Comparison of strength and power characteristics before ACL rupture and at the end of rehabilitation before return to sport in professional soccer players

Article

Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Cohen, D., Sideris, V., Graham-Smith, P. and Read, P. 2023. Comparison of strength and power characteristics before ACL rupture and at the end of rehabilitation before return to sport in professional soccer players. Sports Health. 15 (6), pp. 814-823. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231171566
TypeArticle
TitleComparison of strength and power characteristics before ACL rupture and at the end of rehabilitation before return to sport in professional soccer players
AuthorsMaestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Cohen, D., Sideris, V., Graham-Smith, P. and Read, P.
Abstract

Background: Strength and power is often reduced on the involved vs. contralateral limb and healthy controls following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction but no study has compared to pre-injury values at the time of return to sport (RTS).
Hypothesis: Divergent recovery patterns in strength and power characteristics will be present at RTS relative to pre-injury baseline data and healthy matched controls.
Study design: Cohort study
Level of evidence: Level 3
Methods: Isokinetic strength tests, bilateral and single leg countermovement jumps (CMJ; SLCMJ) were measured prior to ACL rupture in 20 professional soccer players. These then had surgical reconstruction (ACL group) and completed follow up testing prior to RTS. Healthy controls (uninjured group) were tested at the same time as the ACL group pre-injury. Values recorded at RTS of the ACL group were compared to pre-injury. We also compared the uninjured and ACL groups at baseline and RTS.
Results: Compared to pre-injury, ACL normalised quadriceps peak torque of the involved limb (% difference = -7%), SLCMJ height (% difference = -12.08%) and Reactive Strength Index modified (RSImod) (% difference = -5.04%) were reduced following ACL reconstruction. No significant reductions in CMJ height, RSImod and relative peak power were indicated at RTS in the ACL group when compared to pre-injury values but deficits were present relative to controls. The uninvolved limb significantly improved quadriceps (% difference = 9.34%) and hamstring strength (% difference = 7.36%) from pre-injury to RTS. No significant differences from baseline were shown in SLCMJ height, power and reactive strength of the uninvolved limb following ACL reconstruction.
Conclusion: Strength and power in professional soccer players at RTS following ACL reconstruction were often reduced compared to preinjury values and matched healthy controls.
Clinical relevance: Deficits were more apparent in the SLCMJ suggesting dynamic and multijoint unilateral force production is an important component of rehabilitation. Use of the uninvolved limb and normative data to determine recovery may not always be appropriate.

KeywordsAnterior cruciate ligament; power; reactive strength; soccer; strength
Middlesex University ThemeHealth & Wellbeing
Research GroupStrength and Conditioning at the London Sport Institute
PublisherSAGE Publications
JournalSports Health
ISSN1941-7381
Electronic1941-0921
Publication dates
Online19 May 2023
PrintNov 2023
Publication process dates
Deposited16 Mar 2023
Submitted01 Dec 2022
Accepted14 Mar 2023
Output statusPublished
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Copyright Statement

Maestroni L, Turner A, Papadopoulos K, et al. Comparison of Strength and Power Characteristics Before ACL Rupture and at the End of Rehabilitation Before Return to Sport in Professional Soccer Players. Sports Health. 2023;15(6):814-823. doi:10.1177/19417381231171566
© 2023 The Author(s).
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231171566
LanguageEnglish
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Yao, X., Curtis, C., Turner, A., Bishop, C., Austerberry, A. and Chavda, S. 2021. Anthropometric profiles and physical characteristics in competitive female English premiership rugby union players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (9), pp. 1234-1241. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0017
Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional soccer
Weldon, A., Duncan, M., Turner, A., Sampaio, J., Noon, M., Wong, D. and Lai, V. 2021. Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional soccer. Biology of Sport. 38 (3), pp. 377-390. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2021.99328
Train the engine or the brakes? Influence of momentum on the change of direction deficit
Fernandes, R., Bishop, C., Turner, A., Chavda, S. and Maloney, S. 2021. Train the engine or the brakes? Influence of momentum on the change of direction deficit. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (1), pp. 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-1007
Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional cricket
Weldon, A., Duncan, M., Turner, A., Candice, C. and Pang, C. 2021. Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional cricket. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 16 (3), pp. 585-600. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120977472
Strength, rate of force development, power and reactive strength in adult male athletic populations post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction - a systematic review and meta-analysis
Luca, M., Read, P., Turner, A., Korakakis, V. and Papadopoulos, K. 2021. Strength, rate of force development, power and reactive strength in adult male athletic populations post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy in Sport. 47, pp. 91-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.11.024
A pilot study to determine whether repeated post-exercise cryotherapy exposure augments physiological and perceptual responses to cold
Wilson, L., Dimitriou, L., Hills, F., Gondek, M., Van Wyk, A., Turek, V., Rivkin, T., Villiere, A., Jarvis, P., Miller, S., Turner, A. and Cockburn, E. 2020. A pilot study to determine whether repeated post-exercise cryotherapy exposure augments physiological and perceptual responses to cold. 25th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. Virtual (due to Covid-19), initial venue Sevilla, Andalucia, Spain 28 - 30 Oct 2020
Seasonal variation of physical performance and inter-limb asymmetry in professional cricket athletes
Bishop, C., Weldon, A., Hughes, J., Brazier, J., Loturco, I., Turner, A. and Read, P. 2021. Seasonal variation of physical performance and inter-limb asymmetry in professional cricket athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (4), pp. 941-948. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003927
The Pallof press
Mullane, M., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2021. The Pallof press. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (2), pp. 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000596
Practices of strength and conditioning coaches: a snapshot from different sports, countries and expertise levels
Weldon, A., Duncan, M., Turner, A., LaPlaca, D., Sampaio, J. and Christie, C. 2022. Practices of strength and conditioning coaches: a snapshot from different sports, countries and expertise levels. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (5), pp. 1335-1344. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003773
The benefits of strength training on musculoskeletal system health: practical applications for interdisciplinary care
Maestroni, L., Read, P., Bishop, C., Papadopoulos, K., Suchomel, T., Comfort, P. and Turner, A. 2020. The benefits of strength training on musculoskeletal system health: practical applications for interdisciplinary care. Sports Medicine. 50 (8), pp. 1431-1450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01309-5
Does a loaded warm-up influence jump asymmetry and badminton-specific change of direction performance?
Yeung, W., Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Maloney, S. 2021. Does a loaded warm-up influence jump asymmetry and badminton-specific change of direction performance? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (4), pp. 578-584. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0313
Bilateral vs. unilateral countermovement jumps: comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Turner, A., Lake, J. and Read, P. 2020. Bilateral vs. unilateral countermovement jumps: comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003679
Comparison of bilateral vs. unilateral-biased strength and power training interventions on measures of physical performance in elite youth soccer players
Stern, D., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Loturco, I., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2020. Comparison of bilateral vs. unilateral-biased strength and power training interventions on measures of physical performance in elite youth soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 34 (8), pp. 2105-2111. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003659
Inter-limb asymmetry during rehabilitation understanding formulas and monitoring the "magnitude" and "direction"
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Gonzalo-Skok, O. and Read, P. 2020. Inter-limb asymmetry during rehabilitation understanding formulas and monitoring the "magnitude" and "direction". Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal. 9 (1), pp. 18-22.
The effect of training order on neuromuscular, endocrine and mood response to small-sided games and resistance training sessions over a 24-h period
Sparkes, W., Turner, A., Weston, M., Russell, M., Johnson, M. and Kilduff, L. 2020. The effect of training order on neuromuscular, endocrine and mood response to small-sided games and resistance training sessions over a 24-h period. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 23 (9), pp. 866-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.01.017
Developing powerful athletes, part 1: mechanical underpinnings
Turner, A., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Read, P., Mundy, P. and Lake, J. 2020. Developing powerful athletes, part 1: mechanical underpinnings. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 42 (3), pp. 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000543
Residual deficits in reactive strength indicate incomplete restoration of athletic qualities following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in professional soccer players
Read, P., Davies, W., Bishop, C., Mc Auliffe, S., Wilson, M. and Turner, A. 2020. Residual deficits in reactive strength indicate incomplete restoration of athletic qualities following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in professional soccer players. Journal of Athletic Training. https://doi.org/10.4085/169-20
A practical guide to analyzing the force-time curve of isometric tasks in Excel
Chavda, S., Turner, A., Comfort, P., Haff, G., Williams, S., Bishop, C. and Lake, J. 2020. A practical guide to analyzing the force-time curve of isometric tasks in Excel. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 42 (2), pp. 26-37. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000507
Effects of soccer match-play on unilateral jumping and Inter-limb asymmetry: a repeated measures design
Bishop, C., Read, P., Stern, D. and Turner, A. 2022. Effects of soccer match-play on unilateral jumping and Inter-limb asymmetry: a repeated measures design. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (1), pp. 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003389
Strength and power training in rehabilitation: underpinning principles and practical strategies to return athletes to high performance
Maestroni, L., Read, P., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2020. Strength and power training in rehabilitation: underpinning principles and practical strategies to return athletes to high performance. Sports Medicine. 50 (2), pp. 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01195-6
Acute effect of repeated sprints on inter-limb asymmetries during unilateral jumping
Bishop, C., McAuley, W., Read, P., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Lake, J. and Turner, A. 2019. Acute effect of repeated sprints on inter-limb asymmetries during unilateral jumping. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003109
A comparison of match demands using ball-in-play vs. whole match data in elite male youth soccer players
Wass, J., Mernagh, D., Pollard, B., Stewart, P., Fox, W., Parmar, N., Jones, B., Kilduff, L. and Turner, A. 2020. A comparison of match demands using ball-in-play vs. whole match data in elite male youth soccer players. Science and Medicine in Football. 4 (2), pp. 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1682183
Intra- and inter-day reliability of typical and alternative weightlifting variables during heavy cleans
Sorensen, A., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2019. Intra- and inter-day reliability of typical and alternative weightlifting variables during heavy cleans. UKSCA National Conference 2019. Milton Keynes, United Kingdom 15 - 16 Jun 2019 UKSCA. pp. 4-4
Alternative jump variables as surrogate measures of weightlifting performance in national weightlifters
Chavda, S., Yao, X., Harcoff, J., Martin, S. and Turner, A. 2019. Alternative jump variables as surrogate measures of weightlifting performance in national weightlifters. UKSCA National Conference 2019. Milton Keynes, United Kingdom 15 - 16 Jun 2019 UKSCA. pp. 22-22
Effect of post activation potentiation on weightlifting performance
Chavda, S., Sorensen, A., Vernau, J., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2019. Effect of post activation potentiation on weightlifting performance. NSCA 2019 National Conference. Washington D.C, US 10 - 13 Jul 2019
Total score of athleticism: holistic athlete profiling to enhance decision-making
Turner, A., Jones, B., Stewart, P., Bishop, C., Parmar, N., Chavda, S. and Read, P. 2019. Total score of athleticism: holistic athlete profiling to enhance decision-making. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 41 (6), pp. 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000506
Comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry during the squat, countermovement and drop jump tests in elite youth female soccer players
Bishop, C., Pereira, L., Reis, V., Read, P., Turner, A. and Loturco, I. 2020. Comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry during the squat, countermovement and drop jump tests in elite youth female soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 38 (11-12), pp. 1296-1303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1649525
Validity and reliability of a light-based electronic target for testing response time in fencers
De Giorgio, A., Luliano, E., Turner, A., Millevolte, C., Adrigo, L. and Padulo, J. 2019. Validity and reliability of a light-based electronic target for testing response time in fencers. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003160
Knee angle affects posterior chain muscle activation during an isometric test used in soccer players
Read, P., Turner, A., Clarke, R., Applebee, S. and Hughes, J. 2019. Knee angle affects posterior chain muscle activation during an isometric test used in soccer players. Sports. 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7010013
Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on acceleration and change of direction speed: a between-sport comparison of professional soccer and cricket athletes
Bishop, C., Read, P., Brazier, J., Jarvis, P., Chavda, S., Bromley, T. and Turner, A. 2019. Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on acceleration and change of direction speed: a between-sport comparison of professional soccer and cricket athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (8), pp. 2095-2101. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003135
Using unilateral strength, power and reactive strength tests to detect the magnitude and direction of asymmetry: A test-retest design
Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S., Jarvis, P. and Turner, A. 2019. Using unilateral strength, power and reactive strength tests to detect the magnitude and direction of asymmetry: A test-retest design. Sports. 7 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030058
Drop jump asymmetry is associated with reduced sprint and change-of-direction speed performance in adult female soccer players
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Maloney, S., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Bromley, T. and Read, P. 2019. Drop jump asymmetry is associated with reduced sprint and change-of-direction speed performance in adult female soccer players. Sports. 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7010029
Acute and chronic effects of foam rolling vs eccentric exercise on ROM and force output of the plantar flexors
Aune, A., Bishop, C., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Budd, S., Richardson, M. and Maloney, S. 2019. Acute and chronic effects of foam rolling vs eccentric exercise on ROM and force output of the plantar flexors. Journal of Sports Sciences. 37 (2), pp. 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1486000
Heavy barbell hip thrusts do not effect sprint performance: an 8-week randomized–controlled study
Jarvis, P., Cassone, N., Turner, A., Chavda, S., Edwards, M. and Bishop, C. 2019. Heavy barbell hip thrusts do not effect sprint performance: an 8-week randomized–controlled study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33, pp. S78-S84. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002146
Postactivation potentiation and change of direction speed in elite academy rugby players
Marshall, J., Turner, A., Jarvis, P., Maloney, S., Cree, J. and Bishop, C. 2019. Postactivation potentiation and change of direction speed in elite academy rugby players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33 (6), pp. 1551-1556. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001834
A novel approach for athlete profiling: the unilateral dynamic strength index
Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Loturco, I. and Turner, A. 2018. A novel approach for athlete profiling: the unilateral dynamic strength index. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002871
Interlimb asymmetries: the need for an individual approach to data analysis
Bishop, C., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Papadopoulos, K., Turner, A. and Read, P. 2018. Interlimb asymmetries: the need for an individual approach to data analysis. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002729
Reliability and measurement of inter-limb asymmetries in four unilateral jump tests in elite youth female soccer players
McCubbine, J., Turner, A., Dos'Santos, T. and Bishop, C. 2018. Reliability and measurement of inter-limb asymmetries in four unilateral jump tests in elite youth female soccer players. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (49), pp. 7-12.
Be as upright as possible when squatting: reply
Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2018. Be as upright as possible when squatting: reply. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (3), p. 111. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000388
The ball in play demands of international rugby union
Pollard, B., Turner, A., Eager, R., Cunningham, D., Cook, C., Hogben, P. and Kilduff, L. 2018. The ball in play demands of international rugby union. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 21 (10), pp. 1090-1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.02.015
The importance of strength and power on key performance indicators in elite youth soccer
Wing, C., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2020. The importance of strength and power on key performance indicators in elite youth soccer. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 34 (7), pp. 2006-2014. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002446
Strength and conditioning considerations for hurling: an amateur Gaelic Games sport
Mullane, M., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2018. Strength and conditioning considerations for hurling: an amateur Gaelic Games sport. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (4), pp. 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000381
Vertical and horizontal asymmetries are related to slower sprinting and jump performance in elite youth female soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., McCubbine, J. and Turner, A. 2021. Vertical and horizontal asymmetries are related to slower sprinting and jump performance in elite youth female soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (1), pp. 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002544
Neuromuscular, biochemical, endocrine, and mood responses to small-sided games' training in professional soccer
Sparkes, W., Turner, A., Weston, M., Russell, M., Johnston, M. and Kilduff, L. 2018. Neuromuscular, biochemical, endocrine, and mood responses to small-sided games' training in professional soccer. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 32 (9), pp. 2569-2576. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002424
Karate
Coy, J., Cree, J. and Turner, A. 2018. Karate. in: Turner, A. (ed.) Handbook of Strength and Conditioning: Sport-Specific Programming for High Performance London, UK Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 359-370
Effects of a competitive soccer match on jump performance and interlimb asymmetries in elite academy soccer players
Bromley, T., Turner, A., Read, P., Lake, J., Maloney, S., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2018. Effects of a competitive soccer match on jump performance and interlimb asymmetries in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (6), pp. 1707-1714. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002951
Force-time characteristics of the countermovement jump: analyzing the curve in Excel
Chavda, S., Bromley, T., Jarvis, P., Williams, S., Bishop, C., Turner, A., Lake, J. and Mundy, P. 2018. Force-time characteristics of the countermovement jump: analyzing the curve in Excel. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (2), pp. 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000353
Interlimb asymmetries: understanding how to calculate differences from bilateral and unilateral tests
Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2018. Interlimb asymmetries: understanding how to calculate differences from bilateral and unilateral tests. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (4), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000371
Exercise technique: the push press
Bishop, C., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2018. Exercise technique: the push press. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (3), pp. 104-108. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000321
Training methods and considerations for practitioners to reduce interlimb asymmetries
Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Read, P. 2018. Training methods and considerations for practitioners to reduce interlimb asymmetries. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (2), pp. 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000354
Validation of a crane scale for the assessment of portable isometric mid-thigh pulls
Urquhart, M., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2018. Validation of a crane scale for the assessment of portable isometric mid-thigh pulls. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning. 26 (5).
Lower extremity stiffness: considerations for testing, performance enhancement and injury risk
Brazier, J., Maloney, S., Bishop, C., Read, P. and Turner, A. 2019. Lower extremity stiffness: considerations for testing, performance enhancement and injury risk. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33 (4), pp. 1156-1166. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002283
Integrated approach to correcting the high-bar back squat from "excessive forward leaning"
Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2017. Integrated approach to correcting the high-bar back squat from "excessive forward leaning". Strength and Conditioning Journal. 39 (6), pp. 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000337
Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on physical and sports performance: a systematic review
Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Read, P. 2018. Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on physical and sports performance: a systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences. 36 (10), pp. 1135-1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1361894
Monitoring changes in power, speed, agility and endurance in elite cricketers during the off-season
Herridge, R., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2020. Monitoring changes in power, speed, agility and endurance in elite cricketers during the off-season. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 34 (8), pp. 2285-2293. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002077
The single leg squat: when to prescribe this exercise
Bishop, C., Brierly, S. and Turner, A. 2016. The single leg squat: when to prescribe this exercise. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Profile of a strength and conditioning coach: backgrounds, duties, and perceptions
Hartshorn, M., Read, P., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2016. Profile of a strength and conditioning coach: backgrounds, duties, and perceptions. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 38 (6), pp. 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000255
Using the split squat to potentiate bilateral and unilateral jump performance
Bishop, C., Tarrant, J., Jarvis, P. and Turner, A. 2017. Using the split squat to potentiate bilateral and unilateral jump performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31 (8), pp. 2216-2222. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001696
Physiological demands of sabre competitions in elite fencers
Turner, A., Dimitriou, L., Marshall, G., Russell, M., Bannock, L. and Bishop, C. 2018. Physiological demands of sabre competitions in elite fencers. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning. 26 (1).
The acute effects of heavy sled towing on subsequent sprint acceleration performance
Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2017. The acute effects of heavy sled towing on subsequent sprint acceleration performance. Journal of Trainology. 6 (1), pp. 18-25. https://doi.org/10.17338/trainology.6.1_18
Competition intensity and fatigue in elite fencing
Turner, A., Kilduff, L., Mrashall, G., Phillips, J., Noto, A., Buttigeig, C., Gondek, M., Hills, F. and Dimitriou, L. 2017. Competition intensity and fatigue in elite fencing. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31 (11), pp. 3128-3136. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001758
Why fencers should bounce: a new method of movement to engage the stretch-shortening cycle
Turner, A. and Harmenberg, J. 2017. Why fencers should bounce: a new method of movement to engage the stretch-shortening cycle. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 13 (3), pp. 452-460. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117747133
Considerations for selecting field-based strength and power fitness tests to measure asymmetries
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jarvis, P., Chavda, S. and Read, P. 2017. Considerations for selecting field-based strength and power fitness tests to measure asymmetries. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31 (9), pp. 2635-2644. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002023
Staying out of range: increasing attacking distance in fencing
Turner, A., Marshall, G., Noto, A., Chavda, S., Atlay, N. and Kirby, D. 2017. Staying out of range: increasing attacking distance in fencing. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12 (10), pp. 1319-1323. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0680
Do fencers require a weapon-specific approach to strength and conditioning training?
Turner, A., Bishop, C., Cree, J., Edwards, M., Chavda, S., Read, P. and Kirby, D. 2017. Do fencers require a weapon-specific approach to strength and conditioning training? The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31 (6), pp. 1662-1668. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001637
A review of strength and conditioning internships: the UKSCA’s State of the Nation survey
Stewart, P., Maughan, P. and Turner, A. 2016. A review of strength and conditioning internships: the UKSCA’s State of the Nation survey. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Identifying readiness to train: when to push and when to pull
Turner, A., Bishop, C., Springham, M. and Stewart, P. 2016. Identifying readiness to train: when to push and when to pull. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Screening movement dysfunctions using the overhead squat
Bishop, C., Edwards, M. and Turner, A. 2016. Screening movement dysfunctions using the overhead squat. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
How to monitor training load and mode using sRPE
Turner, A., Bishop, C., Marshall, G. and Read, P. 2015. How to monitor training load and mode using sRPE. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Ecological validity of Session RPE method for quantifying internal training load in Fencing
Turner, A., Buttigeig, C., Noto, A., Marshall, G., Phillips, J. and Kilduff, L. 2017. Ecological validity of Session RPE method for quantifying internal training load in Fencing. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12 (1), pp. 124-128. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0062
Strength and conditioning for British soldiers
Turner, A. 2016. Strength and conditioning for British soldiers. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 38 (3), pp. 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000146
Characteristics and experiences of interns in strength and conditioning
Read, P., Hughes, J., Blagrove, R., Jeffreys, I., Edwards, M. and Turner, A. 2017. Characteristics and experiences of interns in strength and conditioning. Journal of Sports Sciences. 35 (3), pp. 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1161220
Physical preparation for fencing: tailoring exercise prescription and training load to the physiological and biomechanical demands of competition
Turner, A. 2016. Physical preparation for fencing: tailoring exercise prescription and training load to the physiological and biomechanical demands of competition. PhD thesis Middlesex University School of Science and Technology
The importance of sleep for athletic performance
Marshall, G. and Turner, A. 2016. The importance of sleep for athletic performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 38 (1), pp. 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000189
Asymmetries of the lower limb: the calculation conundrum in strength training and conditioning
Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2016. Asymmetries of the lower limb: the calculation conundrum in strength training and conditioning. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 38 (6), pp. 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000264
Addressing movement patterns by using the overhead squat
Bishop, C., Villiere, A. and Turner, A. 2016. Addressing movement patterns by using the overhead squat. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Determinants of club head speed in PGA professional golfers
Lewis, A., Ward, N., Bishop, C., Maloney, S. and Turner, A. 2016. Determinants of club head speed in PGA professional golfers. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 30 (6), pp. 2266-2270. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001362
Physical characteristics underpinning repetitive lunging in fencing
Turner, A., Marshall, G., Philips, J., Noto, A., Buttigieg, C., Chavda, S., Downing, W., Atlay, N., Dimitriou, L. and Kilduff, L. 2016. Physical characteristics underpinning repetitive lunging in fencing. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 30 (11), pp. 3134-3139. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001402
Physical characteristics underpinning lunging and change of direction speed in fencing
Turner, A., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Edwards, M., Brazier, J. and Kilduff, L. 2016. Physical characteristics underpinning lunging and change of direction speed in fencing. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 30 (8), pp. 2235-2241. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001320
Strength and conditioning for fencing
Turner, A., Miller, S., Stewart, P., Cree, J., Ingram, R., Dimitriou, L., Moody, J. and Kilduff, L. 2013. Strength and conditioning for fencing. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 35 (1), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31826e7283
Determinants of Olympic fencing performance and implications for strength and conditioning training
Turner, A., James, N., Dimitriou, L., Greenhalgh, A., Moody, J., Fulcher, D., Mias, E. and Kilduff, L. 2014. Determinants of Olympic fencing performance and implications for strength and conditioning training. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 28 (10), pp. 3001-3011. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000478
Bone mineral density, rib pain and other features of the female athlete triad in elite lightweight rowers
Dimitriou, L., Weiler, R., Lloyd-Smith, R., Turner, A., Heath, L., James, N. and Reid, A. 2014. Bone mineral density, rib pain and other features of the female athlete triad in elite lightweight rowers. BMJ Open. 4 (2), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004369
Assessing movement using a variety of screening tests
Bishop, C., Read, P., Walker, S. and Turner, A. 2015. Assessing movement using a variety of screening tests. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Reliability, factorial validity, and interrelationships of five commonly used change of direction speed tests
Stewart, P., Turner, A. and Miller, S. 2014. Reliability, factorial validity, and interrelationships of five commonly used change of direction speed tests. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 24 (3), pp. 500-506. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12019
A needs analysis and testing battery for field hockey
Bishop, C., Brazier, J., Cree, J. and Turner, A. 2015. A needs analysis and testing battery for field hockey. Professional Strength and Conditioning. 36, pp. 15-26.
Strength and conditioning for swimming: a practical approach
Bishop, C., Cree, J., Read, P., Barter, P. and Turner, A. 2014. Strength and conditioning for swimming: a practical approach. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
A field based test battery for tennis
Roberts, T., Turner, A. and Mayers, R. 2011. A field based test battery for tennis. Professional Strength and Conditioning. 20, pp. 13-22.
Defining, developing and measuring agility
Turner, A. 2011. Defining, developing and measuring agility. Professional Strength and Conditioning. 22, pp. 26-28.
Defining and developing the aerobic capacity
Kilduff, L. and Turner, A. 2011. Defining and developing the aerobic capacity. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Determinants of repeat sprint ability
Turner, A., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Edwards, M. and Barter, P. 2013. Determinants of repeat sprint ability. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Avoid overtraining and monitor fatigue
Turner, A., Stewart, P., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Edwards, M. and Read, P. 2013. Avoid overtraining and monitor fatigue. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Neuroendocrinology and resistance training in adult males
Turner, A., Comfort, P., Moody, J. and Jeffreys, I. 2010. Neuroendocrinology and resistance training in adult males. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Training for power: principles and practice
Turner, A. 2009. Training for power: principles and practice. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
A field-based fitness testing battery for Rugby League
Coneyworth, P., Ward, N. and Turner, A. 2012. A field-based fitness testing battery for Rugby League. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Strength & conditioning for Taekwondo athletes
Turner, A. 2009. Strength & conditioning for Taekwondo athletes. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Total score of athleticism: a strategy for assessing an athlete’s athleticism
Turner, A. 2014. Total score of athleticism: a strategy for assessing an athlete’s athleticism. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Relationship between repeated sprint ability and aerobic capacity in professional soccer players
Jones, R., Cook, C., Kilduff, L., Milanovic, Z., James, N., Sporiš, G., Fiorentini, B., Turner, A. and Vuckovic, G. 2013. Relationship between repeated sprint ability and aerobic capacity in professional soccer players. The Scientific World Press.
Training the aerobic capacity of distance runners: a break from tradition
Turner, A. 2011. Training the aerobic capacity of distance runners: a break from tradition. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 33 (2), pp. 39-42. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e318214d907
The stretch-shortening cycle: proposed mechanisms and methods for enhancements
Turner, A. and Jeffreys, I. 2010. The stretch-shortening cycle: proposed mechanisms and methods for enhancements. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 32 (4), pp. 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181e928f9
The science and practice of periodisation: a brief review
Turner, A. 2011. The science and practice of periodisation: a brief review. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 33 (1), pp. 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3182079cdf
Strength and conditioning for soccer players
Turner, A. and Stewart, P. 2014. Strength and conditioning for soccer players. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 36 (4), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000054
Lower extremity stiffness: effects on performance and injury and implications for training
Brazier, J., Bishop, C., Simons, C., Antrobus, M., Read, P. and Turner, A. 2014. Lower extremity stiffness: effects on performance and injury and implications for training. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 36 (5), pp. 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000094
Strength and conditioning for Mauy Thai athletes
Turner, A. 2009. Strength and conditioning for Mauy Thai athletes. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 31 (6), pp. 78-92. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181b99603
Strength and conditioning for cricket fast bowlers
Mukandi, I., Turner, A., Scott, P. and Johnstone, J. 2014. Strength and conditioning for cricket fast bowlers. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 36 (6), pp. 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000099
Repeat sprint ability
Turner, A. and Stewart, P. 2013. Repeat sprint ability. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 35 (1), pp. 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3182824ea4
A one-day field test battery for the assessment of aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, speed, and agility of soccer players
Walker, S. and Turner, A. 2009. A one-day field test battery for the assessment of aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, speed, and agility of soccer players. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 31 (6), pp. 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181c22085
Effect of postactivation potentiation on fifty-meter freestyle in national swimmers
Sarramian, V., Turner, A. and Greenhalgh, A. 2015. Effect of postactivation potentiation on fifty-meter freestyle in national swimmers. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 29 (4), pp. 1003-1009. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000708
Effects of concurrent activation potentiation on countermovement jump performance
Mullane, M., Maloney, S., Chavda, S., Williams, S. and Turner, A. 2015. Effects of concurrent activation potentiation on countermovement jump performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 29 (12), pp. 3311-3316. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001010
Data analysis for strength and conditioning coaches: using Excel to analyze reliability, differences, and relationships
Turner, A., Brazier, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Cree, J. and Read, P. 2015. Data analysis for strength and conditioning coaches: using Excel to analyze reliability, differences, and relationships. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 37 (1), pp. 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000113
Hamstring strain prevention in elite soccer players
Turner, A., Cree, J., Comfort, P., Jones, L., Chavda, S., Bishop, C. and Reynolds, A. 2014. Hamstring strain prevention in elite soccer players. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 36 (5), pp. 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000076
Ballistic exercise as a pre-activation stimulus: a review of the literature and practical applications
Maloney, S., Turner, A. and Fletcher, I. 2014. Ballistic exercise as a pre-activation stimulus: a review of the literature and practical applications. Sports Medicine. 44 (10), pp. 1347-1359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0214-6
A needs analysis and field-based testing battery for basketball
Read, P., Hughes, J., Stewart, P., Chavda, S., Bishop, C., Edwards, M. and Turner, A. 2014. A needs analysis and field-based testing battery for basketball. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 36 (3), pp. 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000051
Acute effects of a loaded warm-up protocol on change of direction speed in professional badminton players
Maloney, S., Turner, A. and Miller, S. 2014. Acute effects of a loaded warm-up protocol on change of direction speed in professional badminton players. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 30 (5), pp. 637-642. https://doi.org/10.1123/JAB.2014-0048
The usefulness and reliability of fitness testing protocols for ice hockey players: a literature review
Nightingale, S., Miller, S. and Turner, A. 2013. The usefulness and reliability of fitness testing protocols for ice hockey players: a literature review. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 27 (6), pp. 1742-1748. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182736948
The effects of post activation potentiation on golf club head speed
Read, P., Miller, S. and Turner, A. 2013. The effects of post activation potentiation on golf club head speed. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 27 (6), pp. 1579-1582. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182711c60
Increasing the impact force of the rear hand punch
Turner, A., Baker, E. and Miller, S. 2011. Increasing the impact force of the rear hand punch. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 33 (6), pp. 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e318232fdcb
Strength and conditioning for sprint swimming
Bishop, C., Cree, J., Read, P., Chavda, S., Edwards, M. and Turner, A. 2013. Strength and conditioning for sprint swimming. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 35 (6), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000019
A testing battery for the assessment of fitness in soccer players
Turner, A., Walker, S., Stembridge, M., Coneyworth, P., Reed, G., Birdsey, L., Barter, P. and Moody, J. 2011. A testing battery for the assessment of fitness in soccer players. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 33 (5), pp. 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e31822fc80a