platform for personalised patient analytics. 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Big Data (CIBD). Orlando, FL., USA 09 - 12 Dec 2014 IEEE. pp. 1-6 https://doi.org/10.1109/CIBD.2014.7011526
Patient level analytics using self-organising maps: a case study on type-1 diabetes self-care survey responses
Tirunagari, S., Poh, N., Aliabadi, K., Windridge, D. and Cooke, D. 2014. Patient level analytics using self-organising maps: a case study on type-1 diabetes self-care survey responses. 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Data Mining (CIDM). Orlando, FL., USA 09 - 12 Dec 2014 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 304-309 https://doi.org/10.1109/CIDM.2014.7008682
Non-enumerative cross validation for the determination of structural parameters in feature-selective SVMs
Chernousova, E., Levdik, P., Tatarchuk, A., Mottl, V. and Windridge, D. 2014. Non-enumerative cross validation for the determination of structural parameters in feature-selective SVMs. 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition ICPR 2014. Stockholm, Sweden 24 - 28 Aug 2014 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 3654-3659 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2014.628
Linear regression via elastic net: non-enumerative leave-one-out verification of feature selection
Chernousova, E., Razin, N., Krasotkina, O., Mottl, V. and Windridge, D. 2014. Linear regression via elastic net: non-enumerative leave-one-out verification of feature selection. in: Aleskerov, F., Goldengorin, B. and Pardalos, P. (ed.) Clusters, Orders, and Trees: Methods and Applications: In Honor of Boris Mirkin's 70th Birthday New York Springer.
Automatic annotation of tennis games: an integration of audio, vision, and learning
Yan, F., Kittler, J., Windridge, D., Christmas, W., Mikolajczyk, K., Cox, S. and Huang, Q. 2014. Automatic annotation of tennis games: an integration of audio, vision, and learning. Image and Vision Computing. 32 (11), pp. 896-903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2014.08.004
A kernel-based framework for medical big-data analytics
Windridge, D. and Bober, M. 2014. A kernel-based framework for medical big-data analytics. in: Interactive Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining in Biomedical Informatics: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges Springer. pp. 197-208
Where antibiotic resistance mutations meet quorum-sensing
Krašovec, R., Belavkin, R., Aston, J., Channon, A., Aston, E., Rash, B., Kadirvel, M., Forbes, S. and Knight, C. 2014. Where antibiotic resistance mutations meet quorum-sensing. Microbial Cell. 1 (7), pp. 250-252. https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2014.07.158
On variational definition of quantum entropy
Belavkin, R. 2014. On variational definition of quantum entropy. 34th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering (MaxEnt 2014). Clos Lucé, Amboise, France 21 - 26 Sep 2014 American Institute of Physics. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4905979
Asymmetry of risk and value of information
Belavkin, R. 2014. Asymmetry of risk and value of information. in: Vogiatzis, C., Walteros, J. and Pardalos, P. (ed.) Dynamics of Information Systems: Computational and Mathematical Challenges Springer.
Mutation rate plasticity in rifampicin resistance depends on Escherichia coli cell–cell interactions
Krašovec, R., Belavkin, R., Aston, J., Channon, A., Aston, E., Rash, B., Kadirvel, M., Forbes, S. and Knight, C. 2014. Mutation rate plasticity in rifampicin resistance depends on Escherichia coli cell–cell interactions. Nature Communications. 5, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4742
Feature-wise representation for both still and motion 3D medical images
Gao, X. 2014. Feature-wise representation for both still and motion 3D medical images. 2014 IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation (SSIAI). San Diego, USA 06 - 09 Apr 2014 IEEE. pp. 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1109/SSIAI.2014.6806014
Cardiac motion reconstruction using LKT algorithm from 2D and 3D echocardiography
Gao, A., Li, W., Lin, C., Loomes, M. and Gao, X. 2013. Cardiac motion reconstruction using LKT algorithm from 2D and 3D echocardiography. in: IPCV'13 - The 2013 International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition CSRES Press.
Content-based petrieval of 3D medical images
Qian, Y., Gao, X., Loomes, M., Comley, R., Barn, B., Hui, R. and Tian, Z. 2011. Content-based petrieval of 3D medical images. in: Gemert-Pijnen, L., Ossebaard, H. and Hämäläinen, P. (ed.) eTELEMED 2011, The Third International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine IARIA. pp. 7-12
High throughput screening for mammography using a human-computer interface with rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)
Abbey, C., Hope, C., Sterr, A., Elangovan, P., Geades, N., Windridge, D., Young, K., Wells, K. and Mello-Thoms, C. 2013. High throughput screening for mammography using a human-computer interface with rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). SPIE Proceedings Vol. 8673. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2007557
Minimum of information distance criterion for optimal control of mutation rate in evolutionary systems
Belavkin, R. 2013. Minimum of information distance criterion for optimal control of mutation rate in evolutionary systems. in: Accardi, L., Freudenberg, W. and Ohya, M. (ed.) Quantum Bio-Informatics V : Proceedings of the Quantum Bio-Informatics 2011. Tokyo University of Science, Japan, 7 – 12 March 2011 World Scientific.
Law of cosines and Shannon-Pythagorean theorem for quantum information
Belavkin, R. 2013. Law of cosines and Shannon-Pythagorean theorem for quantum information. in: Nielsen, F. and Barbaresco, F. (ed.) Geometric Science of Information : First International Conference, GSI 2013, Paris, France, August 28-30, 2013. Proceedings Berlin Springer.
The synergy of 3D SIFT and sparse codes for classification of viewpoints from echocardiogram videos
Qian, Y., Wang, L., Wang, C. and Gao, X. 2013. The synergy of 3D SIFT and sparse codes for classification of viewpoints from echocardiogram videos. Greenspan, H., Müller, H. and Syeda-Mahmood, T. (ed.) 3rd MICCAI International Workshop on Medical Content-Based Retrieval for Clinical Decision Support. Nice, France 01 - 01 Oct 2012 Berlin, Heidelberg Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36678-9_7
3D CBIR with sparse coding for image-guided neurosurgery
Qian, Y., Hui, R. and Gao, X. 2013. 3D CBIR with sparse coding for image-guided neurosurgery. Signal Processing. 93 (6), pp. 1673-1683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2012.10.020
Optimal measures and Markov transition kernels
Belavkin, R. 2013. Optimal measures and Markov transition kernels. Journal of Global Optimization. 55 (2), pp. 387-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10898-012-9851-1
Looking to score: the dissociation of goal influence on eye movement and meta-attentional allocation in a complex dynamic natural scene
Taya, S., Windridge, D. and Osman, M. 2012. Looking to score: the dissociation of goal influence on eye movement and meta-attentional allocation in a complex dynamic natural scene. PLoS ONE. 7 (6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039060
Retrieval of 3D medical images via their texture features
Gao, X., Qian, Y., Loomes, M., Barn, B., Comley, R., Chapman, A., Rix, J., Hui, R. and Tian, Z. 2012. Retrieval of 3D medical images via their texture features. International Journal on Advances in Software. 4 (3&4), pp. 499-509.
Bridging the abridged – the diffusion of Telemedicine in Europe and China
Gao, X., Loomes, M. and Comley, R. 2012. Bridging the abridged – the diffusion of Telemedicine in Europe and China. in: Rodrigues, J., Díez, I. and Abajo, B. (ed.) Telemedicine and e-health services, policies, and applications: avancements and developments USA IGI Global. pp. 451-495
The state of the art of medical imaging technology: from creation to archive and back.
Gao, X., Qian, Y. and Hui, R. 2011. The state of the art of medical imaging technology: from creation to archive and back. The Open Medical Informatics Journal. 5 (1-M8), pp. 73-85. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874431101105010073
Critical mutation rate has an exponential dependence on population size
Channon, A., Aston, E., Day, C., Belavkin, R. and Knight, C. 2011. Critical mutation rate has an exponential dependence on population size. Lenaerts, T., Giacobini, M., Bersini, H., Bourgine, P., Dorigo, M. and Doursat, R. (ed.) ECAL 2011: The 11th European Conference on Artificial Life. Paris, France 08 - 12 Aug 2011 The MIT Press. pp. 117-124 https://doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-29714-1-ch021
Dynamics of information and optimal control of mutation in evolutionary systems
Belavkin, R. 2012. Dynamics of information and optimal control of mutation in evolutionary systems. in: Sorokin, A., Murphey, R., Thai, M. and Pardalos, P. (ed.) Dynamics of Information Systems: Mathematical Foundations New York Springer.
Maximal connectivity and constraints in the human brain
Belavkin, R. 2012. Maximal connectivity and constraints in the human brain. in: Pardalos, P., Coleman, T. and Xanthopoulos, P. (ed.) Optimization and data analysis in biomedical informatics New York Springer.
On evolution of an information dynamic system and its generating operator
Belavkin, R. 2012. On evolution of an information dynamic system and its generating operator. Optimization Letters. 6 (5), pp. 827-840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11590-011-0325-z
The anatomy of teleneurosurgery in China
Gao, X. 2011. The anatomy of teleneurosurgery in China. International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/353405
Theory and practice of optimal mutation rate control in Hamming spaces of DNA sequences
Belavkin, R., Channon, A., Aston, E., Aston, J. and Knight, C. 2011. Theory and practice of optimal mutation rate control in Hamming spaces of DNA sequences. Lenaerts, T., Giacobini, M., Bersini, H., Bourgine, P., Dorigo, M. and Doursat, R. (ed.) ECAL 2011: The 11th European Conference on Artificial Life. Paris, France 08 - 12 Aug 2011 The MIT Press. pp. 85-92 https://doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-29714-1-ch017
Mutation and optimal search of sequences in nested Hamming spaces
Belavkin, R. 2011. Mutation and optimal search of sequences in nested Hamming spaces. IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW). Paraty, Brazil 16 - 20 Oct 2011 IEEE. pp. 90-94 https://doi.org/10.1109/ITW.2011.6089592
Conflict resolution and learning probability matching in a neural cell-assembly architecture
Belavkin, R. and Huyck, C. 2011. Conflict resolution and learning probability matching in a neural cell-assembly architecture. Cognitive Systems Research. 12 (2), pp. 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2010.08.003
Towards a theory of decision-making without paradoxes.
Belavkin, R. 2006. Towards a theory of decision-making without paradoxes. Fum, D., Missier, F. and Stocco, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Cognitive Modeling. Trieste, Italy 05 - 08 Apr 2006 Trieste, Italy Edizioni Goliardiche. pp. 38-43
Emergence of rules in cell assemblies of fLIF neurons.
Belavkin, R. and Huyck, C. 2008. Emergence of rules in cell assemblies of fLIF neurons. The 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. University of Patras, Greece 21 - 25 Jul 2008
A model of probability matching in a two-choice task based on stochastic control of learning in neural cell-assemblies.
Belavkin, R. and Huyck, C. 2009. A model of probability matching in a two-choice task based on stochastic control of learning in neural cell-assemblies. 9th International conference on cognitive modelling {ICCM 2009]. University of Manchester 24 - 26 Jul 2009
Texture-based 3d image retrieval for medical applications
Gao, X., Qian, Y., Hui, R., Loomes, M., Comley, R., Barn, B., Chapman, A. and Rix, J. 2010. Texture-based 3d image retrieval for medical applications. Macedo, M. (ed.) IADIS International Conference e-Health 2010. Freiburg, Germany 29 - 31 Jul 2010 IADIS. pp. 101-108
Application of mesh morphing techniques in modelling 3D objects
Gao, X. and Hassan, M. 2010. Application of mesh morphing techniques in modelling 3D objects. Annual International Conference on Computer Games Multimedia and Allied Technology. Singapore 06 - 07 Apr 2010 Global Science and Technology Forum. https://doi.org/10.5176/978-981-08-5480-5_048
Addressing missing values in kernel-based multimodal biometric fusion using neutral point substitution
Poh, N., Windridge, D., Mottl, V., Tatarchuk, A. and Eliseyev, A. 2010. Addressing missing values in kernel-based multimodal biometric fusion using neutral point substitution. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 5 (3), pp. 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2010.2053535
Resource discovery using mobile agents
Singh, M., Cheng, X. and Belavkin, R. 2010. Resource discovery using mobile agents. Frontier of Computer Science and Technology (FCST), 2010 Fifth International Conference. Changchun, Jilin Province 18 - 22 Aug 2010 IEEE. pp. 72 -77 https://doi.org/10.1109/FCST.2010.93
Utility and value of information in cognitive science, biology and quantum theory.
Belavkin, R. 2010. Utility and value of information in cognitive science, biology and quantum theory. Accardi, L., Freudenberg, W. and Ohya, M. (ed.) Quantum Bio-Informatics III. Tokyo, Japan 11 - 14 Mar 2009 London World Scientific. pp. 33-47 https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814304061_0004
Information trajectory of optimal learning
Belavkin, R. 2010. Information trajectory of optimal learning. in: Hirsch, M., Pardalos, P. and Murphey, R. (ed.) Dynamics of Information Systems: Theory and Applications Springer.
Learning behaviour patterns of classroom and distance students using flexible learning resources.
Dimitrova, M., Belavkin, R., Milankovic-Atkinson, M., Sadler, C. and Murphy, A. 2003. Learning behaviour patterns of classroom and distance students using flexible learning resources. in: Lee, K. and Mitchell, K. (ed.) International conference on computers in education 2003: a conference of the Asia-Pacific chapter of the association for the advancement of computing in education (AACE). Hong Kong ICCE.
Road sign recognition by one fixation of space-variant sensor.
Gao, X., Shaposhnikov, D., Podladchikova, L., Golovan, A., Shevtsova, N. and Hong, K. 2002. Road sign recognition by one fixation of space-variant sensor. in: Gorodnich, D. and Zhang, H. (ed.) Vision Interface ’2002: proceedings Quebec Canadian Image Processing and Pattern Recognition Society.
Invariant recognition of traffic signs
Gao, X., Shaposhnikov, D., Podladchikova, L., Shevtsova, N. and Golovan, A. 2002. Invariant recognition of traffic signs.
Application of the behavioural model of vision for invariant recognition of facial and traffic sign images.
Gao, X., Shaposhnikov, D., Podladchikova, L., Golovan, A., Shevtsova, N., Gusakova, V. and Gizatdinova, Y. 2003. Application of the behavioural model of vision for invariant recognition of facial and traffic sign images. in: Gulaev, Y. and Galushkin, A. (ed.) Neurocomputers and their application. [In Russian] Moscow Radiotechnics.
Image classification based on the informative regions properties.
Gao, X., Podladchikova, L. and Shaposhnikov, D. 2003. Image classification based on the informative regions properties. in: Proceedings of PRIA-6-2002 : 6th International conference on pattern recognition and image analysis: new information technologies. MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica. pp. 439-441
Image retrieval through perceptual shape modelling.
Gao, X., Ren, M., Riley, K., Eakins, J. and Briggs, P. 2001. Image retrieval through perceptual shape modelling. London Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries.
Telemedicine in Europe.
Gao, X. 2006. Telemedicine in Europe. ChinaPacs. Beijing 14 - 16 Apr 2006
A new approach to traffic sign recognition
Gao, X., Podladchikova, L., Shaposhnikov, D., Hong, K., Batty, S., Golovan, A., Gusakova, V. and Shevtsova, N. 2002. A new approach to traffic sign recognition. in: Arabnia, H. and Mun, Y. (ed.) Proceedings of the international conference on imaging science, systems, and technology: CISST'02. Athens CSREA Press.
Road sign recognition by means of the behavioural model of vision.
Gao, X., Golovan, A., Hong, K., Podladchikova, L. and Shevtsova, N. 2002. Road sign recognition by means of the behavioural model of vision. in: Proceedings of the third all-Russian conference on neuroinformatics [In Russian]. Moscow. pp. 63-69
Colour reproduction for tele-imaging systems
Gao, X. and He, P. 2006. Colour reproduction for tele-imaging systems. Computerized medical imaging and graphics. 30 (6-7), pp. 79-84.
Measurement of vessel diameters on retinal for cardiovascular studies.
Gao, X., Bharath, A., Stanton, A., Hughes, A., Chapman, N. and Thom, S. 2001. Measurement of vessel diameters on retinal for cardiovascular studies. in: Claridge, E., Bamber, J. and Marlow, K. (ed.) Medical image understanding and analysis 2001. Medical Imaging Understanding and Analysis.
Extraction of sagittal symmetry planes from PET images.
Gao, X., Batty, S., Clark, J., Fryer, T., Blandford, A. and International Association of Science and Technology for Development. 2001. Extraction of sagittal symmetry planes from PET images. in: Hamza, M. (ed.) Visualization, imaging and image processing: proceedings of the IASTED international conference. Calgary IASTED. pp. 428-433
The state of art of medical displays.
Gao, X. 2006. The state of art of medical displays. EuroPacs 2006. Trondheim, Norway 14 - 17 Jun 2006
Towards archiving wallpaper images
Gao, X., Qian, Y., Tully, T. and Hendon, Z. 2004. Towards archiving wallpaper images. in: Hamza, M. (ed.) Proceedings of the seventh IASTED international conference on computer graphics and imaging. Anaheim Acta Press. pp. 305-309
High-precision detection of facial landmarks to estimate head motions based on vision models
Gao, X., Anishenko, S., Shaposhnikov, D., Podladchikova, L., Batty, S. and Clark, J. 2007. High-precision detection of facial landmarks to estimate head motions based on vision models. Journal of computer sciences. 3 (7), pp. 528-532.
Content-based retrieval of PET images via localised anatomical texture measurements and mean activity levels
Gao, X., Batty, S., Clark, J. and Fryer, T. 2006. Content-based retrieval of PET images via localised anatomical texture measurements and mean activity levels. Computerized medical imaging and graphics. 30 (6-7), pp. 70-74.
Extraction of physiological information from 3D PET brain images.
Gao, X., Batty, S., Fryer, T., Clark, J., Turkheimer, F. and International Association of Science and Technology for Development. 2003. Extraction of physiological information from 3D PET brain images. in: Villanueva, J. (ed.) Visualization imaging and image processing. Acta Press. pp. 401-405
Extraction of features from 3D PET images.
Gao, X., Batty, S., Clark, J. and Fryer, T. 2002. Extraction of features from 3D PET images. in: Houston, A. and Zwiggelar, R. (ed.) Medical image understanding and analysis 2002. BMVA.
Towards archiving 3D PET brain images based on their physiological and visual content.
Gao, X., Batty, S., Clark, J., Fryer, T. and Turkheimer, F. 2002. Towards archiving 3D PET brain images based on their physiological and visual content. International conference on diagnostic imaging and analysis. Shanghai, China 18 - 20 Aug 2002
A new approach to estimation of non-isotropic scale factors for correction of MR distortion
Gao, X., Hui, R., White, A.S. and Tian, Z. 2009. A new approach to estimation of non-isotropic scale factors for correction of MR distortion. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery. 4 (s1), pp. s349-s350.
Bounds of optimal learning
Belavkin, R. 2009. Bounds of optimal learning. 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning. Nashville, TN, USA 30 Mar - 02 Apr 2009 IEEE. pp. 199-204 https://doi.org/10.1109/ADPRL.2009.4927545
Classification of images on the basis of the properties of informative regions.
Gao, X., Shaposhnikov, D. and Podladchikova, L. 2003. Classification of images on the basis of the properties of informative regions. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. 13 (2), pp. 349-352.
Counting with neurons: rule application with nets of fatiguing leaking integrate and fire neurons.
Huyck, C. and Belavkin, R. 2006. Counting with neurons: rule application with nets of fatiguing leaking integrate and fire neurons. 7th International Conference on Cognitive Modelling. Trieste, Italy pp. 142-147
The use of entropy for analysis and control of cognitive models
Belavkin, R. and Ritter, F. 2003. The use of entropy for analysis and control of cognitive models. The Fifth International Conference on Cognitive Modelling. Bamberg, Germany 2003 pp. 21-26
Conflict resolution by random estimated costs
Belavkin, R. 2003. Conflict resolution by random estimated costs. 17th European Simulation Multiconference. Nottingham UK pp. 105-110
On relation between emotion and entropy
Belavkin, R. 2004. On relation between emotion and entropy. AISB'04 Symposium on Emotion, Cognition and Affective Computing. Leeds UK pp. 1-8
OPTIMIST: A new conflict resolution algorithm for ACT-R.
Belavkin, R. and Ritter, F. 2004. OPTIMIST: A new conflict resolution algorithm for ACT-R. Sixth International Conference on Cognitive Modelling. Mahwah, NJ pp. 40-45
Entropy and information in models of learning behaviour
Belavkin, R. 2005. Entropy and information in models of learning behaviour. AISB Quarterly. 119, pp. 5-5.
Towards a theory of decision-making with paradoxes.
Belavkin, R. 2006. Towards a theory of decision-making with paradoxes. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Cognitive Modelling. Trieste, Italy 2006 pp. 38-43
A fast approach to segmentation of PET brain images for extraction of features
Gao, X. and Clark, J. 2008. A fast approach to segmentation of PET brain images for extraction of features. Gao, X., Loomes, M., Comley, R., Muller, H. and Luo, S. (ed.) International Conference on Medical Imaging and Informatics (MIMI 2007). Beijing, China 14 - 16 Aug 2007 Berlin, Heidelberg Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79490-5_25
Prototype system for semantic retrieval of neurological PET images
Batty, S., Clark, J., Fryer, T. and Gao, X. 2008. Prototype system for semantic retrieval of neurological PET images. Gao, X., Muller, H., Loomes, M., Comley, R. and Luo, S. (ed.) International Conference on Medical Imaging and Informatics (MIMI 2007). Beijing, China 14 - 16 Aug 2007 Berlin, Heidelberg Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79490-5_23
Colour vision model-based approach for segmentation of traffic signs
Gao, X., Hong, K., Passmore, P., Podladchikova, L. and Shaposhnikov, D. 2008. Colour vision model-based approach for segmentation of traffic signs. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/386705
The duality of utility and information in optimally learning systems
Belavkin, R. 2008. The duality of utility and information in optimally learning systems. 7th IEEE International Conference on Cybernetic Intelligent Systems. London, UK 09 - 10 Sep 2008 London IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/UKRICIS.2008.4798960
Toward a robust system to monitor the head motions during PET based on facial landmarks detection: a new approach
Anishenko, S., Osimov, V., Shaposhnikov, D., Podladchikova, L., Comley, R. and Gao, X. 2008. Toward a robust system to monitor the head motions during PET based on facial landmarks detection: a new approach. Puuronen, S., Pechenizkiy, M., Tsymbal, A. and Lee, D. (ed.) 21st IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems. Jyvaskyla, Finland 17 - 19 Jun 2008 IEEE Computer Society. pp. 50-52 https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.2008.19
Do neural models scale up to a human brain?
Belavkin, R. 2007. Do neural models scale up to a human brain? International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2007). Orlando, Florida 12 - 17 Aug 2007 IEEE. pp. 2312-2317 https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN.2007.4371319
Detection of head motions using a vision model
Gao, X., Shaposhnikov, D., Podladchikova, L., Batty, S. and Clark, J. 2007. Detection of head motions using a vision model. Bashshur, R. (ed.) 3rd IASTED International Conference on Telehealth. Montreal, QC, Canada 31 May - 01 Jun 2007 Anaheim, CA Acta Press. pp. 167-171
Recognition of traffic signs based on their colour and shape features extracted using human vision models
Gao, X., Podladchikova, L., Shaposhnikov, D., Hong, K. and Shevtsova, N. 2006. Recognition of traffic signs based on their colour and shape features extracted using human vision models. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation. 17 (4), pp. 675-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2005.10.003
Acting irrationally to improve performance in stochastic worlds
Belavkin, R. 2005. Acting irrationally to improve performance in stochastic worlds. Bramer, M., Coenen, F. and Allen, T. (ed.) 25th SGAI International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge, UK 2005 Springer. pp. 305-316 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-226-3_23
Colour management in telemedicine
Gao, X. 2004. Colour management in telemedicine. Hamza, M. (ed.) 7th IASTED International Conference on Computer Graphics and Imaging. Kauai, Hawaii, United States 16 - 18 Aug 2004 Anaheim, CA Acta Press. pp. 361-364
Application of vision models to traffic sign recognition
Gao, X., Shaposhnikov, D. and Podladchikova, L. 2004. Application of vision models to traffic sign recognition. Kaynak, O., Alpaydin, E., Oja, E. and Xu, L. (ed.) Artificial Neural Networks and Neural Information Processing — ICANN/ICONIP 2003. Istanbul, Turkey 26 - 29 Sep 2003 Berlin, Heidelberg Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44989-2_131
Towards content-based retrieval for wallpaper images
Qian, Y., Tully, C., Hendon, Z. and Gao, X. 2003. Towards content-based retrieval for wallpaper images. 7th IASTED International Conference on Computer Graphics and Imaging. Kauai, Hawaii, United States 16 - 18 Aug 2004 pp. 305-309
Vision models based identification of traffic signs
Gao, X., Podladchikova, L., Shaposhnikov, D., Shevtsova, N., Hong, K., Batty, S., Golovan, A. and Gusakova, V. 2002. Vision models based identification of traffic signs. 1st European Conference on Colour Graphics, Imaging, and Vision. University of Poitiers, France 02 - 05 Apr 2002 Society for Imaging Science and Technology.
Content based retrieval of lesioned brain images
Batty, S., Blandford, A., Clark, J., Fryer, T. and Gao, X. 2002. Content based retrieval of lesioned brain images. Siegel, E. and Huang, H. (ed.) SPIE Medical Imaging 2002. San Diego, California, United States 23 - 28 Feb 2002 Bellingham Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.466997
A method of vessel tracking for vessel diameter measurement on retinal images
Gao, X., Bharath, A., Stanton, A., Hughes, A., Chapman, N. and Thom, S. 2001. A method of vessel tracking for vessel diameter measurement on retinal images. 2001 International Conference on Image Processing. Thessaloniki, Greece 07 - 10 Oct 2001 IEEE.
Computer algorithms for the automated measurement of retinal arteriolar diameters
Chapman, N., Witt, N., Gao, X., Bharath, A., Stanton, A., Thom, S. and Hughes, A. 2001. Computer algorithms for the automated measurement of retinal arteriolar diameters. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 85 (1), pp. 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.85.1.74
Quantification and characterization of arteries in retinal images
Gao, X., Bharath, A., Stanton, A., Hughes, A., Chapman, N. and Thom, S. 2000. Quantification and characterization of arteries in retinal images. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 63 (2), pp. 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2607(00)00082-1