Optimizing physical recovery in male field sport athletes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: residual deficits, performance targets, and training strategies
Article
Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Tourillion, R. and Read, P. 2025. Optimizing physical recovery in male field sport athletes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: residual deficits, performance targets, and training strategies. Strength and Conditioning Journal. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000911
| Type | Article |
|---|---|
| Title | Optimizing physical recovery in male field sport athletes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: residual deficits, performance targets, and training strategies |
| Authors | Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Tourillion, R. and Read, P. |
| Abstract | Despite passing a battery of tests and being considered ready to return to sport, residual deficits in physical capacity of the lower limb are commonly present in multi-directional athletes following an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. These can have a detrimental impact on individual and overall team athletic performance and may increase the risk of re-injury. Targeted strategies to assess and restore lower limb performance within rehabilitation are therefore crucial. The aim of this review is to (1) describe common residual deficits in physical capacities after ACL reconstruction, (2) highlight achievable performance metrics to target during rehabilitation to assist practitioners in collecting useful information, and (3)propose examples of evidence-based strategies to restore full recovery. |
| Sustainable Development Goals | 3 Good health and well-being |
| Middlesex University Theme | Health & Wellbeing |
| Publisher | Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins |
| Journal | Strength and Conditioning Journal |
| ISSN | 1524-1602 |
| Electronic | 1533-4295 |
| Publication dates | |
| Online | 09 May 2025 |
| Publication process dates | |
| Accepted | 26 Feb 2025 |
| Deposited | 12 Mar 2025 |
| Output status | Published |
| Accepted author manuscript | File Access Level Open |
| Copyright Statement | This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Strength and Conditioning Journal. The published version of record - Maestroni, Luca; Turner, Anthony; Tourillon, Romain; Read, Paul. Optimizing Physical Recovery in Male Field Sport Athletes Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Residual Deficits, Performance Targets, and Training Strategies. Strength and Conditioning Journal ():10.1519/SSC.0000000000000911, May 9, 2025 - is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000911 |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000911 |
| Language | English |
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Galati, D., Turner, A., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2023. Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (11), pp. 2241-2250. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004541Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions
Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2023. Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2657-2662. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004511A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comfort, P., Harry, J., McMahon, J., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Sports Medicine. 53 (5), pp. 1055-1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01828-xMeasuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations
Bishop, C., de Keijzer, K., Turner, A. and Beato, M. 2023. Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (3), pp. 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004384A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance
Collins, J., Bishop, C., Hills, F., Spiegelhalter, A., Cohen, R. and Turner, A. 2023. A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (1), pp. 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004220Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed
Brennan, A., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Broadie, M., Coughlan, D., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (6), pp. 631-641. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000764The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting
Bettariga, F., Maestroni, L., Martorelli, L., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (7), pp. 1390-1396. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004424Alternate leg bounding acutely improves change of direction performance in women’s team sports players irrespective of ground type
Dann, E., Quinn, S., Russell, M., Kilduff, L., Turner, A. and Hills, S. 2023. Alternate leg bounding acutely improves change of direction performance in women’s team sports players irrespective of ground type. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (6), pp. 1199-1203. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004378Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit, and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change?
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Loturco, I., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2023. Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit, and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change? The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (2), pp. 358-365. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004248Residual deficits in reactive strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in soccer players
Read, P.J., Davies, W.T., Bishop, C., Mc Auliffe, S., Wilson, M.G. and Turner, A. 2023. Residual deficits in reactive strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in soccer players. Journal of Athletic Training. 58 (5), pp. 423-429. https://doi.org/10.4085/0169-20What is the effect of ankle disk training and taping on proprioception deficit after lateral ankle sprains among active populations? - A systematic review.
Otsuka, S., Papadopoulos, K., Bampouras, T. and Maestroni, L. 2022. What is the effect of ankle disk training and taping on proprioception deficit after lateral ankle sprains among active populations? - A systematic review. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 31, pp. 62-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.04.001But did my athlete improve!? Assessing performance changes when N = 1
Turner, A. 2022. But did my athlete improve!? Assessing performance changes when N = 1. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (63), pp. 27-31.The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Bettariga, F., Turner, A., Maloney, S., Maestroni, L., Jarvis, P. and Bishop, C. 2022. The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (5), pp. 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000701Assessing the prevalence and risk of disordered eating in female netball players
Paice, K., Curtis, C., Papadopoulos, K., Turner, A. and Wilson, L. 2022. Assessing the prevalence and risk of disordered eating in female netball players. BASES conference 2022. Leicester, UK 15 - 16 Nov 2022 Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 32-32 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2125766Do people with musculoskeletal pain differ from healthy cohorts in terms of global measures of strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Verdini, E., Maestroni, L., Clark, M., Turner, A. and Huber, J. 2022. Do people with musculoskeletal pain differ from healthy cohorts in terms of global measures of strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155221128724Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application
Bishop, C., Jarvis, P., Turner, A. and Balsalobre-Fernández, C. 2022. Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application. Journal of Human Kinetics. 83, pp. 185-195. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0098Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players
Bishop, C., Manuel, J., Drury, B., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2022. Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2552-2557. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004303Intra- and inter-day reliability of weightlifting variables and correlation to performance during cleans
Sorensen, A., Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J. and Turner, A. 2022. Intra- and inter-day reliability of weightlifting variables and correlation to performance during cleans. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (11), pp. 3008-3014. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004241Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training
Turner, A., Read, P., Maestroni, L., Chavda, S., Yao, X., Papadopoulos, K., Virgile, A., Spiegelhalter, A. and Bishop, C. 2022. Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000681Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S., Jarvis, P., Brazier, J., Bromley, T. and Turner, A. 2022. Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (4), pp. 1031-1037. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003565The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Bromley, T., Brazier, J., Jarvis, P., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2022. The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (3), pp. 787-795. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003526The between-week reliability of neuromuscular, endocrine, and mood markers in soccer players and the repeatability of the movement demands during small-sided games
Sparkes, W., Turner, A., Weston, M., Russell, M., Johnson, M. and Kilduff, L. 2021. The between-week reliability of neuromuscular, endocrine, and mood markers in soccer players and the repeatability of the movement demands during small-sided games. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12993-7Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Read, P. and Bishop, C. 2021. Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 52 (2), pp. 301-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01566-yEffects of strength training on jump performance and bilateral deficit in Premier League academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Read, P., Loturco, I., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2021. Effects of strength training on jump performance and bilateral deficit in Premier League academy soccer players. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (62), pp. 7-14.Practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional sports: A systematic review
Weldon, A., Duncan, M., Turner, A., Lockie, R. and Loturco, I. 2022. Practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional sports: A systematic review. Biology of Sport. 39 (3), pp. 715-726. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.107480A framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jordan, M., Harry, J., Loturco, I., Lake, J. and Comfort, P. 2022. A framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000677The physical characteristics underpinning performance of wheelchair fencing athletes: a Delphi study of Paralympic coaches
Villiere, A., Mason, B., Parmar, N., Maguire, N., Holmes, D. and Turner, A. 2021. The physical characteristics underpinning performance of wheelchair fencing athletes: a Delphi study of Paralympic coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39 (17), pp. 2006-2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1912454Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Marshall, J., Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Haff, G. 2021. Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 51 (6), pp. 1245-1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01430-zAssessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 2: effect sizes and embracing uncertainty through confidence intervals
Turner, A., Parmar, N., Jovonoski, A. and Hearne, G. 2021. Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 2: effect sizes and embracing uncertainty through confidence intervals. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (4), pp. 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000613Relationships between physical capacities and biomechanical variables during movement tasks in athletic populations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Luca, M., Papadopoulos, K., Turner, A., Korakakis, V. and Read, P. 2021. Relationships between physical capacities and biomechanical variables during movement tasks in athletic populations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Physical Therapy in Sport. 48, pp. 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.006Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 1: null hypothesis significance testing and the utility of p values
Turner, A., Parmar, N., Jovonoski, A. and Hearne, G. 2021. Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 1: null hypothesis significance testing and the utility of p values. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (3), pp. 112-116. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000625Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations
Beato, M., Maroto, S., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2021. Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (3), pp. 456-461. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0862Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications
Turner, A., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Read, P., Mundy, P. and Lake, J. 2021. Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (1), pp. 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000544Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance
Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Dawes, J., Madruga, M., Romero-Rodrigues, D., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2021. Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35, pp. S144-S151. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003079Cold water immersion offers no functional or perceptual benefit compared to a sham intervention during a resistance training program
Wilson, L., Dimitriou, L., Hills, F., Gondek, M., Van Wyk, A., Turek, V., Rivkin, T., Villiere, A., Jarvis, P., Miller, S., Turner, A. and Cockburn, E. 2021. Cold water immersion offers no functional or perceptual benefit compared to a sham intervention during a resistance training program. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (10), pp. 2720-2727. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004097