Basic processes in reading: semantics affects speeded naming of high-frequency words in an alphabetic script

Previous work on single-word naming in university-level readers has shown that semantic factors affect the naming of/0w frequency words both in an alphabetic script like English, which is often irregular in terms of the spelling-sound correspondences, and in the syllabic Japanese Kana script, in which the spelling-sound correspondences are consistent. The present experiment shows that a semantic factor (imageability) affects naming time to both low- and high-frequency words in an alpha-betic script (Persian) when the word is opaque (vowels not specified) but not when it is transparent (vowels specified).Other characteristics of opaque words that promote the use of semantics are discussed. At least in some orthogra-phies, semantics play a larger role in single-word naming than previously thought.