Gonadotropins and prostate cancer: revisited.

Article

Thwaini, A., Naase, M., Chinegwundon, F., Baithun, S., Ghali, L., Shergill, I. and Iles, R. 2006. Gonadotropins and prostate cancer: revisited. Urologia internationalis. 77 (4), pp. 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1159/000096330
TypeArticle
TitleGonadotropins and prostate cancer: revisited.
AuthorsThwaini, A., Naase, M., Chinegwundon, F., Baithun, S., Ghali, L., Shergill, I. and Iles, R.
Abstract

Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone are called gonadotropins, because they stimulate the gonads – in males the testes and in females the ovaries. They are not necessary for life, but are essential for reproduction. In addition, the association of these hormones with prostate cancer has been the interest of many researchers. Their detection in the human prostate has been investigated using different methods, including immunologic and RT-PCR techniques. In addition, the increasing evidence of paracrine/autocrine functions of the gonadotropic glycoprotein hormones, their allocation to the superfamily of cystine knot growth factors, and luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor gene expression in non-gonadal tissues led many researchers to investigate intraprostatic glycoprotein hormones and their receptor gene expression. We aim in this review to shed light on the physiology of the gonadotropins and their association with prostate cancer and highlight the future possibilities of their use as targets in treating this disease.

Research GroupBiomarkers for Cancer group
PublisherS. Karger
JournalUrologia internationalis
ISSN0042-1138
Publication dates
Print2006
Publication process dates
Deposited20 May 2009
Output statusPublished
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1159/000096330
LanguageEnglish
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Production of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and PLAP-like material by epithelial germ cell and non-germ cell tumours in vitro
Iles, R., Ind, T. and Chard, T. 1994. Production of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and PLAP-like material by epithelial germ cell and non-germ cell tumours in vitro. British journal of cancer. 69 (2), pp. 274-278.
Diurnal variation of urinary "hCG beta subunit core fragment" production evaluated in patients with gynecological neoplasms
Neven, P., Iles, R., Carter, P., Shepherd, J. and Chard, T. 1994. Diurnal variation of urinary "hCG beta subunit core fragment" production evaluated in patients with gynecological neoplasms. Clinical Chemistry. 40 (3), pp. 484-485.
Characterisation of the differential expression of marker antigens by normal and malignant endometrial epithelium
Chatzaki, E., Gallagher, C., Iles, R., Ind, T., Nouri, A., Bax, C. and Grudzinskas, J. 1994. Characterisation of the differential expression of marker antigens by normal and malignant endometrial epithelium. British journal of cancer. 69 (6), pp. 1010-1014.
Serum placental-type alkaline phosphatase activity in women with squamous and glandular malignancies of the reproductive tract
Ind, T., Iles, R., Carter, P., Lowe, D., Shepherd, J., Hudson, C. and Chard, T. 1994. Serum placental-type alkaline phosphatase activity in women with squamous and glandular malignancies of the reproductive tract. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 47 (11), pp. 1035-1037.
Measurement of urinary beta core fragment of human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with vulvovaginal malignancy and its prognostic significance
Carter, P., Iles, R., Neven, P., Ind, T., Shepherd, J. and Chard, T. 1995. Measurement of urinary beta core fragment of human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with vulvovaginal malignancy and its prognostic significance. British journal of cancer. 71 (2), pp. 350-353.
The effects of beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin on the in vitro growth of bladder cancer cell lines
Gillott, D., Iles, R. and Chard, T. 1996. The effects of beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin on the in vitro growth of bladder cancer cell lines. British journal of cancer. 73 (3), pp. 323-326.
The temporary anatomical structures prominent in the first trimester may be fulfilling exchange functions assigned to the placenta in the second and third trimester
Docherty, S., Iles, R., Wathen, N. and Chard, T. 1996. The temporary anatomical structures prominent in the first trimester may be fulfilling exchange functions assigned to the placenta in the second and third trimester. Human Reproduction. 11 (6), pp. 1157-1161.
Prognostic significance of the bcl-2 apoptotic family of proteins in primary and recurrent cervical cancer
Crawford, R., Caldwell, C., Iles, R., Lowe, D., Shepherd, J. and Chard, T. 1998. Prognostic significance of the bcl-2 apoptotic family of proteins in primary and recurrent cervical cancer. British journal of cancer. 78 (2), pp. 210-214.
Concentrations of placental protein 14 in uterine flushings from infertile women: validation of the collection technique and method of expression of results
Hamilton, J., Iles, R., Gunn, L., Wilson, C., Lower, A., Chard, T. and Grudzinskas, J. 1998. Concentrations of placental protein 14 in uterine flushings from infertile women: validation of the collection technique and method of expression of results. Human Reproduction. 13 (12), pp. 3357-3362.
The prognostic significance of beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and its metabolites in women with cervical carcinoma
Crawford, R., Iles, R., Carter, P., Caldwell, C., Shepherd, J. and Chard, T. 1998. The prognostic significance of beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and its metabolites in women with cervical carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 51 (9), pp. 685-688.
Cross-Reaction with luteinizing hormone ß-Core is responsible for the age-dependent increase of immunoreactive ß-Core fragment of human chorionic gonadotropin in women with nonmalignant conditions
Iles, R., Javid, M., Gunn, L. and Chard, T. 1999. Cross-Reaction with luteinizing hormone ß-Core is responsible for the age-dependent increase of immunoreactive ß-Core fragment of human chorionic gonadotropin in women with nonmalignant conditions. Clinical Chemistry. 45, pp. 532-538.
The beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin exists as a homodimer
Butler, S., Laidler, P., Porter, J., Kicman, A., Chard, T., Cowan, D. and Iles, R. 1999. The beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin exists as a homodimer. Journal of molecular endocrinology. 22, pp. 185-192.
Clinical and endocrinological changes after electro-acupuncture treatment in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee
Ahsin, S., Saleem, S., Bhatti, A., Aslam, M. and Iles, R. 2009. Clinical and endocrinological changes after electro-acupuncture treatment in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Pain. 147 (1-3), pp. 60-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.004
Capillary electrophoresis of human follicular fluid
Wen, S., Perrett, D., Patel, P., Li, N., Docherty, S., Tozer, A. and Iles, R. 2009. Capillary electrophoresis of human follicular fluid. Journal of Chromatography B. 877 (31), pp. 3946-3952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.046
The role of glycosylation in regulating glycoprotein hormone free alpha subunit and free beta subunit combination in the extra-embryonic coelomic fluid of early pregnancy
Blithe, D. and Iles, R. 1995. The role of glycosylation in regulating glycoprotein hormone free alpha subunit and free beta subunit combination in the extra-embryonic coelomic fluid of early pregnancy. Endocrinology. 136 (3), pp. 903-910. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.136.3.903
Laser modulation of angiogenic factor production by T-lymphocytes.
Agaiby, A., Ghali, L., Wilson, R. and Dyson, M. 2000. Laser modulation of angiogenic factor production by T-lymphocytes. Lasers in surgery and medicine. 26 (4), pp. 357-363. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9101(2000)26:4<357::AID-LSM3>3.0.CO;2-O
An association between sebaceous carcinoma and microsatellite instability in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients
Harwood, C., Swale, V., Bataille, V., Quinn, A., Ghali, L., Patel, S., Dove-Edwin, I., Cerio, R. and McGregor, J. 2001. An association between sebaceous carcinoma and microsatellite instability in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. Journal of investigative dermatology. 116 (2), pp. 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01233.x
Human β defensin-1 and -2 expression in human pilosebaceous units: upregulation in acne vulgaris lesions
Chronnell, C., Ghali, L., Ali, R., Quinn, A., Holland, D., Bull, J., Cunliffe, W., McKay, I., Philpott, M. and Müller-Röver, S. 2001. Human β defensin-1 and -2 expression in human pilosebaceous units: upregulation in acne vulgaris lesions. Journal of investigative dermatology. 117 (5), pp. 1120-1125. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01569.x
Reduced apoptotic levels in squamous but not basal cell carcinomas correlates with detection of cutaneous human papillomavirus
Jackson, S., Ghali, L., Harwood, C. and Storey, A. 2002. Reduced apoptotic levels in squamous but not basal cell carcinomas correlates with detection of cutaneous human papillomavirus. British journal of cancer. 87 (3), pp. 319-323. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600431
Expression of keratin K2e in cutaneous and oral lesions: association with keratinocyte activation, proliferation, and keratinization
Bloor, B., Tidman, N., Leigh, I., Odell, E., Dogan, B., Wollina, U., Ghali, L. and Waseem, A. 2003. Expression of keratin K2e in cutaneous and oral lesions: association with keratinocyte activation, proliferation, and keratinization. American Journal of Pathology. 162 (3), pp. 963-975.
The E7 protein of cutaneous human papillomavirus type 8 causes invasion of human keratinocytes into the dermis in organotypic cultures of skin
Akgul, B., Garcia-Escudero, R., Ghali, L., Pfister, H., Fuchs, P., Navsaria, H. and Storey, A. 2005. The E7 protein of cutaneous human papillomavirus type 8 causes invasion of human keratinocytes into the dermis in organotypic cultures of skin. Cancer Research. 65 (6), pp. 2216-2223. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1952
LEKTI demonstrable by immunohistochemistry of the skin: a potential diagnostic skin test for Netherton syndrome.
Ong, C., O'Toole, E., Ghali, L., Malone, M., Smith, V., Callard, R. and Harper, J. 2004. LEKTI demonstrable by immunohistochemistry of the skin: a potential diagnostic skin test for Netherton syndrome. British journal of dermatology. 151 (6), pp. 1253-1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06180.x
Safety and efficacy of 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of skin dysplasia in high-risk renal transplant recipients: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Brown, V., Atkins, C., Ghali, L., Cerio, R., Harwood, C. and Proby, C. 2005. Safety and efficacy of 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of skin dysplasia in high-risk renal transplant recipients: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of Dermatology. 141 (8), pp. 985-993.
Overexpression of the Axl tyrosine kinase receptor in cutaneous SCC-derived cell lines and tumours
Green, J., Ikram, M., Vyas, J., Patel, N., Proby, C., Ghali, L., Leigh, I., O'Toole, E. and Storey, A. 2006. Overexpression of the Axl tyrosine kinase receptor in cutaneous SCC-derived cell lines and tumours. British journal of cancer. 94 (10), pp. 1446-1451.
Role of HPV E6 proteins in preventing UVB-induced release of pro-apoptotic factors from the mitochondria.
Leverrier, S., Bergamaschi, D., Ghali, L., Ola, A., Warnes, G., Akgul, B., Blight, K., Garcia-Escudero, R., Penna, A., Eddaoudi, A. and Storey, A. 2007. Role of HPV E6 proteins in preventing UVB-induced release of pro-apoptotic factors from the mitochondria. Apoptosis: an international journal on programmed cell death. 12 (3), pp. 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-006-0004-1
Role for WNT16B in human epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation
Teh, M., Blaydon, D., Ghali, L., Briggs, V., Edmunds, S., Pantazi, E., Barnes, M., Leigh, I., Kelsell, D. and Philpott, M. 2007. Role for WNT16B in human epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Journal of Cell Science. 120 (2), pp. 330-339.
Longitudinal muscle shows abnormal relaxation responses to nitric oxide and contains altered levels of NOS1 and elastin in uncomplicated diverticular disease.
Golder, M., Burleigh, D., Ghali, L., Feakins, R., Lunniss, P., Williams, N. and Navsaria, H. 2007. Longitudinal muscle shows abnormal relaxation responses to nitric oxide and contains altered levels of NOS1 and elastin in uncomplicated diverticular disease. Colorectal disease. 9 (3), pp. 218-228.
HPV8 early genes modulate differentiation and cell cycle of primary human adult keratinocytes.
Akgul, B., Ghali, L., Davies, D., Pfister, H., Leigh, I. and Storey, A. 2007. HPV8 early genes modulate differentiation and cell cycle of primary human adult keratinocytes. Clinical and experimental dermatology. 16 (7), pp. 590-599.
Granulosa cell survival and proliferation are altered in polycystic ovary syndrome
Das, M., Djahanbakhch, O., Hacihanefioglu, B., Saridogan, E., Ikram, M., Ghali, L., Raveendran, M. and Storey, A. 2008. Granulosa cell survival and proliferation are altered in polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 93 (3), pp. 881-887. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1650
GLI1 repression of ERK activity correlates with colony formation and impaired migration in human epidermal keratinocytes
Neill, G., Harrison, W., Ikram, M., Williams, T., Bianchi, L., Nadenla, S., Green, J., Ghali, L., Frischauf, A., O'Toole, E., Aberger, F. and Philpott, M. 2008. GLI1 repression of ERK activity correlates with colony formation and impaired migration in human epidermal keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis. 29 (4), pp. 738-746. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgn037
Can biological markers improve the management of breast cancer patients?
Leake, R., Anderson, L., Dowsett, M., Iles, R., Nicholson, R., Robertson, J., Walker, R. and UKCCR Biomarker group 2000. Can biological markers improve the management of breast cancer patients? British journal of cancer. 82 (10), pp. 1625-1626. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1159
Biological markers: maintaining standards
Leake, R., Anderson, L., Dowsett, M., Iles, R., Nicholson, R., Robertson, J., Walker, R. and UKCCCR Biomarker group 2000. Biological markers: maintaining standards. British journal of cancer. 82 (10), pp. 1627-1628. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1158
Determination of the glycoforms of human chorionic gonadotropin b-core fragment by matrix-assisted laser desoption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry
Jacoby, E., Kicman, A., Laidler, P. and Iles, R. 2000. Determination of the glycoforms of human chorionic gonadotropin b-core fragment by matrix-assisted laser desoption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry. Clinical Chemistry. 46 (11), pp. 1796-1803.
Regulation of endometrial cancer cell growth by luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Davies, S., Bax, C., Chatzaki, E., Chard, T. and Iles, R. 2000. Regulation of endometrial cancer cell growth by luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). British journal of cancer. 83 (12), pp. 1730-1734. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1507
The increase in bladder carcinoma cell population induced by the free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin is a result of an anti-apoptotic effect and not cell proliferation
Butler, S., Ikram, M., Mathieu, S. and Iles, R. 2000. The increase in bladder carcinoma cell population induced by the free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin is a result of an anti-apoptotic effect and not cell proliferation. British journal of cancer. 82 (9), pp. 1553-1556. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1177
The analysis of human amniotic fluid using capillary electrophoresis.
Stewart, C., Iles, R. and Perrett, D. 2001. The analysis of human amniotic fluid using capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 22 (6), pp. 1136-1142. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2683()22:6<1136::AID-ELPS1136>3.0.CO;2-A
High concentrations of CA 125 in uterine flushings: influence of cause of infertility and menstrual cycle day.
Hamilton, J., Iles, R., Gunn, L., Wilson, C., Lower, A. and Grudzinskas, J. 2002. High concentrations of CA 125 in uterine flushings: influence of cause of infertility and menstrual cycle day. Gynecological endocrinology..
Reduction of bladder cancer cell growth in response to hCGb CTP37 vaccinated mouse serum.
Butler, S., Staite, E. and Iles, R. 2003. Reduction of bladder cancer cell growth in response to hCGb CTP37 vaccinated mouse serum. Oncology research. 14 (2), pp. 93-100.
Identification of post-translational modifications resulting from LH beta polymorphisms by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of pituitary LH beta core fragment
Jacoby, E., Kicman, A. and Iles, R. 2003. Identification of post-translational modifications resulting from LH beta polymorphisms by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of pituitary LH beta core fragment. Journal of molecular endocrinology. 30 (2), pp. 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0300239
The recently identified homodimeric beta-beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCGbb) is no more biologically active than the free beta subunit (hCGb)
Butler, S. and Iles, R. 2004. The recently identified homodimeric beta-beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCGbb) is no more biologically active than the free beta subunit (hCGb). Tumor Biology. 25 (1-2), pp. 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000077719
Serum amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) in prostate cancer: a potential predictor of bone metastases and prognosticator for disease progression and survival.
Thurairaja, R., Iles, R., Jefferson, K., McFarlane, J. and Persad, R. 2006. Serum amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) in prostate cancer: a potential predictor of bone metastases and prognosticator for disease progression and survival. Urologia internationalis. 76 (1), pp. 67-71.
Immunoassay detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin beta (hCGb) expression by prostate cancer is of no clinical significance
Otite, U., Baithun, S., Chinegwundon, F., Nargund, V. and Iles, R. 2006. Immunoassay detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin beta (hCGb) expression by prostate cancer is of no clinical significance. Tumor Biology. 27, pp. 181-186.
Ectopic hCGbeta expression by epithelial cancer: malignant behaviour, metastasis and inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis
Iles, R. 2007. Ectopic hCGbeta expression by epithelial cancer: malignant behaviour, metastasis and inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 260-26, pp. 264-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2006.02.019
An introduction to mass spectrometry based proteomics-detection and characterization of gonadotropins and related molecules
Kicman, A., Parkin, M. and Iles, R. 2007. An introduction to mass spectrometry based proteomics-detection and characterization of gonadotropins and related molecules. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 260-26, pp. 212-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2006.02.022
Towards the development of an electrochemical biosensor for hCGβ detection
Kassanos, P., Iles, R., Bayford, R. and Demosthenous, A. 2008. Towards the development of an electrochemical biosensor for hCGβ detection. Physiological Measurement. 29 (6), pp. S241-S254. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/29/6/S21
The role of glycoprotein hormones in endometrial cancer. (in Part 7: Hormones & hormone receptor)
Bax, C., Davies, S., Chatzaki, E., Butler, S. and Iles, R. 2003. The role of glycoprotein hormones in endometrial cancer. (in Part 7: Hormones & hormone receptor). in: Nishida, M. and Kuramoto, H. (ed.) Cell and molecular biology of endometrial carcinoma. London Springer. pp. 195-206
Molecular cell biology and genetic disorders
Iles, R. 2009. Molecular cell biology and genetic disorders. in: Kumar, P. and Clark, M. (ed.) Kumar & Clark’s clinical medicine. Edinburgh Elsevier Saunders. pp. 19-52
Chapter 1: Basic sciences: the cell.
Iles, R. 2008. Chapter 1: Basic sciences: the cell. in: Nargund, V., Raghavan, D. and Sandler, H. (ed.) Urological oncology. London Springer. pp. 3-36
Smooth muscle cholinergic denervation hypersensitivity in diverticular disease.
Ghali, L., Belai, A., Burleigh, D. and Golder, M. 2003. Smooth muscle cholinergic denervation hypersensitivity in diverticular disease. The Lancet. 361 (9373), pp. 1945-1951. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13583-0
Epidermal and hair follicle progenitor cells express melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein
Ghali, L., Wong, S., Tidman, N., Quinn, A., Philpott, M. and Leigh, I. 2004. Epidermal and hair follicle progenitor cells express melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein. Journal of investigative dermatology. 122 (2), pp. 433-442. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22207.x
Human chorionic gonadotropin isoforms in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy
Iles, R., Borrelli, P., Butler, S. and Staite, E. 2003. Human chorionic gonadotropin isoforms in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Clinical Chemistry. 49 (12), pp. 2045-2049. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.022095
The free monomeric beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG beta) and the recently identified homodimeric beta-beta subunit (hCG beta beta) both have autocrine growth effects
Butler, S. and Iles, R. 2004. The free monomeric beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG beta) and the recently identified homodimeric beta-beta subunit (hCG beta beta) both have autocrine growth effects. Tumor Biology. 25 (1-2), pp. 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000077719
Enhanced affinity capture MALDI-TOF MS: orientation of an immunoglobulin G using recombinant protein G
Iles, R., Bansal, S., Jacoby, E., Neubert, H., Cowan, D. and Kicman, A. 2002. Enhanced affinity capture MALDI-TOF MS: orientation of an immunoglobulin G using recombinant protein G. Analytical Chemistry. 74 (15), pp. 3677-3683. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac025558z
Identification of placental transforming growth factor-beta and bikunin metabolites as contaminants of pharmaceutical human chorionic gonadotrophin preparations by proteomic techniques
Iles, R., Kicman, A., Malatos, S. and Neubert, H. 2005. Identification of placental transforming growth factor-beta and bikunin metabolites as contaminants of pharmaceutical human chorionic gonadotrophin preparations by proteomic techniques. Molecular and Cellular Proteomics. 4 (7), pp. 984-992. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M500085-MCP200
FOXM1 is a downstream target of Gli1 in basal cell carcinomas
Teh, M., Wong, S., Neill, G., Ghali, L., Philpott, M. and Quinn, A. 2002. FOXM1 is a downstream target of Gli1 in basal cell carcinomas. Cancer Research. 62 (16), pp. 4773-4780.
Loss of protein kinase calpha expression may enhance the tumorigenic potential of Gli1 in basal cell carcinoma
Ghali, L., Green, J., Ikram, M. and Neill, G. 2003. Loss of protein kinase calpha expression may enhance the tumorigenic potential of Gli1 in basal cell carcinoma. Cancer Research. 63 (15), pp. 4692-4697.
Ectopic human chorionic gonadotropin beta secretion by epithelial tumors and human chorionic gonadotropin beta-induced apoptosis in Kaposi's sarcoma: is there a connection?
Iles, R. and Butler, S. 2003. Ectopic human chorionic gonadotropin beta secretion by epithelial tumors and human chorionic gonadotropin beta-induced apoptosis in Kaposi's sarcoma: is there a connection? Clinical Cancer Research. 9 (13), pp. 4666-4673.
Human granulosa-lutein cell in vitro production of progesterone, inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A are dependent on follicular size and not the presence of the oocyte
Wen, S., Tozer, A., Li, D., Docherty, S., Al-Shawaf, T. and Iles, R. 2008. Human granulosa-lutein cell in vitro production of progesterone, inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A are dependent on follicular size and not the presence of the oocyte. Fertility and Sterility. 89 (5), pp. 1406-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.086
Follicular fluid levels of inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A levels reflect changes in follicle size but are not independent markers of the oocyte's ability to fertilize
Wen, S., Tozer, A., Butler, S., Bell, C., Docherty, S. and Iles, R. 2006. Follicular fluid levels of inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A levels reflect changes in follicle size but are not independent markers of the oocyte's ability to fertilize. Fertility and Sterility. 85 (6), pp. 1723-1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.11.058
The effects of 'coasting' on follicular fluid concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in women at risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Tozer, A., Iles, R., Iammarrone, E., Gillott, C., Al-Shawaf, T. and Grudzinskas, J. 2004. The effects of 'coasting' on follicular fluid concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in women at risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Human Reproduction. 19 (3), pp. 522-528. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh096
Characteristics of populations of granulosa cells from individual follicles in women undergoing 'coasting' during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for IVF
Tozer, A., Iles, R., Iammarrone, E., Gillott, C., Wen, S., Al-Shawaf, T. and Grudzinskas, J. 2004. Characteristics of populations of granulosa cells from individual follicles in women undergoing 'coasting' during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for IVF. Human Reproduction. 19 (11), pp. 2561-2568. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh487