Enhanced determination of As-phytochelatin complexes in Chlorella vulgaris using focused sonication for extraction of water-soluble species
Article
Pantoja Munoz, L., Purchase, D., Jones, H., Feldmann, J. and Garelick, H. 2014. Enhanced determination of As-phytochelatin complexes in Chlorella vulgaris using focused sonication for extraction of water-soluble species. Analytical Methods. 6 (3), pp. 791-797. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41629A
Type | Article |
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Title | Enhanced determination of As-phytochelatin complexes in Chlorella vulgaris using focused sonication for extraction of water-soluble species |
Authors | Pantoja Munoz, L., Purchase, D., Jones, H., Feldmann, J. and Garelick, H. |
Abstract | The most challenging areas in the analysis of As–GS/PC complexes are their extraction from small amounts of biological material and the maintenance of their stability during HPLC separation. Focused sonication was used to extract these complexes from Chlorella vulgaris and the integrity of such complexes was determined by HPLC online with simultaneous HR-ICP-MS and ES-MS/MS detection. Water soluble arsenic species were extracted with an improved 71.1% (SE 0.78) efficiency and much reduced extraction times (30 s) allowing the determination of unstable arsenic phytochelatin (PC) and glutathione (GS) species in small biomass making the method particularly well-suited for cell cultures. Here, it was found that C. vulgaris produces the following intact phytochelatins and homo-phytochelatins (with Ala and desGly instead of Gly) complexes when cells are exposed to As(III): As(III)–PC2, GS–As(III)–PC2, As(III)–(PC2)2, MMA(III)–PC2, As(III)–PC3, As(III)–PC4, As(III)–γ-(Glu–Cys)3–Ala, GS–As(III)–γ-(Glu–Cys)2–Ala, As(III)–γ-((Glu–Cys)2)2–Ala, MMA(III)–γ-(Glu–Cys)2–Ala, As(III)–γ-(Glu–Cys)2, GS–As(III)–γ-(Glu–Cys)2. When the alga was exposed to DMA, only DMASV–GS was found. In contrast, cells did not produce any complex when exposed to As(V). It is the first time that, as a result of the newly developed extraction method using sonication, such complexes have been identified in Chlorella vulgaris exposed to arsenic and their intact arsenic homo-phytochelatins have been reported in any organism. |
Keywords | arsenic species; sonication; phytochelations; Chlorella vulgaris |
Publisher | Royal Society of Chemistry |
Journal | Analytical Methods |
ISSN | 1759-9660 |
Electronic | 1759-9679 |
Publication dates | |
Online | 05 Dec 2013 |
07 Feb 2014 | |
Publication process dates | |
Deposited | 15 May 2015 |
Accepted | 04 Dec 2013 |
Output status | Published |
Accepted author manuscript | |
Copyright Statement | This is an author accepted manuscript version of an article; made available in this repository in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy (https://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/open-access/green-open-...). The final published version appears in Analytical Methods at http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41629A |
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41629A |
Scopus EID | 2-s2.0-84892684284 |
Web of Science identifier | WOS:000330038500021 |
Language | English |
https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/item/84q6z
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