Fit for purpose: accessibility of on-line public service information through the Barnet CAB electronic advice project.

Report

Keith, S. and Wong, B. 2004. Fit for purpose: accessibility of on-line public service information through the Barnet CAB electronic advice project. Middlesex University. https://doi.org/MUVL-6505o
TitleFit for purpose: accessibility of on-line public service information through the Barnet CAB electronic advice project.
AuthorsKeith, S. and Wong, B.
PublisherMiddlesex University
Publication process dates
Deposited07 May 2009
Output statusPublished
Additional information

Report prepared for the Manager, Barnet CAB.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/MUVL-6505o
LanguageEnglish
Institution nameBarnet CAB
Permalink -

https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/item/81924

Log in to edit
  • 104
    total views
  • 0
    total downloads
  • 3
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Automated identification of insight seeking behaviours, strategies and rules: a preliminary study
Hepenstal, S., Zhang, L. and Wong, B. 2021. Automated identification of insight seeking behaviours, strategies and rules: a preliminary study. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181321651348
Developing conversational agents for use in criminal investigations
Hepenstal, S., Zhang, L., Kodagoda, N. and Wong, B. 2021. Developing conversational agents for use in criminal investigations. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems. 11 (3-4), pp. 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3444369
An interactive human centered data science approach towards crime pattern analysis
Qazi, N. and Wong, B. 2019. An interactive human centered data science approach towards crime pattern analysis. Information Processing and Management. 56 (6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102066
The application of visual analytics to financial stability monitoring
Flood, M., Lemieux, V., Varga, M. and Wong, B. 2016. The application of visual analytics to financial stability monitoring. Journal of Financial Stability. 27, pp. 180-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2016.01.006
Tactile reasoning: hands-on vs. hands-off - what's the difference?
Takken, S. and Wong, B. 2015. Tactile reasoning: hands-on vs. hands-off - what's the difference? Cognition, Technology and Work. 17 (3), pp. 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-015-0331-5
The state of the art in integrating Machine Learning into Visual Analytics
Endert, A., Ribarsky, W., Turkay, C., Wong, B., Nabney, I., Díaz, I. and Rossi, F. 2017. The state of the art in integrating Machine Learning into Visual Analytics. Computer Graphics Forum. 36 (8), pp. 458-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13092
TimeSets: temporal sensemaking in intelligence analysis
Xu, K., Salisu, S., Nguyen, P., Walker, R., Wong, B., Wagstaff, A., Phillips, G. and Biggs, M. 2020. TimeSets: temporal sensemaking in intelligence analysis. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 40 (3), pp. 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2020.2981855
Providing a foundation for interpretable autonomous agents through elicitation and modeling of criminal investigation pathways
Hepenstal, S., Zhang, L., Kodagoda, N. and Wong, B. 2020. Providing a foundation for interpretable autonomous agents through elicitation and modeling of criminal investigation pathways. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 64 (1), pp. 239-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641057
Pan: conversational agent for criminal investigations
Hepenstal, S., Zhang, L., Kodagoda, N. and Wong, B. 2020. Pan: conversational agent for criminal investigations. IUI '20: 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. Cagliari, Italy 17 - 20 Mar 2020 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 134-135 https://doi.org/10.1145/3379336.3381463
How analysts think: a preliminary study of human needs and demands for AI-based conversational agents
Hepenstal, S., Wong, B., Zhang, L. and Kodagoda, N. 2019. How analysts think: a preliminary study of human needs and demands for AI-based conversational agents. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631333
Algorithmic transparency of conversational agents
Hepenstal, S., Kodagoda, N., Zhang, L., Paudyal, P. and Wong, B. 2019. Algorithmic transparency of conversational agents. Trattner, C., Parra, D. and Riche, N. (ed.) IUI 2019 Workshop on Intelligent User Interfaces for Algorithmic Transparency in Emerging Technologies. Los Angeles, CA, USA 17 - 20 Mar 2019 CEUR Workshop Proceedings.
Algorithmic opacity: making algorithmic processes transparent through abstraction hierarchy
Paudyal, P. and Wong, B. 2018. Algorithmic opacity: making algorithmic processes transparent through abstraction hierarchy. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 62 (1), pp. 192-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621046
Sense-making strategies in explorative intelligence analysis of network evolutions
Doppler Haider, J., Gastecker, B., Pohl, M., Seidler, P., Kodagoda, N. and Wong, B. 2019. Sense-making strategies in explorative intelligence analysis of network evolutions. Behaviour and Information Technology. 38 (2), pp. 198-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2018.1519036
Criminal pattern identification based on modified K-means clustering
Aljrees, T., Shi, D., Windridge, D. and Wong, B. 2016. Criminal pattern identification based on modified K-means clustering. 2016 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC). 2, pp. 799-806. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMLC.2016.7872990
Analytic provenance as constructs of behavioural markers for externalizing thinking processes in criminal intelligence analysis
Islam, J., Wong, B. and Xu, K. 2018. Analytic provenance as constructs of behavioural markers for externalizing thinking processes in criminal intelligence analysis. in: Leventakis, G. and Haberfeld, M. (ed.) Community-Oriented Policing and Technological Innovations Springer. pp. 95-105
Analytic provenance for criminal intelligence analysis
Islam, J., Xu, K. and Wong, B. 2018. Analytic provenance for criminal intelligence analysis. Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security. 4 (2), pp. 18-33. https://doi.org/10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2018016
How can we design tactile interactive software for argument construction in criminal intelligence analysis?
Groenewald, C., Wong, B., Attfield, S., Passmore, P. and Kodagoda, N. 2017. How can we design tactile interactive software for argument construction in criminal intelligence analysis? Gore, J. and Ward, P. (ed.) 13th Bi-annual International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM13). University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom 20 - 23 Jun 2017 The University of Bath. pp. 322-328
How analysts think: how do criminal intelligence analysts recognise and manage significant information?
Groenewald, C., Wong, B., Attfield, S., Passmore, P. and Kodagoda, N. 2017. How analysts think: how do criminal intelligence analysts recognise and manage significant information? 2017 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC 2017). Athens, Greece 11 - 13 Sep 2017 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 47-53 https://doi.org/10.1109/EISIC.2017.15
How analysts think: navigating uncertainty – aspirations, considerations and strategies
Groenewald, C., Wong, B., Attfield, S., Passmore, P. and Kodagoda, N. 2017. How analysts think: navigating uncertainty – aspirations, considerations and strategies. Gore, J. and Ward, P. (ed.) 13th Bi-annual International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM13). University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom 20 - 23 Jun 2017 The University of Bath. pp. 56-64
Using machine learning to infer reasoning provenance from user interaction log data: based on the data/frame theory of sensemaking
Kodagoda, N., Pontis, S., Simmie, D., Attfield, S., Wong, B., Blandford, A. and Hankin, C. 2017. Using machine learning to infer reasoning provenance from user interaction log data: based on the data/frame theory of sensemaking. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making. 11 (1), pp. 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555343416672782
How analysts think: think-steps as a tool for structuring sensemaking in criminal intelligence analysis
Selvaraj, N., Attfield, S., Passmore, P. and Wong, B. 2016. How analysts think: think-steps as a tool for structuring sensemaking in criminal intelligence analysis. 2016 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC). Uppsala, Sweden 17 - 19 Aug 2016 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 68-75 https://doi.org/10.1109/EISIC.2016.019
Behavioural markers: bridging the gap between art of analysis and science of analytics in criminal intelligence
Islam, J. and Wong, B. 2017. Behavioural markers: bridging the gap between art of analysis and science of analytics in criminal intelligence. 2017 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference. Dekelia Air Base, Attica, Greece 11 - 13 Sep 2017 IEEE. pp. 147-150 https://doi.org/10.1109/EISIC.2017.30
Uncertainty of visualizations for SenseMaking in criminal intelligence analysis
Islam, J., Xu, K. and Wong, B. 2018. Uncertainty of visualizations for SenseMaking in criminal intelligence analysis. 6th EuroRVVV: EuroVis Workshop on Reproducibility, Verification, and Validation in Visualization (2018). Brno, Czech Republic 04 - 08 Jun 2018 The Eurographics Association. pp. 25-29 https://doi.org/10.2312/eurorv3.20181145
How analysts think: sense-making strategies in the analysis of temporal evolution and criminal network structures and activities
Haider, J., Seidler, P., Pohl, M., Kodagoda, N., Adderley, R. and Wong, B. 2017. How analysts think: sense-making strategies in the analysis of temporal evolution and criminal network structures and activities. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 61 (1), pp. 193-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601532
Risk map as a library management information dashboard: a case study in adapting a configural display
Wong, B. and Gulden, J. 2017. Risk map as a library management information dashboard: a case study in adapting a configural display. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 61 (1), pp. 287-291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601553
Understanding 3D mid-air hand gestures with interactive surfaces and displays: a systematic literature review
Groenewald, C., Anslow, C., Islam, J., Rooney, C., Passmore, P. and Wong, B. 2016. Understanding 3D mid-air hand gestures with interactive surfaces and displays: a systematic literature review. HCI 2016 - Fusion! 30th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference (HCI 2016). Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom 11 - 15 Jul 2016 British Computer Society. pp. 1-13 https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/HCI2016.43
Interaction log and provenance for sensemaking
Nguyen, P., Xu, K. and Wong, B. 2016. Interaction log and provenance for sensemaking. LIVVIL: Logging Interactive Visualizations & Visualizing Interaction Logs. Baltimore, MD, USA 23 Oct 2016 pp. 5-8
Supporting the externalisation of thinking in criminal intelligence analysis
Passmore, P., Attfield, S., Kodagoda, N., Groenewald, C. and Wong, B. 2015. Supporting the externalisation of thinking in criminal intelligence analysis. European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC) 2015. Manchester, United Kingdom 07 - 09 Sep 2015 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 16-23 https://doi.org/10.1109/EISIC.2015.35
SenseMap: supporting browser-based online sensemaking through analytic provenance
Nguyen, P., Xu, K., Bardill, A., Salman, B., Herd, K. and Wong, B. 2016. SenseMap: supporting browser-based online sensemaking through analytic provenance. VIS 2016: IEEE Visualization Conference. Baltimore, Maryland, USA 23 - 28 Oct 2016 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 91-100 https://doi.org/10.1109/vast.2016.7883515
Associative search through formal concept analysis in criminal intelligence analysis
Qazi, N., Wong, B., Kodagoda, N. and Rick, A. 2016. Associative search through formal concept analysis in criminal intelligence analysis. IEEE SMC 2016: International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Budapest, Hungry 09 - 12 Oct 2016 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 1917-1922 https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2016.7844519
A practical, hybrid argumentation model to assist with the formulation of defensible assessments in uncertain sense-making environments
Groenewald, C., Attfield, S., Passmore, P., Wong, B. and Kodagoda, N. 2017. A practical, hybrid argumentation model to assist with the formulation of defensible assessments in uncertain sense-making environments. 2017 International Conference Next Generation Community Policing. Heraklion, Crete, Greece 25 - 27 Oct 2017
Semantic based image retrieval through combined classifiers of deep neural network and wavelet decomposition of image signal
Qazi, N. and Wong, B. 2016. Semantic based image retrieval through combined classifiers of deep neural network and wavelet decomposition of image signal. 9th IEEE EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation (EUROSIM). Oulu, Finland 12 - 16 Sep 2016 pp. 1-6 https://doi.org/10.1109/EUROSIM.2016.141
The role of expertise in dynamic risk assessment: a reflection of the problem-solving strategies used by experienced fireground commanders
Okoli, J., Watt, J., Weller, G. and Wong, B. 2016. The role of expertise in dynamic risk assessment: a reflection of the problem-solving strategies used by experienced fireground commanders. Risk Management. 18 (1), pp. 4-25. https://doi.org/10.1057/rm.2015.20
Criminal pattern identification based on modified K-means clustering
Aljrees, T., Shi, D., Windridge, D. and Wong, B. 2016. Criminal pattern identification based on modified K-means clustering. 2016 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. Jeju, South Korea 10 - 13 Jul 2016 IEEE. pp. 799-806 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMLC.2016.7872990
Spherical similarity explorer for comparative case analysis
Zhang, L., Rooney, C., Nachmanson, L., Wong, B., Kwon, B., Stoffel, F., Hund, M. and Qazi, N. 2016. Spherical similarity explorer for comparative case analysis. IS&T Electronic Imaging 2016 Conference on Visualization and Data Analysis 2016. San Francisco, CA, USA 16 - 18 Feb 2016 Society for Imaging Science and Technology. pp. 1-10 https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2016.1.VDA-496
Towards analytical provenance visualization for criminal intelligence analysis
Islam, J., Anslow, C., Xu, K., Wong, B. and Zhang, L. 2016. Towards analytical provenance visualization for criminal intelligence analysis. 34th Annual Conference Computer Graphics & Visual Computing (CGVC) 2016. Bournemouth University, United Kingdom 15 - 16 Sep 2016 The Eurographics Association. pp. 17-24 https://doi.org/10.2312/cgvc.20161290
SensePath: understanding the sensemaking process through analytic provenance
Nguyen, P., Xu, K., Wheat, A., Wong, B., Attfield, S. and Fields, B. 2016. SensePath: understanding the sensemaking process through analytic provenance. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 22 (1), pp. 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2015.2467611
TimeSets: timeline visualization with set relations
Nguyen, P., Xu, K., Walker, R. and Wong, B. 2016. TimeSets: timeline visualization with set relations. Information Visualization. 15 (3), pp. 253-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473871615605347
How analysts think: inference making strategies
Wong, B. and Kodagoda, N. 2015. How analysts think: inference making strategies. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59th International Annual Meeting, 2015. Los Angeles, California, USA 26 - 30 Oct 2015 pp. 269-273 https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591055
Exploring the challenges of implementing guidelines for the design of visual analytics systems
Haider, J., Pohl, M., Hillemann, E., Nussbaumer, A., Attfield, S., Passmore, P. and Wong, B. 2015. Exploring the challenges of implementing guidelines for the design of visual analytics systems. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2015 ​59th International Annual Meeting. Los Angeles, California, USA 26 - 30 Oct 2015 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. pp. 259-263 https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591053
SchemaLine: timeline visualization for sensemaking
Nguyen, P., Xu, K., Walker, R. and Wong, B. 2014. SchemaLine: timeline visualization for sensemaking. 18th International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV). pp. 225-233
TimeSets: timeline visualization for sensemaking
Nguyen, P., Xu, K., Walker, R. and Wong, B. 2014. TimeSets: timeline visualization for sensemaking. IEEE VIS Workshop on Provenance for Sensemaking. Paris, France 10 Nov 2014
POLAR - an interactive patterns of life visualisation tool for intelligence analysis
Kodagoda, N., Attfield, S., Nguyen, P., Zhang, L., Xu, K., Wong, B., Wagstaff, A., Phillips, G., Bulloch, J., Marshall, J. and Bertram, S. 2014. POLAR - an interactive patterns of life visualisation tool for intelligence analysis. IEEE Joint Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference. The Hague, Netherlands Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 327
VALCRI: addressing European needs for information exploitation of large complex data in criminal intelligence analysis
Wong, B., Zhang, L. and Shepherd, I. 2014. VALCRI: addressing European needs for information exploitation of large complex data in criminal intelligence analysis. European Data Forum 2014. Athens, Greece 19 - 20 Mar 2014
INVISQUE as a tool for intelligence analysis: the construction of explanatory narratives
Rooney, C., Attfield, S., Wong, B. and Choudhury, S. 2014. INVISQUE as a tool for intelligence analysis: the construction of explanatory narratives. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. 30 (9), pp. 703-717. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2014.905422
User behaviour: searching for scholarly material using electronic resource discovery systems
Stelmaszewska, H., Wong, B., Bhimani, N. and Barn, B. 2010. User behaviour: searching for scholarly material using electronic resource discovery systems. in: BCS '10 Proceedings of the 24th BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference British Computer Society. pp. 17-26
Exploring sensemaking through an Intelligence Analysis exercise
Baber, C., Attfield, S., Wong, B. and Rooney, C. 2013. Exploring sensemaking through an Intelligence Analysis exercise. in: Chaudet, H., Pellegrin, L. and Bonnardel, N. (ed.) Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making Paris Arpege Science Publishing. pp. 125-131
An extensible framework for provenance in human terrain visual analytics
Walker, R., Slingsby, A., Dykes, J., Xu, K., Wood, J., Nguyen, P., Stephens, D., Wong, B. and Zheng, Y. 2013. An extensible framework for provenance in human terrain visual analytics. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 19 (12), pp. 2139-2148. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2013.132
Concern level assessment: building domain knowledge into a visual system to support network-security situation awareness
Kodagoda, N., Attfield, S., Choudhury, S., Rooney, C., Mapp, G., Nguyen, P., Slabbert, L., Wong, B., Aiash, M., Zheng, Y., Xu, K. and Lasebae, A. 2014. Concern level assessment: building domain knowledge into a visual system to support network-security situation awareness. Information Visualization. 13 (4), pp. 346-360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473871613490291
Effects of low & high literacy on user performance in information search and retrieval
Kodagoda, N. and Wong, B. 2008. Effects of low & high literacy on user performance in information search and retrieval. in: Beale, R. and England, D. (ed.) Proceedings of the 22nd British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: Culture, Creativity, Interaction British Computer Society (BCS) Learning and Development Ltd..
Radio dispatchers' interruption recovery strategies
Mancero, G., Wong, B. and Loomes, M. 2009. Radio dispatchers' interruption recovery strategies. in: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group on Design: Open 24/7 - OZCHI '09 New York Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 113-120
Variable uncertainty: scenario design for training adaptive and flexible skills
Field, J., Rankin, A., Van der Pal, J., Eriksson, H. and Wong, B. 2011. Variable uncertainty: scenario design for training adaptive and flexible skills. in: Proceedings of the 29th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics - ECCE '11 New York Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 27-34
Trialling the SMART approach: identifying and assessing sense-making
Wong, B., Kodagoda, N., Rooney, C., Attfield, S. and Choudhury, S. 2013. Trialling the SMART approach: identifying and assessing sense-making. 2013 International Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. San Diego, CA, USA 30 Sep - 04 Oct 2013
Relative position vectors: an alternative approach to conflict detection in air traffic control
Vuckovic, A., Sanderson, P., Neal, A., Gaukrodger, S. and Wong, B. 2013. Relative position vectors: an alternative approach to conflict detection in air traffic control. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 55 (5), pp. 946-964. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720813481803
Interactive visualization for low literacy users: from lessons learnt to design
Kodagoda, N., Wong, B., Rooney, C. and Khan, N. 2012. Interactive visualization for low literacy users: from lessons learnt to design. CHI '12 Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 1159-1168 https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208565
Information seeking behaviour model as a theoretical lens: high and low literate users behaviour process analysed.
Kodagoda, N., Wong, B. and Khan, N. 2010. Information seeking behaviour model as a theoretical lens: high and low literate users behaviour process analysed. in: ECCE '10: Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 117-124
Open-­card sort to explain why low-literate users abandon their web searches early.
Kodagoda, N., Wong, B. and Khan, N. 2010. Open-­card sort to explain why low-literate users abandon their web searches early. in: BCS'10: Proceedings of the 24th BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference. British Computer Society. pp. 433-442
Provenance for intelligence analysis using visual analytics.
Wong, B., Xu, K. and Attfield, S. 2011. Provenance for intelligence analysis using visual analytics. CHI 2011: Workshop on Analytic Provenance. Vancouver, BC, Canada 07 - 08 May 2011
Interactive visualization for information analysis in medical diagnosis
Wong, B., Xu, K. and Holzinger, A. 2011. Interactive visualization for information analysis in medical diagnosis. Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction & Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (HCI-KDD). Graz, Austria 24 Nov 2011
INVISQUE: Intuitive information exploration through interactive visualization
Wong, B., Chen, R., Kodagoda, N., Rooney, C. and Xu, K. 2011. INVISQUE: Intuitive information exploration through interactive visualization. The ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Vancouver, BC, Canada 07 - 12 May 2011
M-Sieve: a visualisation tool for supporting network security analysts
Choudhury, S., Kodagoda, N., Nguyen, P., Rooney, C., Attfield, S., Xu, K., Zheng, Y., Wong, B., Chen, R., Mapp, G., Slabbert, L., Aiash, M. and Lasebae, A. 2012. M-Sieve: a visualisation tool for supporting network security analysts. VisWeek 2012. Seattle, WA, USA 14 - 19 Oct 2012
Team Sensemaking Assessment Method (TSAM): an inspection method for evaluating collaborative analysis technologies
Hutton, R., Attfield, S., Wiggins, S., McGuinness, B. and Wong, B. 2012. Team Sensemaking Assessment Method (TSAM): an inspection method for evaluating collaborative analysis technologies. Anderson, M. (ed.) International conference on Ergonomics and Human Factors 2012. Blackpool, England, UK 16 - 19 Apr 2012 CRC Press. pp. 419-420
Middlesex University’s Invisque visual analytics tool: supported by text analytics techniques from the University of Leeds
Choudhury, S., Brierley, C., Rooney, C., Xu, K., Chen, R., Wong, B. and Atwell, E. 2011. Middlesex University’s Invisque visual analytics tool: supported by text analytics techniques from the University of Leeds. IEEE VAST Challenge 2011. Providence, Rhode Island, USA 23 - 28 Oct 2011
INVISQUE: Technology and methodologies for interactive information visualization and analytics in large library collections
Wong, B., Choudhury, S., Rooney, C., Chen, R. and Xu, K. 2011. INVISQUE: Technology and methodologies for interactive information visualization and analytics in large library collections. Gradmann, S., Borri, F., Meghini, C. and Schuldt, H. (ed.) Springer.
Tactile reasoning and adaptive architecture for intelligence sense-making
Wong, B., Choudhury, S. and North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2011. Tactile reasoning and adaptive architecture for intelligence sense-making. Symposium on "Emerged/Emerging "Disruptive" Technologies (E2DT)". Madrid, Spain 09 - 10 May 2011
Sense-making in visual analytics: processes and challenges
Attfield, S., Hara, S. and Wong, B. 2010. Sense-making in visual analytics: processes and challenges. EuroVAST 2010: The 1st European Symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology.. Bordeaux, France 08 Jun 2010
Electronic resource discovery systems: from user behaviour to design.
Stelmaszewska, H., Wong, B., Attfield, S. and Chen, R. 2010. Electronic resource discovery systems: from user behaviour to design. in: Hvannberg, E., Larusdottir, M., Blandford, A. and Gulliksen, J. (ed.) NordiCHI '10 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 483-492
Change blindness and situation awareness in a police C2 environment.
Mancero, G., Wong, B. and Loomes, M. 2009. Change blindness and situation awareness in a police C2 environment. in: Norros, L. (ed.) ECCE 2009 - European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics: designing beyond the product: understanding activity and user experience in ubiquitous environments. Vuorimiehentie VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.
Behaviour characteristics: low and high literacy users information seeking on social service websites.
Kodagoda, N., Wong, B. and Khan, N. 2009. Behaviour characteristics: low and high literacy users information seeking on social service websites. in: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference NZ Chapter of the ACM's Special Interest Group on Human-Computer Interaction. New York Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 13-16
Overview of behaviour characteristics of high and low literacy users: information seeking of an online social service system
Kodagoda, N., Wong, B. and Khan, N. 2009. Overview of behaviour characteristics of high and low literacy users: information seeking of an online social service system. in: Gross, T., Gulliksen, J., Kotzé, P., Oestreicher, L., Palanque, P., Prates, R. and Winckler, M. (ed.) Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2009: 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference, Uppsala, Sweden, August 24-28, 2009, Proceedigns Part I Springer.
Identifying expertise for CAL program development in operative dentistry
Wong, B., Ng, B. and Clark, S. 2000. Identifying expertise for CAL program development in operative dentistry. Journal of dentistry.
Assessing the effectiveness of animation and virtual reality in teaching operative dentistry
Wong, B., Ng, B. and Clark, S. 2000. Assessing the effectiveness of animation and virtual reality in teaching operative dentistry. Journal of dentistry. 1 (1).
Depth, layering and transparency: developing design techniques.
Wong, B., Joyekurun, R., Mansour, H., Amaldi, P., Nees, A. and Villanueva, R. 2005. Depth, layering and transparency: developing design techniques. in: Bentley, T. and Balbo, S. (ed.) OZCHI 2005 citizens online: considerations for today & the future. CHISIG.
What makes emergency ambulance command and control complex?
Wong, B., Hayes, J. and Moore, T. 2005. What makes emergency ambulance command and control complex? in: Johnson, C. (ed.) 2nd workshop on complexity in design and engineering. Glasgow University of Glasgow, Department of Computing Science. pp. 106-116
Research into EMD at the London ambulance service: stage 1 report requirements, priorities and projects.
Wong, B., Fields, B. and Blandford, A. 2000. Research into EMD at the London ambulance service: stage 1 report requirements, priorities and projects. London Middlesex University.
Emergency medical dispatch at the London ambulance service.
Wong, B., Blandford, A. and Fields, B. 2000. Emergency medical dispatch at the London ambulance service. Middlesex University.
Preliminary report to the Snowy Mountain hydro electric authority: NSW-Victoria system separation incident.
Wong, B. and Sanderson, P. 2001. Preliminary report to the Snowy Mountain hydro electric authority: NSW-Victoria system separation incident. Melbourne Swinburne University of Technology.
Future design.
Wong, B. and Ham, D. 2008. Future design. in: Golightly, D., Rose, T., Bonner, J. and Boyd Davis, S. (ed.) Create2008: proceedings Ergonomics Society.
Interaction design at Middlesex University: innovative human-centred solutions.
Wong, B. and Curzon, P. 2005. Interaction design at Middlesex University: innovative human-centred solutions. in: Fincher, S. (ed.) People and ccmputers XVIII: design for life: proceedings of HCI 2004 London Springer. pp. 209-210
Extracting information handling strategies.
Wong, B. and Blandford, A. 2007. Extracting information handling strategies. in: Mosier, K. and Fischer, U. (ed.) NDM 8: Eighth international conference on naturalistic decision making: proceedings NDM8. pp. 302-309
Situation awareness in an emergency medical dispatch centre.
Wong, B. and Blandford, A. 2004. Situation awareness in an emergency medical dispatch centre. in: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society: 48th annual meeting. Santa Monica, CA. HFES. pp. 285-289
Information handling in dynamic decision making environments.
Wong, B. and Blandford, A. 2004. Information handling in dynamic decision making environments. in: Blythe, M., Baxter, G. and Reed, D. (ed.) ECCE-12: proceedings of the twelfth European conference on cognitive economics. York European Association of Cognitive Ergonomics/ University of York. pp. 195-202
Analysing ambulance dispatcher decision making: trialing emergent themes analysis
Wong, B. and Blandford, A. 2002. Analysing ambulance dispatcher decision making: trialing emergent themes analysis. in: Vatere, F., Johnston, L. and Kushinsky, R. (ed.) Proceedings of the HF2002 human factors conference design for the whole person - integrating physical, cognitive and social aspects: a joint conference of the Ergonomics society of Australia (ESA) and the Computer human interaction special interest group. Canberra Ergonomics Society of Australia..
Situation awareness and its implications for human-systems interaction
Wong, B. and Blandford, A. 2001. Situation awareness and its implications for human-systems interaction. in: Thomas, R., Apperley, M. and Smith, W. (ed.) OZCHI 2001 usability and usefulness for knowledge economies: conference proceedings. Sydney CHISIG. pp. 181-186
Naturalistic decision making in emergency ambulance command and control.
Wong, B. and Blandford, A. 2001. Naturalistic decision making in emergency ambulance command and control. Dunedin, NZ. University of Otagoo.
Inventivity in HCI education.
Wong, B. 2006. Inventivity in HCI education. in: Hvannberg, E. (ed.) Inventivity : teaching theory, design and innovation in HCI. Limerick, Ireland University of Limerick. pp. 67-72
Technology affordances of the ActualDepth multi-layered display
Wong, B. 2003. Technology affordances of the ActualDepth multi-layered display. Dunedin, NZ University of Otagoo.
The integrated decision model in emergency dispatch management and its implications for design
Wong, B. 2000. The integrated decision model in emergency dispatch management and its implications for design. Australian journal of information systems. 2 (7), pp. 95-107.
Virtual tours in tourism: interaction issues.
Villanueva, R. and Wong, B. 2001. Virtual tours in tourism: interaction issues. in: Thomas, R., Apperley, M. and Smith, W. (ed.) OZCHI 2001 usability and usefulness for knowledge economies: conference proceedings. Sydney CHISIG. pp. 235-239
Hydro scheme control in a deregulated environment: cognitive work models and design implications.
Sanderson, P., Wong, B., Choudhury, S. and Memisevic, R. 2003. Hydro scheme control in a deregulated environment: cognitive work models and design implications. in: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society: 47th annual meeting. Denver, Colorado HFES. pp. 458-462
Analysing cognitive work of hydroelectricity generation in a dynamic deregulated market.
Sanderson, P., Memisevic, R. and Wong, B. 2004. Analysing cognitive work of hydroelectricity generation in a dynamic deregulated market. in: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society: 48th annual meeting. Santa Monica, CA. Human Factors. pp. 484-488
Ergonomic consulting for SMCC facilities upgrade project: task analysis input to control room redesign.
Sanderson, P. and Wong, B. 2001. Ergonomic consulting for SMCC facilities upgrade project: task analysis input to control room redesign. Cooma, NSW 2630. Melbourne. Swinburne University of Technology. https://doi.org/SCHIL-SMCC-2001-2
Evaluating human-system integration solutions for SMCC's proposed AGC and GEMS systems: design brief to Snowy Mountains hydro electric authority.
Sanderson, P. and Wong, B. 2000. Evaluating human-system integration solutions for SMCC's proposed AGC and GEMS systems: design brief to Snowy Mountains hydro electric authority. Cooma, NSW, Australia Snowy Mountain Hydro Electric Authority..
Developing visualisations to support spatial-temporal reasoning in ATC.
Rozzi, S., Wong, B., Woodward, P., Amaldi, P., Fields, B. and Panizzi, E. 2006. Developing visualisations to support spatial-temporal reasoning in ATC. in: Pejcic-Tarle, S. (ed.) Second international conference on research in air transportation. Belgrade, Serbia University of Belgrade: Faculty of Traffic and Transport Engineering.
Learning to look: real and virtual artifacts.
Rowntree, J., Wong, B. and Hannah, R. 2002. Learning to look: real and virtual artifacts. Educational technology & society: journal of International forum of educational technology & society and IEEE learning technology task force.. 5 (1), pp. 129-134.
A fide-mediation framework for virtual objects
Rowntree, J., Hannah, R. and Wong, B. 2004. A fide-mediation framework for virtual objects. International journal of learning technology. 1 (2), pp. 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLT.2004.004874
Learning with digital artifacts: gaining a sense of the object
Rowntree, J., Hannah, R. and Wong, B. 2002. Learning with digital artifacts: gaining a sense of the object. VINE. 32 (3), pp. 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1108/03055720210474244
Digital artifacts in teaching classical art: some educational considerations.
Rowntree, J., Hannah, R. and Wong, B. 2006. Digital artifacts in teaching classical art: some educational considerations. in: Mattusch, C., Donohue, A. and Brauer, A. (ed.) Common ground: archaeology, art, science, and humanities: proceedings of the XVIth International congress of classical archaeology, Boston, August 23-26, 2003. Oxford Oxbow. pp. 300-321
Interactive children: the use of virtual reality and web technologies.
Peterson, K. and Wong, B. 2000. Interactive children: the use of virtual reality and web technologies. in: Paris, C. (ed.) OZCHI 2000: 4th-8th December 2000, the University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. Sydney CHISIG. pp. 12-13
Cognitive task analysis for decision centred design and training.
O'Hare, D., Wiggins, M. and Wong, B. 2000. Cognitive task analysis for decision centred design and training. in: Annett, J. and Stanton, N. (ed.) Task analysis Taylor and Francis.
Activity breakdown in quickTime virtual reality environments.
Norris, B. and Wong, B. 2000. Activity breakdown in quickTime virtual reality environments. in: Thomas, B. and Warren, J. (ed.) First Australasian user interface conference (AUIC 2000): proceedings. Los Alamitos, Calif. IEEE Computer Society.
Cartographic and cognitive analysis of ambulance dispatch displays.
Moore, A., Hayes, J. and Wong, B. 2007. Cartographic and cognitive analysis of ambulance dispatch displays. Going global; mapping New Zealand's trajectory (GeoCart 2006). Auckland, New Zealand 04 - 06 Sep 2006
Next generation 4D HMI concepts. Deliverable 14. Report prepared for AD4: 4D virtual airspace management system, sixth framework programme, priority 1.4 aeronautics and space.
Wong, B., Panifici, E., Lot, D., Amaldi, P., Fields, B. and Rozzi, S. 2005. Next generation 4D HMI concepts. Deliverable 14. Report prepared for AD4: 4D virtual airspace management system, sixth framework programme, priority 1.4 aeronautics and space. Rome NEXT Sistems Ingegeria o..
Investigating human-system interaction with an integrated hydropower and market system simulator
Memisevic, R., Sanderson, P., Wong, B., Choudhury, S. and Li, X. 2007. Investigating human-system interaction with an integrated hydropower and market system simulator. IEEE transactions on power systems. 22 (2), pp. 762-769.
Work domain analysis and ecological interface design for hydropower system monitoring and control.
Memisevic, R., Sanderson, P., Choudhury, S. and Wong, B. 2005. Work domain analysis and ecological interface design for hydropower system monitoring and control. in: Proceedings: the international conference on systems, man and cybernetics. IEEE.
Integrated power scheme simulator for human-system integration studies.
Memisevic, R., Choudhury, S., Sanderson, P. and Wong, B. 2004. Integrated power scheme simulator for human-system integration studies. in: Walker, G. (ed.) Proceedings of AUPEC'2004 : Australasian universities power engineering conference. AUPEC.
The utility of depth affordance in multi-layered displays for supporting change detection.
Mancero, G. and Wong, B. 2008. The utility of depth affordance in multi-layered displays for supporting change detection. in: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 52nd annual meeting. Santa Monica, CA, USA Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Applying the control adaptation method to a real world system: hydropower system example.
Li, X., Sanderson, P., Wong, B., Choudhury, S. and Memisevic, R. 2005. Applying the control adaptation method to a real world system: hydropower system example. in: Marmaras, N. (ed.) Proceedings of the annual conference of the European association of cognitive ergonomics, EACE 2005 conference. Athens University of Athens..
Accessibility, usability and fit for purpose: a framework for evaluating information delivery.
Keith, S., Whitney, G. and Wong, B. 2006. Accessibility, usability and fit for purpose: a framework for evaluating information delivery. in: Bust, P. (ed.) Contemporary ergonomics 2006. Taylor and Francis.
A functional collaborative work unit for analysing hazardous flight approaches.
Joyekurun, R., Amaldi, P. and Wong, B. 2007. A functional collaborative work unit for analysing hazardous flight approaches. in: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society: 51st Annual Meeting. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Complexity factors in ambulance command and control.
Hayes, J., Moore, A., Benwell, G. and Wong, B. 2005. Complexity factors in ambulance command and control. in: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society: 49th annual meeting. Santa Monica, Calif. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Ambulance dispatch complexity and dispatcher decision strategies: implications for interface design.
Hayes, J., Moore, A., Benwell, G. and Wong, B. 2004. Ambulance dispatch complexity and dispatcher decision strategies: implications for interface design. in: Masoodian, M., Jones, S. and Rogers, B. (ed.) Computer human interaction: 6th Asia Pacific conference, APCHI 2004. Berlin Springer.
Proceedings: create 2007
Golightly, D., Rose, T., Wong, B. and Light, A. 2007. Proceedings: create 2007. Ergonomics Society.
QTVR support for teaching operative procedures in dentistry.
Clark, S., Ng, B. and Wong, B. 2000. QTVR support for teaching operative procedures in dentistry. in: McDonald, S., Waern, Y. and Cockton, G. (ed.) People and computers XIV : usability or else!: proceedings of HCI 2000. London Springer. pp. 287-298
Multiple viewpoints on computer supported team work: a case study on ambulance dispatch.
Blandford, A., Wong, B., Connell, I. and Green, T. 2002. Multiple viewpoints on computer supported team work: a case study on ambulance dispatch. in: Faulkner, X., Finlay, J. and Detienne, F. (ed.) People and computers XVI: memorable yet invisible: proceedings of HCI 2002. London Springer. pp. 139-156
State of the art: HCI in New Zealand.
Wong, B., Apperley, M., Carter, P., Churcher, C., Cockburn, A., Jones, M., Lobb, B., Novins, K. and Phillips, C. 2003. State of the art: HCI in New Zealand. in: Rauterberg, M., Menozzi, M. and Wesson, J. (ed.) Human-computer interaction, INTERACT '03: IFIP TC13 International conference on human-computer interaction. Oxford IOS. pp. 1079-1080
Operational concepts report Vol.2: tower control deliverable 12.
Amaldi, P., Fields, B., Rozzi, S., Woodward, P. and Wong, B. 2005. Operational concepts report Vol.2: tower control deliverable 12. Middlesex University Press.
Operational Concepts Report Vol.1: Approach Control.
Amaldi, P., Fields, B., Rozzi, S. and Wong, B. 2005. Operational Concepts Report Vol.1: Approach Control. London Middlesex University Press.
Using a reconstruction-exploration approach to empower cognitive analysis methods: Possibilities and challenges
Albinsson, P., Wong, B. and Pilemalm, S. 2005. Using a reconstruction-exploration approach to empower cognitive analysis methods: Possibilities and challenges. in: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society: 49th annual meeting. Santa Monica, Calif. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. pp. 224-228
A framework for evaluating barriers to accessibility, usability and fit for purpose.
Keith, S., Whitney, G. and Wong, B. 2006. A framework for evaluating barriers to accessibility, usability and fit for purpose. in: Bust, P. (ed.) Contemporary ergonomics 2006. London Taylor and Francis.
Review of DPTAC guidance: large passenger ships and passenger infrastructure.
Keith, S., Whitney, G., Sentinella, J., Wong, B., Platt-Evans, C., Fielding, C. and Smith, L. 2006. Review of DPTAC guidance: large passenger ships and passenger infrastructure. Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (DPTAC).
Purpose and context: selecting multiple methods for evaluating a pilot public information terminal.
Keith, S., Springett, M. and Wong, B. 2005. Purpose and context: selecting multiple methods for evaluating a pilot public information terminal. in: Bust, P. and McCabe, P. (ed.) Contemporary ergonomics. 2005 Taylor and Francis.
Identifying information seeking behaviours of low andhigh literacy users: combined cognitive task analysis.
Kodagoda, N., Wong, B. and Khan, N. 2009. Identifying information seeking behaviours of low andhigh literacy users: combined cognitive task analysis. British Computer Society. pp. 347-354
Fit for purpose evaluation: the case of a public information kiosk for the socially disadvantaged.
Wong, B., Springett, M. and Keith, S. 2005. Fit for purpose evaluation: the case of a public information kiosk for the socially disadvantaged. in: People and Computers XIX - The Bigger Picture: Proceedings of HCI 2005 (BCS Conference) Springer Verlag. pp. 149-165
Critical Decision Method data analysis
Wong, B. 2003. Critical Decision Method data analysis. in: Diaper, D. and Stanton, N. (ed.) The handbook of task analysis for human-computer interaction Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.. pp. 327-346
Evaluating functional displays for hydropower system: model-based guidance of scenario design.
Li, X., Sanderson, P., Memisevic, R., Wong, B. and Choudhury, S. 2006. Evaluating functional displays for hydropower system: model-based guidance of scenario design. Cognition, Technology and Work. 8 (4), pp. 269-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-006-0044-x
Framework and model of usability factors of mobile phones
Ham, D., Heo, J., Fossick, P., Wong, B., Park, S., Song, C. and Bradley, M.D. 2008. Framework and model of usability factors of mobile phones. in: Lumsden, J. (ed.) Handbook of research on user interface design and evaluation for mobile technology. Hershey, PA. Information Science Reference. pp. 877-896
Editorial: In use, in situ: extending field research methods
Fields, B., Amaldi, P., Wong, B. and Gill, S. 2007. Editorial: In use, in situ: extending field research methods. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. 22 (1-2), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447310709336952
3D-in-2D Displays for ATC
Wong, B., Rozzi, S., Boccalatte, A., Gaukrodger, S., Amaldi, P., Fields, B., Loomes, M. and Martin, P. 2007. 3D-in-2D Displays for ATC. Brochard, M. and Jurgens, M. (ed.) 6th EUROCONTROL Innovative Research Workshop and Exhibition. Brétigny-sur-Orge, France 05 - 07 Dec 2007 Eurocontrol. pp. 47-62
Operational potential for 3D displays in air traffic control
Rozzi, S., Amaldi, P., Wong, B. and Fields, B. 2007. Operational potential for 3D displays in air traffic control. Brinkman, W., Ham, D. and Wong, B. (ed.) ECCE07: European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics 2007. London, United Kingdom 28 - 31 Aug 2007 New York Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 179-183 https://doi.org/10.1145/1362550.1362586
Looking but not seeing: implications for HCI
Mancero, G., Wong, B. and Amaldi, P. 2007. Looking but not seeing: implications for HCI. in: Brinkman, W., Ham, D. and Wong, B. (ed.) ECCE 2007 European conference on cognitive ergonomics 2007: invent! explore! New York Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 167-174
A framework for considering spatial-temporal representation design in air traffic control
Wong, B., Rozzi, S., Amaldi, P., Woodward, P. and Fields, B. 2006. A framework for considering spatial-temporal representation design in air traffic control. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th annual meeting. San Francisco, USA 16 - 20 Oct 2006 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. pp. 250-254 https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120605000309
The critical decision method
Wong, B. 2006. The critical decision method. in: Karwowski, W. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors - 3 Volume Set CRC Press. pp. 3067-3073
Evaluating combined 2D/3D displays for ATC
Rozzi, S., Woodward, P., Amaldi, P., Fields, B. and Wong, B. 2006. Evaluating combined 2D/3D displays for ATC. 5th EUROCONTROL Innovative Research Workshop and Exhibition. Bretigny-sur-Orge, France 05 - 07 Dec 2006 Eurocontrol. pp. 173-180
Design sketching for space and time
Rozzi, S., Wong, B., Amaldi, P., Woodward, P. and Fields, B. 2006. Design sketching for space and time. Clemmensen, T., Orngreen, R., Pejtersen, A. and Wong, B. (ed.) 1st IFIP Working Conference on Human Work Interaction Design. Madeira, Portugal 13 - 15 Feb 2006 New York, NY Springer. pp. 161-183 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36792-7_10
Information layering to de-clutter displays in emergency ambulance dispatch.
Hayes, J., Moore, A. and Wong, B. 2006. Information layering to de-clutter displays in emergency ambulance dispatch. in: Rizzo, A., Grote, G. and Wong, B. (ed.) Proceedings of the 13th Eurpoean conference on cognitive ergonomics trust and control in complex socio-technical systems. New York Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 10-16
Information layering, depth and transparency effects on multi-layered displays for command and control
Wong, B., Joyekurun, R., Nees, A., Amaldi, P. and Villanueva, R. 2005. Information layering, depth and transparency effects on multi-layered displays for command and control. Human factors and ergonomics society 49th annual meeting. Orlando, USA. 26 - 30 Sep 2005 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. pp. 353-356 https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900329
Situation awareness in emergency medical dispatch
Wong, B. and Blandford, A. 2004. Situation awareness in emergency medical dispatch. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 61 (4), pp. 421-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.12.012
Field research in HCI: a case study
Wong, B. and Blandford, A. 2003. Field research in HCI: a case study. Kemp, E., Phillips, C. and Wong, B. (ed.) 4th Annual Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction. Dunedin, New Zealand 03 - 04 Jul 2003 New York, NY, United States. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). pp. 69-74 https://doi.org/10.1145/2331829.2331842
Proceedings of CHINZ'03, the 4th annual conference of the ACM special interest group on computer human interaction
Kemp, E., Phillips, C. and Wong, B. 2003. Proceedings of CHINZ'03, the 4th annual conference of the ACM special interest group on computer human interaction. New York, NY, United States. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).