The usefulness and reliability of fitness testing protocols for ice hockey players: a literature review
Article
Nightingale, S., Miller, S. and Turner, A. 2013. The usefulness and reliability of fitness testing protocols for ice hockey players: a literature review. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 27 (6), pp. 1742-1748. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182736948
| Type | Article |
|---|---|
| Title | The usefulness and reliability of fitness testing protocols for ice hockey players: a literature review |
| Authors | Nightingale, S., Miller, S. and Turner, A. |
| Abstract | Ice hockey, like most sports, uses fitness testing to assess athletes. This article will review the current commonly used fitness testing protocols for ice hockey players, discussing their predictive values and reliability. It will also discuss a range of less commonly used measures, and limitations in current testing protocols. The article will conclude with a proposed testing programme suitable for ice hockey players. |
| Keywords | ice hockey; performance; fitness; measurement. |
| Research Group | Biomechanics at the London Sport Institute |
| Strength and Conditioning at the London Sport Institute | |
| Publisher | Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins |
| Journal | The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research |
| ISSN | 1064-8011 |
| Publication dates | |
| 01 Jun 2013 | |
| Publication process dates | |
| Deposited | 12 Apr 2013 |
| Output status | Published |
| Additional information | Published online 19 Sep 2012. Not published in print as of 12 Apr 2013. |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182736948 |
| Language | English |
Permalink -
https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/item/83zw3
75
total views0
total downloads0
views this month0
downloads this month
Export as
Related outputs
A narrative review of rebound jumping and fast stretch-shortening cycle mechanics
Turner, A., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2024. A narrative review of rebound jumping and fast stretch-shortening cycle mechanics. Strength and Conditioning Journal.Pain catastrophizing, beliefs and perception and their association with profiling characteristics in athletes
Maestroni, L., Rabey, M., Mariani, C., Villa, V., Landi, L., Rodi, A., Civera, F., Battariga, F. and Turner, A. 2024. Pain catastrophizing, beliefs and perception and their association with profiling characteristics in athletes. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2024-0122Validity and reliability of a commercially available inertial sensor for measuring barbell mechanics during weightlifting
Chavda, S., Sandau, I., Bishop, C., Xu, J., Turner, A. and Lake, J. 2024. Validity and reliability of a commercially available inertial sensor for measuring barbell mechanics during weightlifting. Applied Sciences. 14 (16). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167397Understanding training load in golf: a survey of swing coaches, performance practitioners and medical staff
Watson, A., Murray, A., Coughlan, D., Wells, J., Ehlert, A., Xu, J., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Understanding training load in golf: a survey of swing coaches, performance practitioners and medical staff. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.Assessment of strength and power capacities in elite male soccer: a systematic review of test protocols used in practice and research
Asimakidis, N., Mukandi, I., Beato, M., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2024. Assessment of strength and power capacities in elite male soccer: a systematic review of test protocols used in practice and research. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8Effects of external verbal cueing on countermovement rebound jump performance
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comyns, T., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2024. Effects of external verbal cueing on countermovement rebound jump performance. Sports Biomechanics. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2024.2377217Relationships and within-group differences in physical attributes and golf performance in elite amateur female players
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Coughlan, D., Mountjoy, M., Wells, J., Hembrough, R., Glover, D., Scott, F., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Relationships and within-group differences in physical attributes and golf performance in elite amateur female players. Life. 14 (6). https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060674Lower and upper body isometric strength in climbers: reliability and associations with an assessment of climbing performance
Bettariga, F., Maestroni, L., Lancellotti, L., Mario, C., Turner, A., Newton, R. and Bishop, C. 2024. Lower and upper body isometric strength in climbers: reliability and associations with an assessment of climbing performance. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning.The association between countermovement rebound jump metrics and independent measures of athletic performance
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comyns, T., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2024. The association between countermovement rebound jump metrics and independent measures of athletic performance. Applied Sciences. 14 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093718Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning training in female golf: A cross-sectional survey study of high-level amateur players
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Mountjoy, M., Wells, J., Coughlan, D., Glover, D., Hembrough, R., Scott, F., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning training in female golf: A cross-sectional survey study of high-level amateur players. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2328971Associations and within-group differences in physical characteristics and golf performance data in high-level amateur players
Brennan, A., Murray, A., Coughlan, D., Wells, J., Xu, J., Turner, A., Brearley, S. and Bishop, C. 2024. Associations and within-group differences in physical characteristics and golf performance data in high-level amateur players. Applied Sciences. 14 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051854Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning in female golf: A survey study of touring professionals
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Mountjoy, M., Scott, F., Glover, D., Coughlan, D., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning in female golf: A survey study of touring professionals. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241234793Associations between physical characteristics and golf clubhead speed: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Brennan, A., Murray, A., Mountjoy, M., Hellstrom, J., Coughlan, D., Wells, J., Brearley, S., Ehlert, A., Jarvis, P., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Associations between physical characteristics and golf clubhead speed: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02004-5What is evidence-based practice in strength and conditioning?
Turner, A. 2024. What is evidence-based practice in strength and conditioning? Strength and Conditioning Journal. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000840Genetics of performance and injury: considerations for the strength and conditioning coach
Brazier, J., Turner, A. and Antrobus, M. 2024. Genetics of performance and injury: considerations for the strength and conditioning coach. Strength and Conditioning Journal. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000838Seasonal variation and positional differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics in English premiership women’s rugby union players
Yao, X., Austerberry, A., Bishop, C., Chiang, C., Wilson, L. and Turner, A. 2024. Seasonal variation and positional differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics in English premiership women’s rugby union players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (5), pp. 924-931. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004736Effects of physical training and associations between physical performance characteristics and golf performance in female players: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Glover, D., Coughlan, D., Hembrough, R. and Bishop, C. 2024. Effects of physical training and associations between physical performance characteristics and golf performance in female players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (2), pp. 374-383. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004570Test–retest reliability of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in the countermovement jump, drop jump, and countermovement rebound jump
Xu, J., Jordan, M., Chavda, S., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Test–retest reliability of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in the countermovement jump, drop jump, and countermovement rebound jump. Symmetry. 15 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15101960Countermovement rebound jump: a comparison of joint work and joint contribution to the countermovement and drop jump tests
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comyns, T., Harry, J., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. Countermovement rebound jump: a comparison of joint work and joint contribution to the countermovement and drop jump tests. Applied Sciences. 13 (19). https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910680Single leg drop jump is affected by physical capacities in male soccer players following ACL reconstruction
Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Pedley, J., Sideris, V. and Read, P. 2023. Single leg drop jump is affected by physical capacities in male soccer players following ACL reconstruction. Science and Medicine in Football. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2023.2225481Acute effects of a fatiguing protocol on peak force and rate of force development of the hamstring muscles in soccer players
Bettariga, F., Bishop, C., Martorelli, L., Turner, A., Lazzarini, S., Algeri, C. and Maestroni, L. 2023. Acute effects of a fatiguing protocol on peak force and rate of force development of the hamstring muscles in soccer players. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-023-00228-xSelecting metrics that matter: comparing the use of the countermovement jump for performance profiling, neuromuscular fatigue monitoring and injury rehabilitation testing
Bishop, C., Jordan, M., Torres-Ronda, L., Loturco, I., Harry, J., Virgile, A., Mundy, P., Turner, A. and Comfort, P. 2023. Selecting metrics that matter: comparing the use of the countermovement jump for performance profiling, neuromuscular fatigue monitoring and injury rehabilitation testing. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (5), pp. 545-553. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000772Trackman 4: Within and between-session reliability and inter-relationships of launch monitor metrics during indoor testing in high-level golfers
Bishop, C., Wells, J., Ehlert, A., Turner, A., Coughlan, D., Sachs, N. and Murray, A. 2023. Trackman 4: Within and between-session reliability and inter-relationships of launch monitor metrics during indoor testing in high-level golfers. Journal of Sports Sciences. 41 (23), pp. 2138-2143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2314864Relationship between kinetic and kinematic measures of the countermovement jump and national weightlifting performance
Chavda, S., Lake, J., Comfort, P., Bishop, C., Joffe, S. and Turner, A. 2023. Relationship between kinetic and kinematic measures of the countermovement jump and national weightlifting performance. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-023-00245-wTotal score of athleticism: Profiling strength and power characteristics in professional soccer players following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to assess return to sport readiness
Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Sideris, V. and Read, P. 2023. Total score of athleticism: Profiling strength and power characteristics in professional soccer players following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to assess return to sport readiness. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 51 (12), pp. 3121-3130. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465231194778Comparison of strength and power characteristics before ACL rupture and at the end of rehabilitation before return to sport in professional soccer players
Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Cohen, D., Sideris, V., Graham-Smith, P. and Read, P. 2023. Comparison of strength and power characteristics before ACL rupture and at the end of rehabilitation before return to sport in professional soccer players. Sports Health. 15 (6), pp. 814-823. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231171566Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation
Galati, D., Turner, A., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2023. Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (11), pp. 2241-2250. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004541Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions
Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2023. Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2657-2662. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004511A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comfort, P., Harry, J., McMahon, J., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Sports Medicine. 53 (5), pp. 1055-1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01828-xMeasuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations
Bishop, C., de Keijzer, K., Turner, A. and Beato, M. 2023. Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (3), pp. 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004384A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance
Collins, J., Bishop, C., Hills, F., Spiegelhalter, A., Cohen, R. and Turner, A. 2023. A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (1), pp. 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004220Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed
Brennan, A., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Broadie, M., Coughlan, D., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (6), pp. 631-641. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000764Alternate leg bounding acutely improves change of direction performance in women’s team sports players irrespective of ground type
Dann, E., Quinn, S., Russell, M., Kilduff, L., Turner, A. and Hills, S. 2023. Alternate leg bounding acutely improves change of direction performance in women’s team sports players irrespective of ground type. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (6), pp. 1199-1203. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004378Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change?
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Loturco, I., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2023. Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change? The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (2), pp. 358-365.Assessing the prevalence and risk of disordered eating in female netball players
Paice, K., Curtis, C., Papadopoulos, K., Turner, A. and Wilson, L. 2022. Assessing the prevalence and risk of disordered eating in female netball players. BASES conference 2022. Leicester, UK 15 - 16 Nov 2022 Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 32-32 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2125766The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting
Bettariga, F., Maestroni, L., Martorelli, L., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004424But did my athlete improve!? Assessing performance changes when N = 1
Turner, A. 2022. But did my athlete improve!? Assessing performance changes when N = 1. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (63), pp. 27-31.The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Bettariga, F., Turner, A., Maloney, S., Maestroni, L., Jarvis, P. and Bishop, C. 2022. The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (5), pp. 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000701Do people with musculoskeletal pain differ from healthy cohorts in terms of global measures of strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Verdini, E., Maestroni, L., Clark, M., Turner, A. and Huber, J. 2022. Do people with musculoskeletal pain differ from healthy cohorts in terms of global measures of strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155221128724Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application
Bishop, C., Jarvis, P., Turner, A. and Balsalobre-Fernández, C. 2022. Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application. Journal of Human Kinetics. 83, pp. 185-195. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0098Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players
Bishop, C., Manuel, J., Drury, B., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2022. Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2552-2557. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004303Intra- and inter-day reliability of weightlifting variables and correlation to performance during cleans
Sorensen, A., Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J. and Turner, A. 2022. Intra- and inter-day reliability of weightlifting variables and correlation to performance during cleans. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (11), pp. 3008-3014. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004241Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training
Turner, A., Read, P., Maestroni, L., Chavda, S., Yao, X., Papadopoulos, K., Virgile, A., Spiegelhalter, A. and Bishop, C. 2022. Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000681Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S., Jarvis, P., Brazier, J., Bromley, T. and Turner, A. 2022. Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (4), pp. 1031-1037. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003565The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Bromley, T., Brazier, J., Jarvis, P., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2022. The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (3), pp. 787-795. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003526The between-week reliability of neuromuscular, endocrine, and mood markers in soccer players and the repeatability of the movement demands during small-sided games
Sparkes, W., Turner, A., Weston, M., Russell, M., Johnson, M. and Kilduff, L. 2021. The between-week reliability of neuromuscular, endocrine, and mood markers in soccer players and the repeatability of the movement demands during small-sided games. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12993-7Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Read, P. and Bishop, C. 2021. Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 52 (2), pp. 301-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01566-yEffects of strength training on jump performance and bilateral deficit in Premier League academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Read, P., Loturco, I., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2021. Effects of strength training on jump performance and bilateral deficit in Premier League academy soccer players. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (62), pp. 7-14.Practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional sports: A systematic review
Weldon, A., Duncan, M., Turner, A., Lockie, R. and Loturco, I. 2022. Practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional sports: A systematic review. Biology of Sport. 39 (3), pp. 715-726. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.107480A framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jordan, M., Harry, J., Loturco, I., Lake, J. and Comfort, P. 2022. A framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000677The physical characteristics underpinning performance of wheelchair fencing athletes: a Delphi study of Paralympic coaches
Villiere, A., Mason, B., Parmar, N., Maguire, N., Holmes, D. and Turner, A. 2021. The physical characteristics underpinning performance of wheelchair fencing athletes: a Delphi study of Paralympic coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39 (17), pp. 2006-2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1912454Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Marshall, J., Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Haff, G. 2021. Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 51 (6), pp. 1245-1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01430-zAssessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 2: effect sizes and embracing uncertainty through confidence intervals
Turner, A., Parmar, N., Jovonoski, A. and Hearne, G. 2021. Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 2: effect sizes and embracing uncertainty through confidence intervals. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (4), pp. 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000613Relationships between physical capacities and biomechanical variables during movement tasks in athletic populations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Luca, M., Papadopoulos, K., Turner, A., Korakakis, V. and Read, P. 2021. Relationships between physical capacities and biomechanical variables during movement tasks in athletic populations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Physical Therapy in Sport. 48, pp. 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.006Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 1: null hypothesis significance testing and the utility of p values
Turner, A., Parmar, N., Jovonoski, A. and Hearne, G. 2021. Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 1: null hypothesis significance testing and the utility of p values. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (3), pp. 112-116. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000625Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations
Beato, M., Maroto, S., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2021. Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (3), pp. 456-461. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0862Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications
Turner, A., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Read, P., Mundy, P. and Lake, J. 2021. Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (1), pp. 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000544Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance
Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Dawes, J., Madruga, M., Romero-Rodrigues, D., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2021. Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35, pp. S144-S151. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003079Cold water immersion offers no functional or perceptual benefit compared to a sham intervention during a resistance training program
Wilson, L., Dimitriou, L., Hills, F., Gondek, M., Van Wyk, A., Turek, V., Rivkin, T., Villiere, A., Jarvis, P., Miller, S., Turner, A. and Cockburn, E. 2021. Cold water immersion offers no functional or perceptual benefit compared to a sham intervention during a resistance training program. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (10), pp. 2720-2727. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004097