Development of Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Liquid Chromatography (ZICⓇHILIC-MS) metabolomics method for Shotgun analysis of human urine

Article


Trivedi, D., Jones, H., Shah, A. and Iles, R. 2012. Development of Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Liquid Chromatography (ZICⓇHILIC-MS) metabolomics method for Shotgun analysis of human urine. Journal of Chromatography & Separation Techniques. 03 (06). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7064.1000144
TypeArticle
TitleDevelopment of Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Liquid Chromatography (ZICⓇHILIC-MS) metabolomics method for Shotgun analysis of human urine
AuthorsTrivedi, D., Jones, H., Shah, A. and Iles, R.
Abstract

Urine is a product of the body’s metabolism and the majority of the metabolic products exiting via the renal system are rendered polar in order to be water soluble. Resolution of urinary metabolites for metabolomic studies requires the development of HPLC separation techniques that match this feature of biological chemistry. ZIC –HILIC is an ideal candidate to take forward resolution of such metabolites where reverse phase is unable to give adequate separation. Metabolomic data has to be processed by Shotgun multivariate analysis to sift through thousands of analytes and their variables such as ion intensity.
In the development of ZIC-HILIC separation with mass spectrometric (IT-ToF) detection, methodological variability have to be minimized so that any Shotgun data analysis does not reveal potential biomarker analytes that are artifacts or are adversely affected of the separation and detection technique. Here, we report the development of a ZIC-HILIC mass spectrometry method that is suitable for SIMCA P+ data analysis of urine. Variables such as resolution, run reproducibility and sample storage temperature were evaluated in tandem with SIMCA P+ data analysis and quality control pre-processing.
The developed method couples quality control runs that pre-process and exclude analytes that are insufficiently robust for further candidate biomarker studies. This meant labile analytes that could not be reproduced in 70% of QC runs (which are pools of all samples run that day) were excluded. However, urine samples stored at 4°C for more than 9 months will contain metabolites that will alter and produce small molecule marker artifacts when compared to samples stored at -20°C.
In conclusion, the developed method is a robust method of ZIC-HILIC mass spectrometry shotgun analysis suitable for urinary metabolome discovery of robust biomarkers.

KeywordsUrinary metabolomics; ZIC HILIC-MS; Method development; Shotgun analysis
Research GroupBiomarkers for Cancer group
Reproductive Biology group
PublisherOMICS Publishing Group
JournalJournal of Chromatography & Separation Techniques
ISSN2155-7064
Publication dates
PrintOct 2012
Publication process dates
Deposited04 Jul 2013
Output statusPublished
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7064.1000144
LanguageEnglish
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Serafim, V., Ring, C., Pantoja Munoz, L., Shah, H. and Shah, A. 2017. Rapid identification of E. coli bacteriophages using mass spectrometry. Journal of Proteomics and Enzymology. 6 (1), pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2470-1289.1000130
Heparan sulfate disaccharide measurement from biological samples using pre-column derivatization, UPLC-MS and single ion monitoring
Antia, I., Yagnik, D., Pantoja Munoz, L., Shah, A. and Hills, F. 2017. Heparan sulfate disaccharide measurement from biological samples using pre-column derivatization, UPLC-MS and single ion monitoring. Analytical Biochemistry. 530, pp. 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2017.04.019
Antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective medicinal herbs as potential substitutes for bear bile
Appiah, S., Revitt, D., Jones, H., Vu, M., Simmonds, M. and Bell, C. 2017. Antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective medicinal herbs as potential substitutes for bear bile. in: Zeng, B. and Zhao, K. (ed.) Neurobiology of Chinese Herb Medicine Elsevier.
Detection of the tau protein in human serum by a sensitive four-electrode electrochemical biosensor
Wang, S., Acha, D., Shah, A., Hills, F., Roitt, I., Demosthenous, A. and Bayford, R. 2017. Detection of the tau protein in human serum by a sensitive four-electrode electrochemical biosensor. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 92, pp. 482-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.077
Application of microalgae and fungal-microalgal associations for wastewater treatment
Egede, E., Jones, H., Cook, B., Purchase, D. and Mouradov, A. 2016. Application of microalgae and fungal-microalgal associations for wastewater treatment. in: Purchase, D. (ed.) Fungal Applications in Sustainable Environmental Biotechnology Cham Springer. pp. 143-181
Comparative gene expression profiling of ADAMs, MMPs, TIMPs,EMMPRIN, EGF-R and VEGFA in low grade meningioma
Rooprai, H., Martin, A., King, A., Appadu, U., Jones, H., Selway, R., Gullan, R. and Pilkington, G. 2016. Comparative gene expression profiling of ADAMs, MMPs, TIMPs,EMMPRIN, EGF-R and VEGFA in low grade meningioma. International Journal of Oncology. 49 (6), pp. 2309-2318. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3739
The mechanisms of detoxification of As(III), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and As(V) in the microalga Chlorella vulgaris
Pantoja Munoz, L., Purchase, D., Jones, H., Raab, A., Urgast, D., Feldmann, J. and Garelick, H. 2016. The mechanisms of detoxification of As(III), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and As(V) in the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Aquatic Toxicology. 175, pp. 56-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.020
Sources and pathways for pharmaceuticals in the urban water environment
Tuckwell, R., Revitt, D., Garelick, H., Jones, H. and Ellis, J. 2011. Sources and pathways for pharmaceuticals in the urban water environment. 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage. Porto Alegre, Brazil 11 - 16 Sep 2011
Factors influencing the infiltration of pharmaceuticals through soils
Balogh, T., Revitt, D., Jones, H. and Lundy, L. 2011. Factors influencing the infiltration of pharmaceuticals through soils. 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage. Porto Alegre, Brazil 11 - 16 Sep 2011
Determination of urinary cortisol, cortisone and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin using dilute and shoot ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Sniecinska-Cooper, A., Shah, A., Dimitriou, D., Iles, R., Butler, S. and Bayford, R. 2015. Determination of urinary cortisol, cortisone and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin using dilute and shoot ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B. 978-79, pp. 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.016
Abnormal secretion of melatonin and cortisol in relation to sleep disturbances in children with Williams syndrome
Sniecinska-Cooper, A., Iles, R., Butler, S., Jones, H., Bayford, R. and Dimitriou, D. 2015. Abnormal secretion of melatonin and cortisol in relation to sleep disturbances in children with Williams syndrome. Sleep Medicine. 16 (1), pp. 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.09.003
Sorption behaviours and transport potentials for selected pharmaceuticals and triclosan in two sterilised soils
Revitt, D., Balogh, T. and Jones, H. 2015. Sorption behaviours and transport potentials for selected pharmaceuticals and triclosan in two sterilised soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 15 (3), pp. 594-606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-1025-y
The role of vitamin In type 2 diabetes
Ali, A., Appiah, S., Shah, A. and Ghali, L. 2014. The role of vitamin In type 2 diabetes. Middlesex University Postgraduate Summer Conference. London, UK 19 Jun 2014
Screening for Downs Syndrome pregnancy by mass spectral glycofingerprinting hCG-beta core in neat pregnancy urine.
Luttoo, J., Appiah, S., Butler, S. and Iles, R. 2009. Screening for Downs Syndrome pregnancy by mass spectral glycofingerprinting hCG-beta core in neat pregnancy urine. Middlesex University Postgraduate Summer Conference. London, UK
The mechanisms of arsenic bioremediation from water by the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
Pantoja Munoz, L., Purchase, D., Jones, H., Feldmann, J. and Garelick, H. 2014. The mechanisms of arsenic bioremediation from water by the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. THE BNASS / TraceSpec Tandem Conference. Aberdeen, Scotland, UK 31 Aug - 04 Sep 2014
Soil mobility of surface applied polyaromatic hydrocarbons in response to simulated rainfall
Revitt, D., Balogh, T. and Jones, H. 2014. Soil mobility of surface applied polyaromatic hydrocarbons in response to simulated rainfall. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 21 (6), pp. 4209-4219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2231-7
Enhanced determination of As-phytochelatin complexes in Chlorella vulgaris using focused sonication for extraction of water-soluble species
Pantoja Munoz, L., Purchase, D., Jones, H., Feldmann, J. and Garelick, H. 2014. Enhanced determination of As-phytochelatin complexes in Chlorella vulgaris using focused sonication for extraction of water-soluble species. Analytical Methods. 6 (3), pp. 791-797. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY41629A
The removal of arsenate from water using iron-modified diatomite (D-Fe): isotherm and column experiments
Pantoja Munoz, L., Jones, H., Garelick, H., Mohamedbakr, H. and Burkitbayev, M. 2014. The removal of arsenate from water using iron-modified diatomite (D-Fe): isotherm and column experiments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 21 (1), pp. 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1891-7
Single point biochemical measurement algorithm for early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy
Butler, S., Abban, T., Borrelli, P., Luttoo, J., Kemp, B. and Iles, R. 2013. Single point biochemical measurement algorithm for early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Clinical Biochemistry. 46 (13-14), pp. 1257-1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.06.019
hCGβ expression by cervical squamous carcinoma - in vivohistological association with tumour invasion and apoptosis
Li, D., Wen, S., Ghali, L., Al-Shalabi, F., Docherty, S., Purkis, P. and Iles, R. 2008. hCGβ expression by cervical squamous carcinoma - in vivohistological association with tumour invasion and apoptosis. Histopathology. 53 (2), pp. 147-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03082.x
Stable knockdown of hCGβ mRNA expression in bladder cancer cells results in significant inhibition of growth
Burczynska, B., Booth, M., Iles, R., Shah, A., Shiled, A. and Butler, S. 2013. Stable knockdown of hCGβ mRNA expression in bladder cancer cells results in significant inhibition of growth. Anticancer Research. 33 (9), pp. 3611-3614.
A high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous measurement of acetylcholine and clozapine in microdialysis samples
Shah, A. 2013. A high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous measurement of acetylcholine and clozapine in microdialysis samples. Journal of Chromatography A.
hCGβ expression by cervical squamous carcinoma: in vivo histological association with tumour invasion and apoptosis
Li, D., Wen, S., Ghali, L., Al-Shalabi, F., Docherty, S., Purkis, P. and Iles, R. 2008. hCGβ expression by cervical squamous carcinoma: in vivo histological association with tumour invasion and apoptosis. Histopathology. 53 (2), pp. 147-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03082.x
Fluoxetine administration modulates the cytoskeletal microtubular system in the rat hippocampus
Bianchi, M., Shah, A., Fone, K., Atkins, A., Dawson, L., Heidbreder, C., Hows, M., Hagan, J. and Marsden, C. 2009. Fluoxetine administration modulates the cytoskeletal microtubular system in the rat hippocampus. Synapse. 63 (4), pp. 359-364. https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.20614
Effects of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) at group II mGluRs and NMDAR
Fricker, A., Mok, M., De la Flor, R., Shah, A., Woolley, M., Dawson, L. and Kew, J. 2009. Effects of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) at group II mGluRs and NMDAR. Neuropharmacology. 56 (6-7), pp. 1060-1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.03.002
Does hCG or hCGβ play a role in cancer cell biology?
Iles, R., Delves, P. and Butler, S. 2010. Does hCG or hCGβ play a role in cancer cell biology? Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 329 (1-2), pp. 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.07.014
Development and application of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assay for measurement of N-acetylaspartate, N-acetylaspartylglutamate and glutamate in brain slice superfusates and tissue extracts
Shah, A., De la Flor, R., Atkins, A., Slone-Murphy, J. and Dawson, L. 2008. Development and application of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assay for measurement of N-acetylaspartate, N-acetylaspartylglutamate and glutamate in brain slice superfusates and tissue extracts. Journal of Chromatography B. 876 (2), pp. 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.012
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) in the secretome of cultured embryos: hyperglycosylated hCG and hCG-free beta subunit are potential markers for infertility management and treatment
Butler, S., Luttoo, J., Freire, M., Abban, T., Borrelli, P. and Iles, R. 2013. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) in the secretome of cultured embryos: hyperglycosylated hCG and hCG-free beta subunit are potential markers for infertility management and treatment. Reproductive Sciences. 20 (9), pp. 1038-1045. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719112472739
Differential proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in pregnancy
Hills, F., Iles, R. and Sullivan, M. 2013. Differential proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in pregnancy. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 41 (3), pp. 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2012-0086
Does HCG or HCG-beta play a role in breast cancer cell biology?
Iles, R. and Butler, S. 2010. Does HCG or HCG-beta play a role in breast cancer cell biology? Tumour Biology. 31 (S39).
Ectopic HCG beta may induce epithelialmensenchymal transition on human kera tinocytes in vitro and this could promote tumour progression and invasion.
Wen, S., Li, D., Ghali, L. and Iles, R. 2010. Ectopic HCG beta may induce epithelialmensenchymal transition on human kera tinocytes in vitro and this could promote tumour progression and invasion. Tumour Biology. 31 (S44).
Structural modelling of human chorion ic gonadotropin: the effect of nicking and glycosylation on the molecular folding and likely epitope recognition by HCG antibodies.
Butler, S., Gibbons, N., Rehman, S. and Iles, R. 2010. Structural modelling of human chorion ic gonadotropin: the effect of nicking and glycosylation on the molecular folding and likely epitope recognition by HCG antibodies. Tumour Biology. 31 (S46).
Serum biomarkers of collagen metabolism, pyridinoline (PYD) and aminoterminal properptide of type i procollagen (PINP) as diagnostic staging markers of bone metastases in breast cancer patients.
Iles, R., Cheung, K., Robertson, J. and Perrett, D. 2010. Serum biomarkers of collagen metabolism, pyridinoline (PYD) and aminoterminal properptide of type i procollagen (PINP) as diagnostic staging markers of bone metastases in breast cancer patients. Tumour Biology. 31 (S72).
Detection of cancer.
Bayford, R., Roitt, I., Rademacher, T., Demosthenous, A. and Iles, R. 2010. Detection of cancer.
Gonadotropins and gonadotropin receptors: evolutional genetics, signalling mechanisms, extra gonadal function and roles in oncogenesis.
Iles, R. and Butler, S. 2010. Gonadotropins and gonadotropin receptors: evolutional genetics, signalling mechanisms, extra gonadal function and roles in oncogenesis. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 329 (1), pp. 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.07.024
Biological function of the free β -subunit: expression and treatment target in cancer.
Butler, S. and Iles, R. 2010. Biological function of the free β -subunit: expression and treatment target in cancer. in: Cole, L. (ed.) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). London Elsevier. pp. 153-171
Does hCG or hCGß play a role in cancer cell biology?
Iles, R., Delves, P. and Butler, S. 2010. Does hCG or hCGß play a role in cancer cell biology? Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 329 (1-2), pp. 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.07.014
Technical note: effects of arsenate (AS5+) on growth and production of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCS) in Chlorella Vulgaris
Jiang, Y., Purchase, D., Jones, H. and Garelick, H. 2011. Technical note: effects of arsenate (AS5+) on growth and production of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCS) in Chlorella Vulgaris. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 13 (8), pp. 834-844. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2010.525560
Remediation technologies for the removal of arsenic from water and wastewater
Garelick, H., Bollinger, J., Bux, K., Caussy, D., Dybowska, A., Ellis, J., Feldmann, J., Jones, H., Priest, N., Shevah, Y., Sneddon, R., Valsami-Jones, E. and Visoottiviseth, P. 2005. Remediation technologies for the removal of arsenic from water and wastewater. 43rd IUPAC General Assembly. Beijing, China 13 - 21 Aug 2005
Composition of intact hormone and free subunits in the human chorionic gonadotrophin-like material found in serum and urine of patients with carcinoma of the bladder.
Iles, R., Lee, C., Oliver, R. and Chard, T. 1990. Composition of intact hormone and free subunits in the human chorionic gonadotrophin-like material found in serum and urine of patients with carcinoma of the bladder. Clinical Endocrinology. 33 (3), pp. 355-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00500.x
Rapid diagnosis of testicular choriocarcinoma by urinary pregnancy tests.
Caulfield, M., Dilkes, M., Iles, R., Handel, B. and Oliver, R. 1990. Rapid diagnosis of testicular choriocarcinoma by urinary pregnancy tests. Lancet. 335 (8699), p. 1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)92761-6
Biological significance of beta hCG, HLA and other membrane antigen expression on bladder tumours and their relationship to tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL)
Oliver, R., Nouri, A., Crosby, D., Iles, R., Naverette, C., Martin, J., Bodmer, W. and Festenstein, H. 1989. Biological significance of beta hCG, HLA and other membrane antigen expression on bladder tumours and their relationship to tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). International journal of immunogenetics. 16 (4-5), pp. 381-390.
Expression of beta human chorionic gonadotrophin by non-trophoblastic non-endocrine 'normal' and malignant epithelial cells.
Iles, R., Purkis, P., Whitehead, P., Oliver, R. and Chard, T. 1990. Expression of beta human chorionic gonadotrophin by non-trophoblastic non-endocrine 'normal' and malignant epithelial cells. British journal of cancer. 61 (5), pp. 663-666.
Enhancement of ectopic beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin expression by interferon-alpha.
Iles, R. and Chard, T. 1989. Enhancement of ectopic beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin expression by interferon-alpha. Journal of Endocrinology. 123 (3), pp. 501-507. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1230501
Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin in serum and urine. A marker for metastatic urothelial cancer.
Iles, R., Jenkins, B., Oliver, R., Blandy, J. and Chard, T. 1989. Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin in serum and urine. A marker for metastatic urothelial cancer. British Journal of Urology. 64 (3), pp. 241-244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1989.tb06006.x
Immunochemical analysis of the human chorionic gonadotrophin-like material secreted by 'normal' and neoplastic urothelial cells.
Iles, R. and Chard, T. 1989. Immunochemical analysis of the human chorionic gonadotrophin-like material secreted by 'normal' and neoplastic urothelial cells. Journal of molecular endocrinology. 2 (2), pp. 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0020107
Amplification or rearrangement of the beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-hCG)--human LH gene cluster is not responsible for the ectopic production of beta-hCG by bladder tumour cells.
Iles, R., Czepulkowski, B., Young, B. and Chard, T. 1989. Amplification or rearrangement of the beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-hCG)--human LH gene cluster is not responsible for the ectopic production of beta-hCG by bladder tumour cells. Journal of molecular endocrinology. 2 (2), pp. 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0020113
In vitro secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin by bladder tumour cells.
Iles, R., Oliver, R., Kitau, M., Walker, C. and Chard, T. 1987. In vitro secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin by bladder tumour cells. British journal of cancer. 55 (6), pp. 623-626.
The measurement of urinary beta core fragment in conjunction with serum CA125 does not aid the differentiation of malignant from benign pelvic masses.
Carter, P., Iles, R., Neven, P., Davies, A., Shepherd, J. and Chard, T. 1993. The measurement of urinary beta core fragment in conjunction with serum CA125 does not aid the differentiation of malignant from benign pelvic masses. Gynecologic Oncology. 51 (3), pp. 368-371. https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1993.1305
Bony metastases from breast cancer: a study of foetal antigen 2 as a blood tumour marker.
Cheung, K., Iles, R. and Robertson, J. 2010. Bony metastases from breast cancer: a study of foetal antigen 2 as a blood tumour marker. World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 8 (38). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-8-38
Purine metabolite levels in pre-ovulatory human follicles may hold the key to ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome.
Iles, R. and Docherty, S. 2010. Purine metabolite levels in pre-ovulatory human follicles may hold the key to ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome. Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.04.005
Measurement of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) as a screening test for Down’s Syndrome
Chard, T. and Iles, R. 1994. Measurement of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) as a screening test for Down’s Syndrome. in: Grudzinskas, J., Chard, T., Chapman, M. and Cuckle, H. (ed.) Screening for Down’s Syndrome Cambridge University Press (CUP). pp. 73-84
Electrochemical impedance detection of hCGbeta: preliminary results and analysis in the development of lab on a chip technology.
Bayford, R., Kassanos, P., Demosthenous, A. and Iles, R. 2009. Electrochemical impedance detection of hCGbeta: preliminary results and analysis in the development of lab on a chip technology. 42nd IUPAC Congress: Chemistry Solutions SECC.. Glasgow, Scotland, UK. 02 - 07 Aug 2009
Designing a new generation of anti-hCG vaccines for cancer therapy
Delves, P., Iles, R., Roitt, I. and Lund, T. 2007. Designing a new generation of anti-hCG vaccines for cancer therapy. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 260-26, pp. 276-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2006.02.018
Water and health. [Chapter 6 of 'Sustainable water: chemical science priorities summary report']
Green, C., Donner, E., Faulkner, H., Garelick, H., Jones, H., Revitt, D. and Lundy, L. 2007. Water and health. [Chapter 6 of 'Sustainable water: chemical science priorities summary report']. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Mitigating arsenic pollution: bridging the gap between knowledge and practice
Garelick, H. and Jones, H. 2008. Mitigating arsenic pollution: bridging the gap between knowledge and practice. Chemistry International. 30 (4).
Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone profiles in human follicular fluid and cultured granulosa cells from luteinized pre-ovulatory follicles
Wen, S., Li, D., Tozer, A., Docherty, S. and Iles, R. 2010. Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone profiles in human follicular fluid and cultured granulosa cells from luteinized pre-ovulatory follicles. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 8 (117). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-8-117
High follicular fluid adenosine levels may be pivotal in the metabolism and recycling of adenosine nucleotides in the human follicle
Wen, S., Perrett, D., Jones, N., Tozer, A., Docherty, S. and Iles, R. 2010. High follicular fluid adenosine levels may be pivotal in the metabolism and recycling of adenosine nucleotides in the human follicle. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 59 (8), pp. 1145-1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.09.037
Urinary concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin and its fragments as a prognostic marker in bladder cancer
Iles, R., Persad, R., Trivedi, M., Sharma, K., Dickinson, A., Smith, P. and Chard, T. 1996. Urinary concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin and its fragments as a prognostic marker in bladder cancer. British Journal of Urology. 77 (1), pp. 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.82910.x
Urinary analysis for Down's syndrome: is the measurement of urinary β-core the future of biochemical screening for Down's syndrome
Iles, R. 1996. Urinary analysis for Down's syndrome: is the measurement of urinary β-core the future of biochemical screening for Down's syndrome. Early Human Development. 47, pp. S41-S45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3782(96)01818-X
Detection of β-core fragment in second trimester Down's syndrome pregnancies
Cole, L., Isozaki, T., Palomaki, G., Canick, J., Iles, R., Kellner, L., Saller, D. and Cuckle, H. 1996. Detection of β-core fragment in second trimester Down's syndrome pregnancies. Early Human Development. 47, pp. S47-S48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3782(96)01819-1
Human urothelial carcinomas - a typical disease of the aged: the clinical utility of human chorionic gonadotrophin in patient management and future therapy
Iles, R. and Butler, S. 1998. Human urothelial carcinomas - a typical disease of the aged: the clinical utility of human chorionic gonadotrophin in patient management and future therapy. Experimental Gerontology. 33 (5), pp. 379-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0531-5565(98)00016-3
Serum concentrations of cancer antigen 125, placental alkaline phosphatase, cancer-associated serum antigen and free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin as prognostic markers for epithelial ovarian cancer
Ind, T., Iles, R., Shepherd, J. and Chard, T. 1997. Serum concentrations of cancer antigen 125, placental alkaline phosphatase, cancer-associated serum antigen and free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin as prognostic markers for epithelial ovarian cancer. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 104 (9), pp. 1024-1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb12061.x
Comparison of 12 assays for detecting hCG and related molecules in urine samples from Down syndrome pregnancies.
Cole, L., Kellner, L., Isozaki, T., Palomaki, G., Iles, R., Walker, R., Ozaki, M. and Canick, J. 1997. Comparison of 12 assays for detecting hCG and related molecules in urine samples from Down syndrome pregnancies. Prenatal diagnosis. 17 (7), pp. 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199707)17:7<607::AID-PD118>3.0.CO;2-7
Measures of urine concentration in maternal urine screening for Down syndrome.
Iles, R., Black, A., Gunn, L., Sehmi, I., Cuckle, H. and Chard, T. 1998. Measures of urine concentration in maternal urine screening for Down syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis. 18 (10), pp. 1006-1009. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(1998100)18:10<1006::AID-PD386>3.0.CO;2-O
Dimerization of urinary beta-core/hCFbetacf: a cause of poor beta-core assay performance in Down syndrome screening studies.
Iles, R., Butler, S. and Jacoby, E. 1999. Dimerization of urinary beta-core/hCFbetacf: a cause of poor beta-core assay performance in Down syndrome screening studies. Prenatal diagnosis. 19 (8), pp. 790-792. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199908)19:8<790::AID-PD627>3.0.CO;2-Z
Urinary beta-core hCG: Screening for aneuploidies in early pregnancy (11-14 weeks’ gestation).
MacIntosh, M., Nicolaides, K., Noble, P., Chard, T., Gunn, L. and Iles, R. 1997. Urinary beta-core hCG: Screening for aneuploidies in early pregnancy (11-14 weeks’ gestation). Prenatal diagnosis. 17 (5), pp. 401-405. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199705)17:5<401::AID-PD40>3.0.CO;2-M
Substantial urinary concentrations of material resembling beta-core fragment of chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit in mid-menstrual cycle
Neven, P., Iles, R., Howes, I., Sharma, K., Shepherd, J., Edwards, R., Collins, W. and Chard, T. 1993. Substantial urinary concentrations of material resembling beta-core fragment of chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit in mid-menstrual cycle. Clinical Chemistry. 39 (9), pp. 1857-1860.
Production of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and PLAP-like material by epithelial germ cell and non-germ cell tumours in vitro
Iles, R., Ind, T. and Chard, T. 1994. Production of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and PLAP-like material by epithelial germ cell and non-germ cell tumours in vitro. British journal of cancer. 69 (2), pp. 274-278.
Diurnal variation of urinary "hCG beta subunit core fragment" production evaluated in patients with gynecological neoplasms
Neven, P., Iles, R., Carter, P., Shepherd, J. and Chard, T. 1994. Diurnal variation of urinary "hCG beta subunit core fragment" production evaluated in patients with gynecological neoplasms. Clinical Chemistry. 40 (3), pp. 484-485.
Characterisation of the differential expression of marker antigens by normal and malignant endometrial epithelium
Chatzaki, E., Gallagher, C., Iles, R., Ind, T., Nouri, A., Bax, C. and Grudzinskas, J. 1994. Characterisation of the differential expression of marker antigens by normal and malignant endometrial epithelium. British journal of cancer. 69 (6), pp. 1010-1014.
Serum placental-type alkaline phosphatase activity in women with squamous and glandular malignancies of the reproductive tract
Ind, T., Iles, R., Carter, P., Lowe, D., Shepherd, J., Hudson, C. and Chard, T. 1994. Serum placental-type alkaline phosphatase activity in women with squamous and glandular malignancies of the reproductive tract. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 47 (11), pp. 1035-1037.
Measurement of urinary beta core fragment of human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with vulvovaginal malignancy and its prognostic significance
Carter, P., Iles, R., Neven, P., Ind, T., Shepherd, J. and Chard, T. 1995. Measurement of urinary beta core fragment of human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with vulvovaginal malignancy and its prognostic significance. British journal of cancer. 71 (2), pp. 350-353.
The effects of beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin on the in vitro growth of bladder cancer cell lines
Gillott, D., Iles, R. and Chard, T. 1996. The effects of beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin on the in vitro growth of bladder cancer cell lines. British journal of cancer. 73 (3), pp. 323-326.
The temporary anatomical structures prominent in the first trimester may be fulfilling exchange functions assigned to the placenta in the second and third trimester
Docherty, S., Iles, R., Wathen, N. and Chard, T. 1996. The temporary anatomical structures prominent in the first trimester may be fulfilling exchange functions assigned to the placenta in the second and third trimester. Human Reproduction. 11 (6), pp. 1157-1161.
Prognostic significance of the bcl-2 apoptotic family of proteins in primary and recurrent cervical cancer
Crawford, R., Caldwell, C., Iles, R., Lowe, D., Shepherd, J. and Chard, T. 1998. Prognostic significance of the bcl-2 apoptotic family of proteins in primary and recurrent cervical cancer. British journal of cancer. 78 (2), pp. 210-214.
Concentrations of placental protein 14 in uterine flushings from infertile women: validation of the collection technique and method of expression of results
Hamilton, J., Iles, R., Gunn, L., Wilson, C., Lower, A., Chard, T. and Grudzinskas, J. 1998. Concentrations of placental protein 14 in uterine flushings from infertile women: validation of the collection technique and method of expression of results. Human Reproduction. 13 (12), pp. 3357-3362.
The prognostic significance of beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and its metabolites in women with cervical carcinoma
Crawford, R., Iles, R., Carter, P., Caldwell, C., Shepherd, J. and Chard, T. 1998. The prognostic significance of beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and its metabolites in women with cervical carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 51 (9), pp. 685-688.
Cross-Reaction with luteinizing hormone ß-Core is responsible for the age-dependent increase of immunoreactive ß-Core fragment of human chorionic gonadotropin in women with nonmalignant conditions
Iles, R., Javid, M., Gunn, L. and Chard, T. 1999. Cross-Reaction with luteinizing hormone ß-Core is responsible for the age-dependent increase of immunoreactive ß-Core fragment of human chorionic gonadotropin in women with nonmalignant conditions. Clinical Chemistry. 45, pp. 532-538.
The beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin exists as a homodimer
Butler, S., Laidler, P., Porter, J., Kicman, A., Chard, T., Cowan, D. and Iles, R. 1999. The beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin exists as a homodimer. Journal of molecular endocrinology. 22, pp. 185-192.
Clinical and endocrinological changes after electro-acupuncture treatment in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee
Ahsin, S., Saleem, S., Bhatti, A., Aslam, M. and Iles, R. 2009. Clinical and endocrinological changes after electro-acupuncture treatment in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Pain. 147 (1-3), pp. 60-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.004
Capillary electrophoresis of human follicular fluid
Wen, S., Perrett, D., Patel, P., Li, N., Docherty, S., Tozer, A. and Iles, R. 2009. Capillary electrophoresis of human follicular fluid. Journal of Chromatography B. 877 (31), pp. 3946-3952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.046
The xenobiotic impact of sedimentary metals in an urban river
Adeyemi, A., Lundy, L., Revitt, D., Jones, H. and Faulkner, H. 2009. The xenobiotic impact of sedimentary metals in an urban river. International Conference on Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle (Proceedings of). Paphos, Cyprus 11 - 13 Mar 2009
The role of glycosylation in regulating glycoprotein hormone free alpha subunit and free beta subunit combination in the extra-embryonic coelomic fluid of early pregnancy
Blithe, D. and Iles, R. 1995. The role of glycosylation in regulating glycoprotein hormone free alpha subunit and free beta subunit combination in the extra-embryonic coelomic fluid of early pregnancy. Endocrinology. 136 (3), pp. 903-910. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.136.3.903
Can biological markers improve the management of breast cancer patients?
Leake, R., Anderson, L., Dowsett, M., Iles, R., Nicholson, R., Robertson, J., Walker, R. and UKCCR Biomarker group 2000. Can biological markers improve the management of breast cancer patients? British journal of cancer. 82 (10), pp. 1625-1626. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1159
Biological markers: maintaining standards
Leake, R., Anderson, L., Dowsett, M., Iles, R., Nicholson, R., Robertson, J., Walker, R. and UKCCCR Biomarker group 2000. Biological markers: maintaining standards. British journal of cancer. 82 (10), pp. 1627-1628. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1158
Determination of the glycoforms of human chorionic gonadotropin b-core fragment by matrix-assisted laser desoption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry
Jacoby, E., Kicman, A., Laidler, P. and Iles, R. 2000. Determination of the glycoforms of human chorionic gonadotropin b-core fragment by matrix-assisted laser desoption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry. Clinical Chemistry. 46 (11), pp. 1796-1803.
Regulation of endometrial cancer cell growth by luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Davies, S., Bax, C., Chatzaki, E., Chard, T. and Iles, R. 2000. Regulation of endometrial cancer cell growth by luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). British journal of cancer. 83 (12), pp. 1730-1734. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1507
The increase in bladder carcinoma cell population induced by the free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin is a result of an anti-apoptotic effect and not cell proliferation
Butler, S., Ikram, M., Mathieu, S. and Iles, R. 2000. The increase in bladder carcinoma cell population induced by the free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin is a result of an anti-apoptotic effect and not cell proliferation. British journal of cancer. 82 (9), pp. 1553-1556. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1177
The analysis of human amniotic fluid using capillary electrophoresis.
Stewart, C., Iles, R. and Perrett, D. 2001. The analysis of human amniotic fluid using capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 22 (6), pp. 1136-1142. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2683()22:6<1136::AID-ELPS1136>3.0.CO;2-A
High concentrations of CA 125 in uterine flushings: influence of cause of infertility and menstrual cycle day.
Hamilton, J., Iles, R., Gunn, L., Wilson, C., Lower, A. and Grudzinskas, J. 2002. High concentrations of CA 125 in uterine flushings: influence of cause of infertility and menstrual cycle day. Gynecological endocrinology..
Reduction of bladder cancer cell growth in response to hCGb CTP37 vaccinated mouse serum.
Butler, S., Staite, E. and Iles, R. 2003. Reduction of bladder cancer cell growth in response to hCGb CTP37 vaccinated mouse serum. Oncology research. 14 (2), pp. 93-100.
Identification of post-translational modifications resulting from LH beta polymorphisms by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of pituitary LH beta core fragment
Jacoby, E., Kicman, A. and Iles, R. 2003. Identification of post-translational modifications resulting from LH beta polymorphisms by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of pituitary LH beta core fragment. Journal of molecular endocrinology. 30 (2), pp. 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0300239
The recently identified homodimeric beta-beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCGbb) is no more biologically active than the free beta subunit (hCGb)
Butler, S. and Iles, R. 2004. The recently identified homodimeric beta-beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCGbb) is no more biologically active than the free beta subunit (hCGb). Tumor Biology. 25 (1-2), pp. 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000077719
Serum amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) in prostate cancer: a potential predictor of bone metastases and prognosticator for disease progression and survival.
Thurairaja, R., Iles, R., Jefferson, K., McFarlane, J. and Persad, R. 2006. Serum amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) in prostate cancer: a potential predictor of bone metastases and prognosticator for disease progression and survival. Urologia internationalis. 76 (1), pp. 67-71.
Immunoassay detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin beta (hCGb) expression by prostate cancer is of no clinical significance
Otite, U., Baithun, S., Chinegwundon, F., Nargund, V. and Iles, R. 2006. Immunoassay detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin beta (hCGb) expression by prostate cancer is of no clinical significance. Tumor Biology. 27, pp. 181-186.
Gonadotropins and prostate cancer: revisited.
Thwaini, A., Naase, M., Chinegwundon, F., Baithun, S., Ghali, L., Shergill, I. and Iles, R. 2006. Gonadotropins and prostate cancer: revisited. Urologia internationalis. 77 (4), pp. 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1159/000096330
Ectopic hCGbeta expression by epithelial cancer: malignant behaviour, metastasis and inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis
Iles, R. 2007. Ectopic hCGbeta expression by epithelial cancer: malignant behaviour, metastasis and inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 260-26, pp. 264-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2006.02.019
An introduction to mass spectrometry based proteomics-detection and characterization of gonadotropins and related molecules
Kicman, A., Parkin, M. and Iles, R. 2007. An introduction to mass spectrometry based proteomics-detection and characterization of gonadotropins and related molecules. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 260-26, pp. 212-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2006.02.022
Towards the development of an electrochemical biosensor for hCGβ detection
Kassanos, P., Iles, R., Bayford, R. and Demosthenous, A. 2008. Towards the development of an electrochemical biosensor for hCGβ detection. Physiological Measurement. 29 (6), pp. S241-S254. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/29/6/S21
The role of glycoprotein hormones in endometrial cancer. (in Part 7: Hormones & hormone receptor)
Bax, C., Davies, S., Chatzaki, E., Butler, S. and Iles, R. 2003. The role of glycoprotein hormones in endometrial cancer. (in Part 7: Hormones & hormone receptor). in: Nishida, M. and Kuramoto, H. (ed.) Cell and molecular biology of endometrial carcinoma. London Springer. pp. 195-206
Molecular cell biology and genetic disorders
Iles, R. 2009. Molecular cell biology and genetic disorders. in: Kumar, P. and Clark, M. (ed.) Kumar & Clark’s clinical medicine. Edinburgh Elsevier Saunders. pp. 19-52
Chapter 1: Basic sciences: the cell.
Iles, R. 2008. Chapter 1: Basic sciences: the cell. in: Nargund, V., Raghavan, D. and Sandler, H. (ed.) Urological oncology. London Springer. pp. 3-36
Chronic fluoxetine differentially modulates the hippocampal microtubular and serotonergic system in grouped and isolation reared rats
Bianchi, M., Fone, K., Shah, A., Atkins, A., Dawson, L., Heidbreder, C., Hagan, J. and Marsden, C. 2009. Chronic fluoxetine differentially modulates the hippocampal microtubular and serotonergic system in grouped and isolation reared rats. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 19 (11), pp. 778-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.06.005
Constructed wetland control of BOD levels in airport runoff
Adeola, S., Revitt, D., Shutes, B., Garelick, H., Jones, H. and Jones, C. 2009. Constructed wetland control of BOD levels in airport runoff. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 11 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510802363220
Human chorionic gonadotropin isoforms in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy
Iles, R., Borrelli, P., Butler, S. and Staite, E. 2003. Human chorionic gonadotropin isoforms in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Clinical Chemistry. 49 (12), pp. 2045-2049. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.022095
The free monomeric beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG beta) and the recently identified homodimeric beta-beta subunit (hCG beta beta) both have autocrine growth effects
Butler, S. and Iles, R. 2004. The free monomeric beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG beta) and the recently identified homodimeric beta-beta subunit (hCG beta beta) both have autocrine growth effects. Tumor Biology. 25 (1-2), pp. 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000077719
Enhanced affinity capture MALDI-TOF MS: orientation of an immunoglobulin G using recombinant protein G
Iles, R., Bansal, S., Jacoby, E., Neubert, H., Cowan, D. and Kicman, A. 2002. Enhanced affinity capture MALDI-TOF MS: orientation of an immunoglobulin G using recombinant protein G. Analytical Chemistry. 74 (15), pp. 3677-3683. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac025558z
Identification of placental transforming growth factor-beta and bikunin metabolites as contaminants of pharmaceutical human chorionic gonadotrophin preparations by proteomic techniques
Iles, R., Kicman, A., Malatos, S. and Neubert, H. 2005. Identification of placental transforming growth factor-beta and bikunin metabolites as contaminants of pharmaceutical human chorionic gonadotrophin preparations by proteomic techniques. Molecular and Cellular Proteomics. 4 (7), pp. 984-992. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M500085-MCP200
Ectopic human chorionic gonadotropin beta secretion by epithelial tumors and human chorionic gonadotropin beta-induced apoptosis in Kaposi's sarcoma: is there a connection?
Iles, R. and Butler, S. 2003. Ectopic human chorionic gonadotropin beta secretion by epithelial tumors and human chorionic gonadotropin beta-induced apoptosis in Kaposi's sarcoma: is there a connection? Clinical Cancer Research. 9 (13), pp. 4666-4673.
Case Reports: Arsenic pollution in Thailand, Bangladesh and Hungary
Jones, H., Visoottiviseth, P., Bux, M., Földényi, R., Kováts, N., Borbély, G. and Galbács, Z. 2008. Case Reports: Arsenic pollution in Thailand, Bangladesh and Hungary. in: Garelick, H. and Jones, H. (ed.) Reviews of Environmental Contamination New York Springer.
Factors influencing subjective ranking of driver distractions
Patel, J., Ball, D. and Jones, H. 2008. Factors influencing subjective ranking of driver distractions. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 40 (1), pp. 392-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.07.006
Arsenic pollution sources
Garelick, H., Jones, H., Dybowska, A. and Valsami-Jones, E. 2008. Arsenic pollution sources. in: Garelick, H. and Jones, H. (ed.) Reviews of environmental contamination: international perspectives on arsenic pollution and remediation New York Springer.
Human granulosa-lutein cell in vitro production of progesterone, inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A are dependent on follicular size and not the presence of the oocyte
Wen, S., Tozer, A., Li, D., Docherty, S., Al-Shawaf, T. and Iles, R. 2008. Human granulosa-lutein cell in vitro production of progesterone, inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A are dependent on follicular size and not the presence of the oocyte. Fertility and Sterility. 89 (5), pp. 1406-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.086
An investigation of urban water and sediment ecotoxicity in relation to metal concentrations
Lundy, L., Mensah, R., Revitt, D. and Jones, H. 2007. An investigation of urban water and sediment ecotoxicity in relation to metal concentrations. Morrison, G. and Rauch, S. (ed.) 8th Highway and Urban Environment Symposium (8HUES). Nicosia, Cyprus 12 - 14 Jun 2006 Springer. pp. 359-370 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6010-6_32
Resistance to three antimicrobial agents of Campylobacter isolated from organically- and intensively-reared chickens purchased from retail outlets
Soonthornchaikul, N., Garelick, H., Jones, H., Jacobs, J., Ball, D. and Choudhury, M. 2006. Resistance to three antimicrobial agents of Campylobacter isolated from organically- and intensively-reared chickens purchased from retail outlets. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 27 (2), pp. 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.020
Follicular fluid levels of inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A levels reflect changes in follicle size but are not independent markers of the oocyte's ability to fertilize
Wen, S., Tozer, A., Butler, S., Bell, C., Docherty, S. and Iles, R. 2006. Follicular fluid levels of inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A levels reflect changes in follicle size but are not independent markers of the oocyte's ability to fertilize. Fertility and Sterility. 85 (6), pp. 1723-1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.11.058
The effects of 'coasting' on follicular fluid concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in women at risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Tozer, A., Iles, R., Iammarrone, E., Gillott, C., Al-Shawaf, T. and Grudzinskas, J. 2004. The effects of 'coasting' on follicular fluid concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in women at risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Human Reproduction. 19 (3), pp. 522-528. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh096
Characteristics of populations of granulosa cells from individual follicles in women undergoing 'coasting' during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for IVF
Tozer, A., Iles, R., Iammarrone, E., Gillott, C., Wen, S., Al-Shawaf, T. and Grudzinskas, J. 2004. Characteristics of populations of granulosa cells from individual follicles in women undergoing 'coasting' during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for IVF. Human Reproduction. 19 (11), pp. 2561-2568. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh487
The performance of vegetative treatment systems for highway runoff during dry and wet weather conditions
Revitt, D., Forshaw, M., Jones, H. and Shutes, B. 2004. The performance of vegetative treatment systems for highway runoff during dry and wet weather conditions. Science of the Total Environment. 334-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.046
Practical experiences of the use of vegetated ponds for the treatment of highway runoff
Revitt, D., Shutes, B., Jones, H., Forshaw, M. and Winter, B. 2003. Practical experiences of the use of vegetated ponds for the treatment of highway runoff. Pratt, C., Davies, J., Newman, A. and Perry, J. (ed.) 2nd National UK Conference on Sustainable Drainage. Coventry, UK 23 - 24 Jun 2003 School of Science and the Environment, Coventry University. pp. 19-29