Exploring the physical attributes of elite épée fencing: a Delphi study of world-class coaches
Article
Cree, J.A., Newman, H.J.H., Norris, L.A., Oates, L. and Turner, A. 2026. Exploring the physical attributes of elite épée fencing: a Delphi study of world-class coaches. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 66 (3), pp. 362-370. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17379-9
| Type | Article |
|---|---|
| Title | Exploring the physical attributes of elite épée fencing: a Delphi study of world-class coaches |
| Authors | Cree, J.A., Newman, H.J.H., Norris, L.A., Oates, L. and Turner, A. |
| Abstract | BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify and rank the physical attributes deemed most important for elite performance in épée fencing, from the perspective of world-class coaches. While extensive biomechanical and physiological research exists in fencing, limited attention has been paid to the experiential insights of elite coaches. |
| Keywords | fencing; delphi method; physical fitness; motor control; athletic performance |
| Sustainable Development Goals | 3 Good health and well-being |
| Middlesex University Theme | Health & Wellbeing |
| Publisher | Edizioni Minerva Medica |
| Journal | The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness |
| ISSN | 0022-4707 |
| Electronic | 1827-1928 |
| Publication dates | |
| Online | 27 Feb 2026 |
| Mar 2026 | |
| Publication process dates | |
| Submitted | 17 Jun 2025 |
| Accepted | 02 Oct 2025 |
| Deposited | 22 Oct 2025 |
| Output status | Published |
| Accepted author manuscript | License File Access Level Open |
| Copyright Statement | This is a postprint version of the article published in The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. This version is free to view and download to private research and study only. Not for redistribution or re-use. ©Edizioni Minerva Medica. The final published article is available online on Minerva Medica website at https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17379-9 . Cite this article as: Cree JA, Newman HJ, Norris LA, Oates LW, Turner AW. Exploring the physical attributes of elite épée fencing: a Delphi study of world-class coaches. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2026;66:362-70. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17379-9 |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.17379-9 |
| PubMed ID | 41757623 |
| Language | English |
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Brennan, A., Murray, A., Coughlan, D., Wells, J., Xu, J., Turner, A., Brearley, S. and Bishop, C. 2024. Associations and within-group differences in physical characteristics and golf performance data in high-level amateur players. Applied Sciences. 14 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051854Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning in female golf: a survey study of touring professionals
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Mountjoy, M., Scott, F., Glover, D., Coughlan, D., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning in female golf: a survey study of touring professionals. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 19 (5), pp. 1972-1983. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241234793Associations between physical characteristics and golf clubhead speed: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Brennan, A., Murray, A., Mountjoy, M., Hellstrom, J., Coughlan, D., Wells, J., Brearley, S., Ehlert, A., Jarvis, P., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Associations between physical characteristics and golf clubhead speed: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02004-5What is evidence-based practice in strength and conditioning?
Turner, A. 2024. What is evidence-based practice in strength and conditioning? Strength and Conditioning Journal. 46 (6), pp. 725-728. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000840Genetics of performance and injury: considerations for the strength and conditioning coach
Brazier, J., Turner, A. and Antrobus, M. 2024. Genetics of performance and injury: considerations for the strength and conditioning coach. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 46 (3), pp. 287-294. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000838Seasonal variation and positional differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics in English premiership women's rugby union players
Yao, X., Austerberry, A., Bishop, C., Chiang, C., Wilson, L. and Turner, A. 2024. Seasonal variation and positional differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics in English premiership women's rugby union players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (5), pp. 924-931. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004736Single leg drop jump is affected by physical capacities in male soccer players following ACL reconstruction
Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Pedley, J., Sideris, V. and Read, P. 2024. Single leg drop jump is affected by physical capacities in male soccer players following ACL reconstruction. Science and Medicine in Football. 8 (3), pp. 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2023.2225481Effects of physical training and associations between physical performance characteristics and golf performance in female players: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Glover, D., Coughlan, D., Hembrough, R. and Bishop, C. 2024. Effects of physical training and associations between physical performance characteristics and golf performance in female players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (2), pp. 374-383. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004570Countermovement rebound jump: a comparison of joint work and joint contribution to the countermovement and drop jump tests
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comyns, T., Harry, J., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. Countermovement rebound jump: a comparison of joint work and joint contribution to the countermovement and drop jump tests. Applied Sciences. 13 (19). https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910680Selecting metrics that matter: comparing the use of the countermovement jump for performance profiling, neuromuscular fatigue monitoring and injury rehabilitation testing
Bishop, C., Jordan, M., Torres-Ronda, L., Loturco, I., Harry, J., Virgile, A., Mundy, P., Turner, A. and Comfort, P. 2023. Selecting metrics that matter: comparing the use of the countermovement jump for performance profiling, neuromuscular fatigue monitoring and injury rehabilitation testing. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (5), pp. 545-553. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000772Trackman 4: Within and between-session reliability and inter-relationships of launch monitor metrics during indoor testing in high-level golfers
Bishop, C., Wells, J., Ehlert, A., Turner, A., Coughlan, D., Sachs, N. and Murray, A. 2023. Trackman 4: Within and between-session reliability and inter-relationships of launch monitor metrics during indoor testing in high-level golfers. Journal of Sports Sciences. 41 (23), pp. 2138-2143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2314864Fit to train: incorporating movement screening into practice [Presentation]
Cree, J. 2023. Fit to train: incorporating movement screening into practice [Presentation]. ENAS Fitness Experience 2023. Middlesex University, London, UK 21 - 24 Jun 2023Test–retest reliability of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in the countermovement jump, drop jump, and countermovement rebound jump
Xu, J., Jordan, M., Chavda, S., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Test–retest reliability of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in the countermovement jump, drop jump, and countermovement rebound jump. Symmetry. 15 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15101960Relationship between kinetic and kinematic measures of the countermovement jump and national weightlifting performance
Chavda, S., Lake, J., Comfort, P., Bishop, C., Joffe, S. and Turner, A. 2023. Relationship between kinetic and kinematic measures of the countermovement jump and national weightlifting performance. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-023-00245-wTotal score of athleticism: profiling strength and power characteristics in professional soccer players following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to assess return to sport readiness
Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Sideris, V. and Read, P. 2023. Total score of athleticism: profiling strength and power characteristics in professional soccer players following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to assess return to sport readiness. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 51 (12), pp. 3121-3130. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465231194778Physiological demands of fencing: a narrative review
Oates, L., Price, M. and Bottoms, L. 2023. Physiological demands of fencing: a narrative review. Journal of Elite Sport Performance. 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.54080/JPBK7315Acute effects of a fatiguing protocol on peak force and rate of force development of the hamstring muscles in soccer players
Bettariga, F., Bishop, C., Martorelli, L., Turner, A., Lazzarini, S., Algeri, C. and Maestroni, L. 2023. Acute effects of a fatiguing protocol on peak force and rate of force development of the hamstring muscles in soccer players. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-023-00228-xComparison of strength and power characteristics before ACL rupture and at the end of rehabilitation before return to sport in professional soccer players
Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Cohen, D., Sideris, V., Graham-Smith, P. and Read, P. 2023. Comparison of strength and power characteristics before ACL rupture and at the end of rehabilitation before return to sport in professional soccer players. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach (SPH). 15 (6), pp. 814-823. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231171566Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation
Galati, D., Turner, A., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2023. Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (11), pp. 2241-2250. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004541Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions
Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2023. Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2657-2662. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004511A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comfort, P., Harry, J., McMahon, J., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Sports Medicine. 53 (5), pp. 1055-1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01828-xMeasuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations
Bishop, C., de Keijzer, K., Turner, A. and Beato, M. 2023. Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (3), pp. 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004384A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance
Collins, J., Bishop, C., Hills, F., Spiegelhalter, A., Cohen, R. and Turner, A. 2023. A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (1), pp. 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004220Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed
Brennan, A., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Broadie, M., Coughlan, D., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (6), pp. 631-641. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000764The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting
Bettariga, F., Maestroni, L., Martorelli, L., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (7), pp. 1390-1396. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004424Alternate leg bounding acutely improves change of direction performance in women’s team sports players irrespective of ground type
Dann, E., Quinn, S., Russell, M., Kilduff, L., Turner, A. and Hills, S. 2023. Alternate leg bounding acutely improves change of direction performance in women’s team sports players irrespective of ground type. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (6), pp. 1199-1203. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004378Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit, and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change?
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Loturco, I., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2023. Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit, and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change? The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (2), pp. 358-365. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004248Residual deficits in reactive strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in soccer players
Read, P.J., Davies, W.T., Bishop, C., Mc Auliffe, S., Wilson, M.G. and Turner, A. 2023. Residual deficits in reactive strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in soccer players. Journal of Athletic Training. 58 (5), pp. 423-429. https://doi.org/10.4085/0169-20The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Bettariga, F., Turner, A., Maloney, S., Maestroni, L., Jarvis, P. and Bishop, C. 2022. The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (5), pp. 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000701Periodisation
Chavda, S., Turner, A. and Comfort, P. 2022. Periodisation. in: Turner, A. and Comfort, P. (ed.) Accessibility symbol Accessibility Information Book Advanced Strength and Conditioning: An Evidence-based Approach Routledge. pp. 111-132Practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional sports: a systematic review
Weldon, A., Duncan, M., Turner, A., Lockie, R. and Loturco, I. 2022. Practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional sports: a systematic review. Biology of Sport. 39 (3), pp. 715-726. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.107480Fencing
Bottoms, L., Cawdron, R., Kemp, S. and Oates, L. 2022. Fencing. in: Davison, R., Smith, P., Hopker, J., Price, M., Hettinga, F., Tew, G. and Bottoms, L. (ed.) Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I - Sport Testing. The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences Guide Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 325-330Assessing the prevalence and risk of disordered eating in female netball players
Paice, K., Curtis, C., Papadopoulos, K., Turner, A. and Wilson, L. 2022. Assessing the prevalence and risk of disordered eating in female netball players. BASES conference 2022. Leicester, UK 15 - 16 Nov 2022 Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 32-32 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2125766Do people with musculoskeletal pain differ from healthy cohorts in terms of global measures of strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Verdini, E., Maestroni, L., Clark, M., Turner, A. and Huber, J. 2022. Do people with musculoskeletal pain differ from healthy cohorts in terms of global measures of strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155221128724Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application
Bishop, C., Jarvis, P., Turner, A. and Balsalobre-Fernández, C. 2022. Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application. Journal of Human Kinetics. 83, pp. 185-195. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0098But did my athlete improve!? Assessing performance changes when N = 1
Turner, A. 2022. But did my athlete improve!? Assessing performance changes when N = 1. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (63), pp. 27-31.Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players
Bishop, C., Manuel, J., Drury, B., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2022. Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2552-2557. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004303Intra- and inter-day reliability of weightlifting variables and correlation to performance during cleans
Sorensen, A., Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J. and Turner, A. 2022. Intra- and inter-day reliability of weightlifting variables and correlation to performance during cleans. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (11), pp. 3008-3014. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004241Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training
Turner, A., Read, P., Maestroni, L., Chavda, S., Yao, X., Papadopoulos, K., Virgile, A., Spiegelhalter, A. and Bishop, C. 2022. Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000681Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S., Jarvis, P., Brazier, J., Bromley, T. and Turner, A. 2022. Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (4), pp. 1031-1037. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003565The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Bromley, T., Brazier, J., Jarvis, P., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2022. The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (3), pp. 787-795. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003526Effects of soccer match-play on unilateral jumping and Inter-limb asymmetry: a repeated measures design
Bishop, C., Read, P., Stern, D. and Turner, A. 2022. Effects of soccer match-play on unilateral jumping and Inter-limb asymmetry: a repeated measures design. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (1), pp. 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003389Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Read, P. and Bishop, C. 2021. Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 52 (2), pp. 301-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01566-yA framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jordan, M., Harry, J., Loturco, I., Lake, J. and Comfort, P. 2022. A framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000677The physical characteristics underpinning performance of wheelchair fencing athletes: a Delphi study of Paralympic coaches
Villiere, A., Mason, B., Parmar, N., Maguire, N., Holmes, D. and Turner, A. 2021. The physical characteristics underpinning performance of wheelchair fencing athletes: a Delphi study of Paralympic coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39 (17), pp. 2006-2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1912454Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Marshall, J., Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Haff, G. 2021. Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 51 (6), pp. 1245-1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01430-zAssessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 2: effect sizes and embracing uncertainty through confidence intervals
Turner, A., Parmar, N., Jovonoski, A. and Hearne, G. 2021. Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 2: effect sizes and embracing uncertainty through confidence intervals. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (4), pp. 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000613Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 1: null hypothesis significance testing and the utility of p values
Turner, A., Parmar, N., Jovonoski, A. and Hearne, G. 2021. Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 1: null hypothesis significance testing and the utility of p values. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (3), pp. 112-116. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000625Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations
Beato, M., Maroto, S., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2021. Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (3), pp. 456-461. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0862Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications
Turner, A., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Read, P., Mundy, P. and Lake, J. 2021. Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (1), pp. 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000544Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance
Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Dawes, J., Madruga, M., Romero-Rodrigues, D., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2021. Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35, pp. S144-S151. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003079Cold water immersion offers no functional or perceptual benefit compared to a sham intervention during a resistance training program
Wilson, L., Dimitriou, L., Hills, F., Gondek, M., Van Wyk, A., Turek, V., Rivkin, T., Villiere, A., Jarvis, P., Miller, S., Turner, A. and Cockburn, E. 2021. Cold water immersion offers no functional or perceptual benefit compared to a sham intervention during a resistance training program. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (10), pp. 2720-2727. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004097The between-week reliability of neuromuscular, endocrine, and mood markers in soccer players and the repeatability of the movement demands during small-sided games
Sparkes, W., Turner, A., Weston, M., Russell, M., Johnson, M. and Kilduff, L. 2021. The between-week reliability of neuromuscular, endocrine, and mood markers in soccer players and the repeatability of the movement demands during small-sided games. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12993-7