A review of the metaverse in higher education: opportunities, challenges and future research agenda

This study explores the implications of the metaverse from four distinct perspectives: technology, students, lecturers, and pedagogy. From the technology standpoint, we investigate the optimization of user experience design, technical limitations, accessibility, integration with existing educational technologies, the role of advanced natural language processing, machine learning, and data analytics in supporting personalized and adaptive learning experiences. Moreover, we delve into the student perspective, considering the potential impact of the metaverse on accessibility, inclusivity, and student satisfaction. We also assess the potential for personalized learning experiences, skill development, and student autonomy within the metaverse. From the lecturer’s perspective, we discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with transitioning to metaverse-based teaching, emphasizing the importance of professional development and support for educators. We examine the pedagogical benefits of metaverse-based education, highlighting how immersive and interactive learning experiences can promote deeper understanding, engagement, and motivation. Finally, the paper outlines a comprehensive research agenda that addresses the opportunities and challenges of implementing the metaverse in teaching and learning. By examining the metaverse from these diverse perspectives, this study contributes to the growing body of literature on the fusion of innovative technologies in education, providing valuable insights for technologists, educators, researchers, and policymakers.