Global occurrence, chemical properties, and ecological impacts of e-wastes (IUPAC technical report)

Article

Purchase, D., Abbasi, G., Bisschop, L., Chatterjee, D., Ekberg, C., Ermolin, M., Fedotov, P., Garelick, H., Isimekhai, K., Kandile, N., Lundstrom, M., Matharu, A., Miller, B., Pineda, A., Popoola, O., Retegan, T., Ruedel, H., Serpe, A., Shevah, Y., Surati, K., Walsh, F., Wilson, B. and Wong, M. 2020. Global occurrence, chemical properties, and ecological impacts of e-wastes (IUPAC technical report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 92 (11), pp. 1733-1767. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0502
TypeArticle
TitleGlobal occurrence, chemical properties, and ecological impacts of e-wastes (IUPAC technical report)
AuthorsPurchase, D., Abbasi, G., Bisschop, L., Chatterjee, D., Ekberg, C., Ermolin, M., Fedotov, P., Garelick, H., Isimekhai, K., Kandile, N., Lundstrom, M., Matharu, A., Miller, B., Pineda, A., Popoola, O., Retegan, T., Ruedel, H., Serpe, A., Shevah, Y., Surati, K., Walsh, F., Wilson, B. and Wong, M.
Abstract

The waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment grows exponentially, creating a worldwide pollution and resource problem. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) comprises a heterogeneous mix of glass, plastics (including flame retardants and other additives), metals (including rare earth elements) and metalloids. The e-waste issue is complex and multi-faceted. In examining the different aspects of e-waste, informal recycling in developing countries has been identified as a primary concern due to widespread illegal shipments, weak environmental as well as health and safety regulations, lack of technology and inadequate waste treatment structure. For example, Nigeria, Ghana, India, Pakistan and China have all been identified as hotspots for the disposal of e-waste. This article presents a critical examination on the chemical nature of e-waste and the resulting environmental impacts on, for example, microbial biodiversity, flora and fauna in e-waste recycling sites around the world. It highlights the different types of risk assessment approaches required when evaluating the ecological impact of e-waste. Additionally, it presents examples of chemistry playing a role in potential solutions. The information presented here will be informative to relevant stakeholders to devise integrated management strategies to tackle this global environmental concern.

Keywordschemical composition; ecological assessment; environmental impacts; e-waste; recycling
PublisherDe Gruyter
JournalPure and Applied Chemistry
ISSN0033-4545
Electronic1365-3075
Publication dates
Online27 Aug 2020
Print26 Nov 2020
Publication process dates
Submitted06 May 2019
Accepted05 Feb 2020
Deposited23 Mar 2020
Output statusPublished
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Copyright Statement

© 2020 IUPAC & De Gruyter. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For more information, please visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0502
Scopus EID2-s2.0-85092045460
Web of Science identifierWOS:000590261100001
LanguageEnglish
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Gonzalez Baez, A., Pantoja Munoz, L., Garelick, H. and Purchase, D. 2020. Recovery of rare earth elements from electronic waste through bioleaching. LSBU 100 Women in Engineering - Engineering a World That Works For Everyone. London, UK 17 Nov 2020
Environmental and health hazards of textile industry wastewater pollutants and its treatment approaches
Kishor, R., Purchase, D., Ferreira, L., Mulla, S., Bilal, M. and Bharagava, R. 2020. Environmental and health hazards of textile industry wastewater pollutants and its treatment approaches. in: Hussain, C. (ed.) Handbook of Environmental Materials Management Cham, Switzerland Springer Nature. pp. 1-24
A global multinational survey of cefotaxime-resistant coliforms in urban wastewater treatment plants
Marano, R., Fernandes, T., Manaia, C., Nunes, O., Morrison, D., Berendonk, T., Kreuzinger, N., Telson, T., Corno, G., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Merlin, C., Topp, E., Jurkevitch, E., Henn, L., Scott, A., Heß, S., Slipko, K., Laht, M., Kisand, V., Di Cesare, A., Karaolia, P., Michael, S., Petre, A., Rosal, R., Pruden, A., Riquelme, V., Agüera, A., Esteban, B., Luczkiewicz, A., Kalinowska, A., Leonard, A., Gaze, W., Adegoke, A., Stenstrom, T., Pollice, A., Salerno, C., Schwermer, C., Krzeminski, P., Guilloteau, H., Donner, E., Drigo, B., Libralato, G., Guida, M., Bürgmann, H., Beck, K., Garelick, H., Tacão, M., Henriques, I., Martínez-Alcalá, I., Guillén-Navarro, J., Popowska, M., Piotrowska, M., Quintela-Baluja, M., Bunce, J., Polo-López, M., Nahim-Granados, S., Pons, M., Milakovic, M., Udikovic-Kolic, N., Ory, J., Ousmane, T., Caballero, P., Oliver, A., Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Balcazar, J., Jäger, T., Schwartz, T., Yang, Y., Zou, S., Lee, Y., Yoon, Y., Herzog, B., Mayrhofer, H., Prakash, O., Nimonkar, Y., Heath, E., Baraniak, A., Abreu-Silva, J., Choudhury, M., Pantoja Munoz, L., Krizanovic, S., Brunetti, G., Maile-Moskowitz, A., Brown, C. and Cytryn, E. 2020. A global multinational survey of cefotaxime-resistant coliforms in urban wastewater treatment plants. Environment International. 144, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106035
Implementation of biocementation for a partially saturated problematic soil of the UK railway network
Safdar, M., Mavroulidou, M., Gunn, M., Gray, C., Purchase, D., Garelick, J. and Payne, I. 2020. Implementation of biocementation for a partially saturated problematic soil of the UK railway network. Cardoso, R., Jommi, C. and Romero, E. (ed.) 4th European Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Lisboa, Portugal 19 - 21 Oct 2020 EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019505006
Degradation and detoxification of leather tannery effluent by a newly developed bacterial consortium GS-TE1310 for environmental safety
Saxena, G., Purchase, D., Mulla, S. and Bharagava, R. 2020. Degradation and detoxification of leather tannery effluent by a newly developed bacterial consortium GS-TE1310 for environmental safety. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101592
Exploitation of nitric oxide donors to control bacterial adhesion on ready‐to‐eat vegetables and dispersal of pathogenic biofilm from polypropylene
Islam, M., Durie, I., Ramadan, R., Purchase, D. and Marvasi, M. 2020. Exploitation of nitric oxide donors to control bacterial adhesion on ready‐to‐eat vegetables and dispersal of pathogenic biofilm from polypropylene. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 100 (7), pp. 3078-3086. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10340
Are quiz-games an effective revision tool in Anatomical Sciences for Higher Education and what do students think of them?
Wilkinson, K., Dafoulas, G., Garelick, H. and Huyck, C. 2020. Are quiz-games an effective revision tool in Anatomical Sciences for Higher Education and what do students think of them? British Journal of Educational Technology. 51 (3), pp. 761-777. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12883
Characterisation of rare earth elements in waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) and their bioleaching potential
Gonzalez Baez, A., Pantoja Munoz, L., Garelick, H. and Purchase, D. 2019. Characterisation of rare earth elements in waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) and their bioleaching potential. 16th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. Rhodes, Greece 04 - 07 Sep 2019
Antibiotic resistance genes in treated wastewater and in the receiving water bodies: a pan-European survey of urban settings
Cacace, D., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Manaia, C., Cytryn, E., Kreuzinger, N., Rizzo, L., Karaolia, P., Schwartz, T., Alexander, J., Merlin, C., Garelick, H., Schmitt, H., de Vries, D., Schwermer, C., Meric, S., Ozkal, C., Pons, M., Kneis, D. and Berendonk, T. 2019. Antibiotic resistance genes in treated wastewater and in the receiving water bodies: a pan-European survey of urban settings. Water Research. 162, pp. 320-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.039
Levels of awareness and concentrations of heavy metals in the blood of electronic waste scavengers in Nigeria
Popoola, O., Popoola, A. and Purchase, D. 2019. Levels of awareness and concentrations of heavy metals in the blood of electronic waste scavengers in Nigeria. Journal of Health and Pollution. 9 (21), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.21.190311
Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites: Eco-environmental concerns, field studies, sustainability issues, and future prospects
Saxena, G., Purchase, D., Mulla, S., Saratale, G. and Bharagava, R. 2019. Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites: Eco-environmental concerns, field studies, sustainability issues, and future prospects. in: de Voogt, P. (ed.) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 249 Springer. pp. 71-131
Phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of organic and inorganic pollutants rich tannery wastewater from a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) in Unnao district, India using Vigna radiata and Allium cepa
Yadav, A., Raj, A., Purchase, D., Ferreira, L., Saratale, G. and Bharagava, R. 2019. Phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of organic and inorganic pollutants rich tannery wastewater from a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) in Unnao district, India using Vigna radiata and Allium cepa. Chemosphere. 224, pp. 324-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.124
α-Mangostin, singly and in combination with Doxorubicin, as pro-apoptotic agents and protein kinase inhibitors In the AML cell line, Molm13
Osemeke, C., Garelick, H., Wen, S. and Appiah, S. 2018. α-Mangostin, singly and in combination with Doxorubicin, as pro-apoptotic agents and protein kinase inhibitors In the AML cell line, Molm13. EACR Conference Series: A matter of Life or Death. from Basic cell Death Mechanism to Novel cancer Treatment. Amstardam, Netherlands
Doxorubicin combined with Alpha Mangostin as pro-apoptotic agents and as potential kinase inhibitors of acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Osemeke, C., Garelick, H., Wen, S. and Appiah, S. 2017. Doxorubicin combined with Alpha Mangostin as pro-apoptotic agents and as potential kinase inhibitors of acute Myeloid Leukaemia. 2017 NCRI Cancer Conference. Liverpool, UK 05 - 08 Nov 2017
Potential interactions of Alpha Mangostin with Doxorubicin as potential Kinase inhibitors on myeloid leukaemic cell line
Osemeke, C., Garelick, H., Wen, S. and Appiah, S. 2017. Potential interactions of Alpha Mangostin with Doxorubicin as potential Kinase inhibitors on myeloid leukaemic cell line. 2017 Middlesex University Research Student Summer Conference. London, UK 28 - 29 Jun 2017
Combinational effect of phytochemicals on the action of chemotherapy drugs on acute myeloid leukaemic cell lines
Osemeke, C., Garelick, H., Wen, S. and Appiah, S. 2016. Combinational effect of phytochemicals on the action of chemotherapy drugs on acute myeloid leukaemic cell lines. 2016 Middlesex University Research Student Summer Conference. London, UK 29 - 30 Jun 2016
Potential interaction between natural compounds and chemotherapeutic drugs on leukaemia cell line
Osemeke, C., Garelick, H., Wen, S. and Appiah, S. 2015. Potential interaction between natural compounds and chemotherapeutic drugs on leukaemia cell line. 2015 Middlesex University Research Student Summer Conference. Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom 17 - 18 Jun 2015
Isolation and characterization of lignin-degrading bacterium Bacillus aryabhattai from pulp and paper mill wastewater and evaluation of its lignin-degrading potential
Zainith, S., Purchase, D., Saratale, G., Ferreira, L., Bilal, M. and Bharagava, R. 2019. Isolation and characterization of lignin-degrading bacterium Bacillus aryabhattai from pulp and paper mill wastewater and evaluation of its lignin-degrading potential. 3 Biotech. 9 (3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1631-x
A novel technology of solarization and phytoremediation enhanced with biosurfactant for sustainable treatment of PAH-contaminated soil
Futughe, A., Jones, H. and Purchase, D. 2018. A novel technology of solarization and phytoremediation enhanced with biosurfactant for sustainable treatment of PAH-contaminated soil. 15th International Phytotechnology Conference. Novi Sad, Serbia 01 - 05 Oct 2018
Global approaches to environmental exposure - assessment of e-wastes
Purchase, D., Bisschop, L., Ekberg, C., Fedotov, P., Garelick, H., Kandile, N., Luque, R., Popoola, O., Rüdel, H., Serpe, A., Surati, K. and Wilson, B. 2018. Global approaches to environmental exposure - assessment of e-wastes. SETAC Europe 28th Annual Meeting. Rome, Italy 13 - 17 May 2018
Characterisation of "flushable" and "non-flushable" commercial wet wipes using microRaman, FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy: to flush or not to flush
Pantoja Munoz, L., Gonzalez Baez, A., McKinney, D. and Garelick, H. 2018. Characterisation of "flushable" and "non-flushable" commercial wet wipes using microRaman, FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy: to flush or not to flush. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 25 (20), pp. 20268-20279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2400-9
Impact of austerity and delivery of public health compliance on English environmental health regulators
Plume, R., Page, A. and Garelick, H. 2018. Impact of austerity and delivery of public health compliance on English environmental health regulators. ComplianceNet annual conference. University California Irvine 01 - 02 Jun 2018
An exploration of the England, Wales and Northern Ireland based mandatory public food hygiene safety scoring
Choonara, A., Garelick, H., Page, A. and Borley, L. 2018. An exploration of the England, Wales and Northern Ireland based mandatory public food hygiene safety scoring. ComplianceNet annual conference. University California Irvine 01 - 02 Jun 2018
Chemistry and the environment
Purchase, D., Obare, S., Unsworth, J. and Garelick, H. 2018. Chemistry and the environment. Chemistry International. 40 (2), pp. 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1515/ci-2018-0230
Responding to the risk of reducing resources: development of a framework for future change programmes in environmental health services
Plume, R., Page, A. and Garelick, H. 2018. Responding to the risk of reducing resources: development of a framework for future change programmes in environmental health services. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 31, pp. 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.04.013
Applications of metagenomics in microbial bioremediation of pollutants: from genomics to environmental cleanup
Bharagava, R., Purchase, D., Saxena, G. and Mulla, S. 2018. Applications of metagenomics in microbial bioremediation of pollutants: from genomics to environmental cleanup. in: Das, S. and Dash, H. (ed.) Microbial Diversity in the Genomic Era Oxford, UK Elsevier, Academic Press. pp. 459-477
Oxidative and monoxygenase enzymatic response in Eisenia hortensis and Lumbricus terrestiris exposed to 3-, 4- and 5-ring hydrocarbons amended with biosurfactant
Popoola, S., Purchase, D. and Jones, H. 2018. Oxidative and monoxygenase enzymatic response in Eisenia hortensis and Lumbricus terrestiris exposed to 3-, 4- and 5-ring hydrocarbons amended with biosurfactant. SETAC AP 2018: 11th Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry – Asia Pacific 2018. Daegu, Korea 16 - 19 Sep 2018
Competition of As and other Group 15 elements for surface binding sites of an extremophilic Acidomyces acidophilus isolated from a historical tin mining site
Chan, W., Wildeboer, D., Garelick, H. and Purchase, D. 2018. Competition of As and other Group 15 elements for surface binding sites of an extremophilic Acidomyces acidophilus isolated from a historical tin mining site. Extremophiles. 22 (5), pp. 795-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-018-1039-2
Evidence for the outcomes and impact of clinical pharmacy: context of UK hospital pharmacy practice
Onatade, R., Appiah, S., Stephens, M. and Garelick, H. 2018. Evidence for the outcomes and impact of clinical pharmacy: context of UK hospital pharmacy practice. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. 25 (e1), pp. e21-e28. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2017-001303
To safeguard microgreens from contamination form Salmonella species
Selvam, S., Marvasi, M. and Purchase, D. 2017. To safeguard microgreens from contamination form Salmonella species. University Research Students Summer Conference 2017. London
The fate of bezafibrate, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin in the wastewater treatment process
Revitt, D., Tuckwell, R., Garelick, H., Jones, H. and Lundy, L. 2017. The fate of bezafibrate, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin in the wastewater treatment process. 14th IWA/IAHR International Conference on Urban Drainage. Prague, Czech Republic 10 - 15 Sep 2017 pp. 493-500
Electronic waste – an emerging global environmental and health challenge in the 21st century
Purchase, D. 2017. Electronic waste – an emerging global environmental and health challenge in the 21st century. SmART Cities and Waste Research Workshop. London, United Kingdom 06 Apr 2017
Enhanced vermiremediation of hydrocarbon contamination using biosurfactant
Popoola, S., Jones, H. and Purchase, D. 2017. Enhanced vermiremediation of hydrocarbon contamination using biosurfactant. SETAC Europe 27th Annual Meeting. Brussels, Belgium 07 - 11 May 2017
A study of the inhibition of biofilm formation on multiple surfaces by a biosurfactant containing four discrete lipopeptides
Khonsari, S., Gonzalez Baez, A., Nguyen, H., Pantoja Munoz, L. and Purchase, D. 2017. A study of the inhibition of biofilm formation on multiple surfaces by a biosurfactant containing four discrete lipopeptides. Microbiology Society Annual Conference. Edinburgh, United Kingdom 03 - 06 Apr 2017
Coming of age
Purchase, D. 2011. Coming of age. Environmental Scientist. 20 (2), pp. 30-33.
A proteomic study on the responses to arsenate stress by an acidophilic fungal strain Acidomyces acidophilus WKC1
Chan, W., Wildeboer, D., Garelick, H. and Purchase, D. 2016. A proteomic study on the responses to arsenate stress by an acidophilic fungal strain Acidomyces acidophilus WKC1. Biotechnology World Convention. Sao Paulo, Brazil 15 - 17 Aug 2016 OMICS International. pp. 35-35 https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.C1.058
Informal recycling of electronic wastes in developing countries: challenges and solutions
Purchase, D. 2017. Informal recycling of electronic wastes in developing countries: challenges and solutions. 16th International Chemistry and the Environment (ICCE) Conference. Oslo, Norway 18 - 22 Jun 2017
Can metals be used as tracers for organic contaminants in potentially e-waste-polluted environmental media?
Rüdel, H., Abbasi, G., Popoola, O. and Purchase, D. 2017. Can metals be used as tracers for organic contaminants in potentially e-waste-polluted environmental media? 16th International Conference on Chemistry and the Environment (ICCE 2017). Oslo, Norway 18 - 22 Jun 2017
Heavy metals distribution and risk assessment in soil from an informal e-waste recycling site in Lagos State, Nigeria
Isimekhai, K., Garelick, H., Watt, J. and Purchase, D. 2017. Heavy metals distribution and risk assessment in soil from an informal e-waste recycling site in Lagos State, Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24 (20), pp. 17206-17219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8877-9
Evolution of Chagas’ disease in Brazil. Epidemiological perspective and challenges for the future: A critical review
Bello-Corassa, R., Aceijas, C., Brito Alves, P. and Garelick, H. 2017. Evolution of Chagas’ disease in Brazil. Epidemiological perspective and challenges for the future: A critical review. Perspectives in Public Health. 137 (5), pp. 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913916671160
Responding to the risk of reducing resource: a study of the evolution of English environmental health services
Plume, R., Page, A. and Garelick, H. 2016. Responding to the risk of reducing resource: a study of the evolution of English environmental health services. International Conference on Urban Risks (ICUR 2016). Lisbon, Portugal 30 Jun - 02 Jul 2016 CERU - European Centre of Urban Risks. pp. 91-98
Mycoremediation of heavy metal/metalloid-contaminated soil: current understanding and future prospects
Chan, W., Wildeboer, D., Garelick, H. and Purchase, D. 2016. Mycoremediation of heavy metal/metalloid-contaminated soil: current understanding and future prospects. in: Purchase, D. (ed.) Fungal Applications in Sustainable Environmental Biotechnology Cham, Switzerland Springer. pp. 249-272
Application of microalgae and fungal-microalgal associations for wastewater treatment
Egede, E., Jones, H., Cook, B., Purchase, D. and Mouradov, A. 2016. Application of microalgae and fungal-microalgal associations for wastewater treatment. in: Purchase, D. (ed.) Fungal Applications in Sustainable Environmental Biotechnology Cham Springer. pp. 143-181
The mechanisms of detoxification of As(III), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and As(V) in the microalga Chlorella vulgaris
Pantoja Munoz, L., Purchase, D., Jones, H., Raab, A., Urgast, D., Feldmann, J. and Garelick, H. 2016. The mechanisms of detoxification of As(III), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and As(V) in the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Aquatic Toxicology. 175, pp. 56-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.020
Therapeutic potential of delivering arsenic trioxide into HPV-infected cervical cancer cells using liposomal nanotechnology
Wang, X., Li, D., Ghali, L., Xia, R., Pantoja Munoz, L., Garelick, H., Bell, C. and Wen, S. 2016. Therapeutic potential of delivering arsenic trioxide into HPV-infected cervical cancer cells using liposomal nanotechnology. Nanoscale Research Letters. 11 (1), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1307-y
Microbial keratinases: characteristics, biotechnological applications and potential
Purchase, D. 2016. Microbial keratinases: characteristics, biotechnological applications and potential. in: Gupta, V., Sharma, G., Tuohy, M. and Gaur, R. (ed.) The Handbook of Microbial Bioresources Wallingford, UK CAB International. pp. 634-674
Investigating arsenic resistance in fungi from tin-mining soil and the possible interaction between arsenic and tin/antimony
Chan, W., Wildeboer, D., Garelick, H. and Purchase, D. 2014. Investigating arsenic resistance in fungi from tin-mining soil and the possible interaction between arsenic and tin/antimony. 10th International Mycological Congress. Bangkok, Thailand 03 - 08 Aug 2014
Risk assessment at an informal e-waste recycling site in Lagos state, Nigeria
Isimekhai, K., Watt, J., Garelick, H. and Purchase, D. 2014. Risk assessment at an informal e-waste recycling site in Lagos state, Nigeria. Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference. Istanbul, Turkey 16 - 18 Jun 2014
Sources and pathways for pharmaceuticals in the urban water environment
Tuckwell, R., Revitt, D., Garelick, H., Jones, H. and Ellis, J. 2011. Sources and pathways for pharmaceuticals in the urban water environment. 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage. Porto Alegre, Brazil 11 - 16 Sep 2011
Running to keep up: a research journey
Plume, R., Page, A. and Garelick, H. 2015. Running to keep up: a research journey. CIEH/Middlesex University: Research practice Conference: Bridging Policy and Practice with Research. Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom 12 Nov 2015
Consideration of the bioavailability of metal/metalloid species in freshwaters: experiences regarding the implementation of biotic ligand model-based approaches in risk assessment frameworks
Rüdel, H., Diaz Muñiz, C., Garelick, H., Kandile, N., Miller, B., Pantoja Munoz, L., Peijnenburg, W., Purchase, D., Shevah, Y., Van Sprang, P., Vijer, M. and Vink, J. 2015. Consideration of the bioavailability of metal/metalloid species in freshwaters: experiences regarding the implementation of biotic ligand model-based approaches in risk assessment frameworks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22 (10), pp. 7405-7421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4257-5
The mechanisms of arsenic bioremediation from water by the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
Pantoja Munoz, L., Purchase, D., Jones, H., Feldmann, J. and Garelick, H. 2014. The mechanisms of arsenic bioremediation from water by the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. THE BNASS / TraceSpec Tandem Conference. Aberdeen, Scotland, UK 31 Aug - 04 Sep 2014
Enhanced determination of As-phytochelatin complexes in Chlorella vulgaris using focused sonication for extraction of water-soluble species
Pantoja Munoz, L., Purchase, D., Jones, H., Feldmann, J. and Garelick, H. 2014. Enhanced determination of As-phytochelatin complexes in Chlorella vulgaris using focused sonication for extraction of water-soluble species. Analytical Methods. 6 (3), pp. 791-797. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41629A
The removal of arsenate from water using iron-modified diatomite (D-Fe): isotherm and column experiments
Pantoja Munoz, L., Jones, H., Garelick, H., Mohamedbakr, H. and Burkitbayev, M. 2014. The removal of arsenate from water using iron-modified diatomite (D-Fe): isotherm and column experiments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 21 (1), pp. 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1891-7
A brief multi-disciplinary review on antimicrobial resistance in medicine and its linkage to the global environmental microbiota
Cantas, L., Shah, S.Q.A., Cavaco, L., Manaia, C., Walsh, F., Popowska, M., Garelick, H., Bürgmann, H. and Sørum, H. 2013. A brief multi-disciplinary review on antimicrobial resistance in medicine and its linkage to the global environmental microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00096
Enzymatic formulation capable of degrading scrapie prion under mild digestion conditions
Okoroma, E., Purchase, D., Garelick, H., Morris, R., Neale, M., Windl, O. and Abiola, O. 2013. Enzymatic formulation capable of degrading scrapie prion under mild digestion conditions. PLoS ONE. 8 (7), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068099
Identification and characterisation of a Bacillus licheniformis strain with profound keratinase activity for degradation of melanised feather
Okoroma, E., Garelick, H., Abiola, O. and Purchase, D. 2012. Identification and characterisation of a Bacillus licheniformis strain with profound keratinase activity for degradation of melanised feather. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 74, pp. 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.07.013
Mathematical models to predict soil heavy metal toxicity in the 2012 Olympic site
Radiar, A. and Purchase, D. 2012. Mathematical models to predict soil heavy metal toxicity in the 2012 Olympic site. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 9 (2), pp. 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0027-9
Power, participation and partnership: methodological reflection on researching professional doctorate candidates' experiences of researching in the workplace
Weller, G., Volante, M. and Garelick, H. 2011. Power, participation and partnership: methodological reflection on researching professional doctorate candidates' experiences of researching in the workplace. Work Based Learning e-Journal International. 2 (1), pp. 155-174.
Multi-criteria analysis for the assessment of options for the mitigation/remediation of arsenic in drinking water.
Ellis, J. and Garelick, H. 2009. Multi-criteria analysis for the assessment of options for the mitigation/remediation of arsenic in drinking water. in: Garelick, H. and Jones, H. (ed.) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology: an international perspective. New York Springer.
Evaluation study of the IHM project on the evaluation of the accreditation of health and social care managers: a pilot.
Weller, G. and Garelick, H. 2010. Evaluation study of the IHM project on the evaluation of the accreditation of health and social care managers: a pilot. London Middlesex University.
Technical note: effects of arsenate (AS5+) on growth and production of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCS) in Chlorella Vulgaris
Jiang, Y., Purchase, D., Jones, H. and Garelick, H. 2011. Technical note: effects of arsenate (AS5+) on growth and production of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCS) in Chlorella Vulgaris. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 13 (8), pp. 834-844. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2010.525560
A novel enzymatic composition effective for prion degradation
Okoroma, E., Purchase, D., Garelick, H. and Abiola, O. 2011. A novel enzymatic composition effective for prion degradation. Society for General Microbiology Spring Conference. Harrogate, UK 11 - 14 Apr 2011
European MSc programs in nuclear sciences: to meet the need of stakeholders.
Skipperud, L., Salbu, B., Priest, N., Garelick, H., Tamponnet, T., Abbott, A. and Mitchell, P. 2011. European MSc programs in nuclear sciences: to meet the need of stakeholders. Nuclear Engineering and Design. 241 (4), pp. 1013-1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.03.018
Keratin degradation by proteolytic microorganisms isolated from activated sludge and farmyard manure: possible application in decontamination of prion protein
Purchase, D., Garelick, H., Okoroma, E., Christen, H. and Abiola, O. 2007. Keratin degradation by proteolytic microorganisms isolated from activated sludge and farmyard manure: possible application in decontamination of prion protein. BAGECO 9: 9th Symposium on Bacterial Genetics and Ecology. Wernigerode, Germany
The development of work based learning for sustainable environmental education.
Garelick, H., Rounce, K. and Garnett, J. 2007. The development of work based learning for sustainable environmental education. World Environmental Education Congress 2007. Durban, South Africa 02 - 06 Jul 2007
Remediation technologies for the removal of arsenic from water and wastewater
Garelick, H., Bollinger, J., Bux, K., Caussy, D., Dybowska, A., Ellis, J., Feldmann, J., Jones, H., Priest, N., Shevah, Y., Sneddon, R., Valsami-Jones, E. and Visoottiviseth, P. 2005. Remediation technologies for the removal of arsenic from water and wastewater. 43rd IUPAC General Assembly. Beijing, China 13 - 21 Aug 2005
The development of a doctorate in Professional Studies in Health.
Rounce, K., Garelick, H., Vernon, L. and Portwood, D. 2005. The development of a doctorate in Professional Studies in Health. in: Rounce, K. and Workman, B. (ed.) Work based learning in health care: applications and innovations. Kingsham Press.
Sanitation and disease: health aspects of excreta and wastewater management.
Feachem, R., Bradley, D., Garelick, H. and Mara, D. 1983. Sanitation and disease: health aspects of excreta and wastewater management. Published for the World Bank by Wiley.
Water and health. [Chapter 6 of 'Sustainable water: chemical science priorities summary report']
Green, C., Donner, E., Faulkner, H., Garelick, H., Jones, H., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2007. Water and health. [Chapter 6 of 'Sustainable water: chemical science priorities summary report']. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Safe water.
Garelick, H. 2002. Safe water. in: Dawood, R. (ed.) Travellers' health: how to stay healthy abroad. OUP.
Pollutant biodegradation potentials on airport surfaces.
Revitt, D., Garelick, H. and Worrall, P. 2002. Pollutant biodegradation potentials on airport surfaces. in: Strecker, E. and Huber, W. (ed.) Global solutions for urban drainage. American Society of Civil Engineers.
Existing competence and infrastructure in radiation protection training at postgraduate level within the EU and new entrant states.
Mitchell, P., Bowden, L., Vintro, L., García-Tenorio, R., Garelick, H., Holm, E., Kovacs, T., Kovats, N., Priest, N., Salbu, B., Skipperud, L. and Tamponnet, C. 2005. Existing competence and infrastructure in radiation protection training at postgraduate level within the EU and new entrant states. ETRAP2005 Conference (3rd International Conference on Education and Training in Radiological Protection). Brussels, Belgium 23 - 25 Nov 2005
Keratinase production by proteolytic micro-organisms in activated sludge and farmyard waste.
Okoroma, E., Purchase, D., Garelick, H. and Abiola, O. 2008. Keratinase production by proteolytic micro-organisms in activated sludge and farmyard waste. Society for General Microbiology, Autumn Meeting. Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland 08 - 11 Sep 2008
Bacterial keratinase: prospects for prion degradation.
Okoroma, E., Purchase, D., Garelick, H. and Abiola, O. 2009. Bacterial keratinase: prospects for prion degradation. Society for General Microbiology, Spring Meeting. Harrogate, UK 30 Mar - 02 Apr 2009
Mitigating arsenic pollution: bridging the gap between knowledge and practice
Garelick, H. and Jones, H. 2008. Mitigating arsenic pollution: bridging the gap between knowledge and practice. Chemistry International. 30 (4).
Organisational involvement in supporting the learned professional
Weller, G., Garelick, H., Naylor, D. and Sherry, R. 2010. Organisational involvement in supporting the learned professional. Work Based Learning e-Journal International. 1 (1), pp. 106-124.
A biokinetic model to describe the distribution and excretion of arsenic by man following acute and chronic intakes of arsenite/arsenate compounds by ingestion.
Adeyemi, A., Garelick, H. and Priest, N. 2010. A biokinetic model to describe the distribution and excretion of arsenic by man following acute and chronic intakes of arsenite/arsenate compounds by ingestion. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 29 (11), pp. 891-902. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327110364912
Antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter species isolated from edible bivalve molluscs purchased from Bangkok markets, Thailand
Soonthornchaikul, N. and Garelick, H. 2009. Antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter species isolated from edible bivalve molluscs purchased from Bangkok markets, Thailand. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 6 (8), pp. 947-951. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2008.0236
Degradation of scrapie infected brain homogenateby a novel bacterial keratinase
Okoroma, E., Purchase, D., Garelick, H., Jen, A., Morris, R. and Abiola, O. 2009. Degradation of scrapie infected brain homogenateby a novel bacterial keratinase. Prion 2009. Chalkidiki, Greece 23 - 25 Sep 2009
A multi-criteria approach for assessing options to remediate arsenic in drinking water
Ellis, J. and Garelick, H. 2009. A multi-criteria approach for assessing options to remediate arsenic in drinking water. in: Garelick, H. and Jones, H. (ed.) Reviews of environmental contamination: international perspectives on arsenic pollution and remediation New York Springer.
Constructed wetland control of BOD levels in airport runoff
Adeola, S., Revitt, D., Shutes, B., Garelick, H., Jones, H. and Jones, C. 2009. Constructed wetland control of BOD levels in airport runoff. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 11 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510802363220
Effects of temperature on metal tolerance and the accumulation of Zn and Pb by metal-tolerant fungi isolated from urban runoff treatment wetlands
Purchase, D., Lundy, L., Revitt, D. and Shutes, B. 2009. Effects of temperature on metal tolerance and the accumulation of Zn and Pb by metal-tolerant fungi isolated from urban runoff treatment wetlands. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 106 (4), pp. 1163-1174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04082.x
Work based learning for the development of the chemistry professional.
Garelick, H., Page, A. and Weller, G. 2008. Work based learning for the development of the chemistry professional. 2nd International IUPAC Conference on Green Chemistry. 14 - 19 September 2008
Arsenic pollution sources
Garelick, H., Jones, H., Dybowska, A. and Valsami-Jones, E. 2008. Arsenic pollution sources. in: Garelick, H. and Jones, H. (ed.) Reviews of environmental contamination: international perspectives on arsenic pollution and remediation New York Springer.
Effectiveness of domestic antibacterial products in decontaminating food contact surfaces
De Vere, E. and Purchase, D. 2007. Effectiveness of domestic antibacterial products in decontaminating food contact surfaces. Food Microbiology. 24 (4), pp. 425-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2006.07.013
Resistance to three antimicrobial agents of Campylobacter isolated from organically- and intensively-reared chickens purchased from retail outlets
Soonthornchaikul, N., Garelick, H., Jones, H., Jacobs, J., Ball, D. and Choudhury, M. 2006. Resistance to three antimicrobial agents of Campylobacter isolated from organically- and intensively-reared chickens purchased from retail outlets. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 27 (2), pp. 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.020
Remediation technologies for arsenic contaminated drinking waters.
Garelick, H., Dybowska, A., Valsami-Jones, E. and Priest, N. 2005. Remediation technologies for arsenic contaminated drinking waters. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 5 (3), pp. 182-190. https://doi.org/10.1065/jss2005.06.140
An investigation into arsenic(V) removal from aqueous solutions by hydroxylapatite and bone-char.
Sneddon, I., Garelick, H. and Valsami-Jones, E. 2005. An investigation into arsenic(V) removal from aqueous solutions by hydroxylapatite and bone-char. Mineralogical Magazine. 69 (5), pp. 769-780. https://doi.org/10.1180/0026461056950287
Minimum requirements for reporting analytical data for environmental samples.(IUPAC Technical Report).
Egli, H., Dassenakis, M., Garelick, H., Grieken, R., Peijnenburg, W., Klasinc, L., Kördel, W., Priest, N. and Tavares, T. 2003. Minimum requirements for reporting analytical data for environmental samples.(IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (8), pp. 1097-1106. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375081097
Hydrocarbon removal in an experimental gravel bed constructed wetland
Shutes, B., Katima, J., Omari, K., Revitt, D. and Garelick, H. 2003. Hydrocarbon removal in an experimental gravel bed constructed wetland. Water Science & Technology. 48 (5), pp. 275-282. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0333
Survival and nodulating ability of indigenous and inoculated rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii in sterilized and unsterilized soil treated with sewage sludge
Purchase, D. and Miles, R. 2001. Survival and nodulating ability of indigenous and inoculated rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii in sterilized and unsterilized soil treated with sewage sludge. Current Microbiology. 42 (1), pp. 59-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002840010179
An assessment of the toxicity of some pesticides and their metabolites affecting a natural aquatic environment using the Microtox (TM) system
Amoros, I., Connon, R., Garelick, H., Alonso, J. and Carrasco, J. 2000. An assessment of the toxicity of some pesticides and their metabolites affecting a natural aquatic environment using the Microtox (TM) system. Water Science & Technology. 42 (1-2), pp. 19-24. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0285
Use of sequential extraction procedures for the analysis of cadmium and lead in sediment samples from a constructed wetland
Carapeto, C. and Purchase, D. 2000. Use of sequential extraction procedures for the analysis of cadmium and lead in sediment samples from a constructed wetland. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 64 (1), pp. 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289910009
Distribution and removal of cadmium and lead in a constructed wetland receiving urban runoff
Carapeto, C. and Purchase, D. 2000. Distribution and removal of cadmium and lead in a constructed wetland receiving urban runoff. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 65 (3), pp. 322-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0012800131
Comparison and recovery of escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms in water with a chromogenic medium incubated at 41 and 44.5°C
Alonso, J., Soriano, A., Carbajo, O., Amoros, I. and Garelick, H. 1999. Comparison and recovery of escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms in water with a chromogenic medium incubated at 41 and 44.5°C. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 65 (8), pp. 3746-3749.
The removal of urban pollutants by constructed wetlands during wet weather
Scholes, L., Shutes, R., Revitt, D., Purchase, D. and Forshaw, M. 1999. The removal of urban pollutants by constructed wetlands during wet weather. Water Science & Technology. 40 (3), pp. 333-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00467-9
The microbiology associated with glycol removal in constructed wetlands
Chong, S., Garelick, H., Revitt, D., Shutes, B., Worrall, P. and Brewer, D. 1999. The microbiology associated with glycol removal in constructed wetlands. Water Science & Technology. 40 (3), pp. 99-107. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0145
The treatment of metals in urban runoff by constructed wetlands
Scholes, L., Shutes, R., Revitt, D., Forshaw, M. and Purchase, D. 1998. The treatment of metals in urban runoff by constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment. 214 (1-3), pp. 211-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00072-2
Expression and content of terminal oxidases in Azotobacter vinelandii grown with excess NH4+ are modulated by O-2 supply
Dmello, R., Purchase, D., Poole, R. and Hill, S. 1997. Expression and content of terminal oxidases in Azotobacter vinelandii grown with excess NH4+ are modulated by O-2 supply. Microbiology. 143 (1), pp. 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-143-1-231
Cadmium uptake and nitrogen fixing ability in heavy-metal-resistant laboratory and field strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii
Purchase, D., Miles, R. and Young, T. 1997. Cadmium uptake and nitrogen fixing ability in heavy-metal-resistant laboratory and field strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 22 (1), pp. 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00359.x
Quantitative determination of escherichia coli in water using CHROMagar® E. coli
Alonso, J., Amoros, I., Chong, S. and Garelick, H. 1996. Quantitative determination of escherichia coli in water using CHROMagar® E. coli. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 25 (3), pp. 309-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7012(96)00002-4
Preparation and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine
Pellegrini, V., Fineschi, N., Matteucci, G., Marsili, I., Nencioni, L., Puddu, M., Garelick, H. and Zuckerman, A. 1993. Preparation and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Vaccine. 11 (3), pp. 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(93)90204-B
Characterization of a hepatitis A virus strain suitable for vaccine production
Fineschi, N., Cavalieri, F., Garelick, H., Prugnola, A., Pellegrini, V. and Zuckerman, A. 1991. Characterization of a hepatitis A virus strain suitable for vaccine production. Journal of Hepatology. 13, pp. S146-S151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8278(91)90048-G
Persistence of hepatitis A virus in fulminant hepatitis and after liver transplantation.
Fagan, E., Yousef, G., Brahm, J., Garelick, H., Mann, G., Wolstenholme, A., Portmann, B., Harrison, T., Mowbray, J., Mowat, A., Zuckerman, A. and Williams, D. 1990. Persistence of hepatitis A virus in fulminant hepatitis and after liver transplantation. Journal of Medical Virology. 30 (2), pp. 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890300210
Cytotoxicity of fusobacterium ulcerans
Adriaans, B. and Garelick, H. 1989. Cytotoxicity of fusobacterium ulcerans. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 29 (3), pp. 177-180. https://doi.org/10.1099/00222615-29-3-177
Comparison of edmonston-zagreb and schwarz strains of measles vaccine given by aerosol or subcutaneous injection
Khanum, S., Garelick, H., Nasir, U., Mann, G. and Tomkins, A. 1987. Comparison of edmonston-zagreb and schwarz strains of measles vaccine given by aerosol or subcutaneous injection. The Lancet. 329 (8525), pp. 150-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91978-7
Concentration of virus from tap water at ambient salt and pH levels using positively charged filter media
Garelick, H. and Scutt, J. 1981. Concentration of virus from tap water at ambient salt and pH levels using positively charged filter media. Water Research. 15 (7), pp. 815-816. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(81)90134-2