Selecting force plate tests and metrics to complement physical preparation strategies prior to commencing strenuous military training courses
Article
Ladlow, P., Ripley, N.J., Cabarkapa, D.V., Cabarkapa, D., Chapman, D.W., Geneau, M.C., Haff, G.G., James, L.P., Jones, P., Lake, J.P., Sole, C.J., Turner, A., De Vecchis, M., Masters, N., Coussens, C., Holton, R., Coppack, R.J., Suffield, C. and Comfort, P. 2026. Selecting force plate tests and metrics to complement physical preparation strategies prior to commencing strenuous military training courses. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1891717
| Type | Article |
|---|---|
| Title | Selecting force plate tests and metrics to complement physical preparation strategies prior to commencing strenuous military training courses |
| Authors | Ladlow, P., Ripley, N.J., Cabarkapa, D.V., Cabarkapa, D., Chapman, D.W., Geneau, M.C., Haff, G.G., James, L.P., Jones, P., Lake, J.P., Sole, C.J., Turner, A., De Vecchis, M., Masters, N., Coussens, C., Holton, R., Coppack, R.J., Suffield, C. and Comfort, P. |
| Abstract | Background: The aim of this study was to seek opinion (via an online survey) and gain consensus of which force plate tests and metrics may be considered by military operating/training staff to better screen physical performance characteristics prior to military personnel attending a physically arduous military training course. Methods: Ten responders with known experience and/or expertise in using force plate technology for the measurement of force production characteristics completed the survey. Responders were asked to select the most important force plate test and metrics to complement a pre-course physical performance battery to assess physical readiness, musculoskeletal injury risk and likelihood of passing the course. Types of force plate tests included bodyweight tests, single joint and multi-joint isometric tests, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump, rebound jump tests and drop landings. For each “type” of test recommended, a drop-down list of metrics was provided for responders to select. These metrics were categorized as “outcome-based”, “force-based”, “power-based”, “rate of force development-based”, “impulse-based”, “velocity-based”, and “time-based” metrics. If answered “yes”, a comprehensive and standardized list of force plate derived metrics would appear. Responders were asked to select metrics from this list that they considered important to report. Results: Initially, there was a strong consensus on “test” selection (multi-joint isometrics test, CMJ, and drop jump), but not “metric” selection. Discussion: Responder metrics were evaluated for biomechanical relevance, redundancy, reliability, test duration, interpretability and feasibility before consensus was reached for minimum force plate tests and metric dataset to complement physical readiness strategies prior to commencing strenuous military training courses. |
| Keywords | injury mitigation; load carriage; neuromuscular performance; profiling; tactical athletes |
| Sustainable Development Goals | 3 Good health and well-being |
| Middlesex University Theme | Health & Wellbeing |
| Publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| Journal | Frontiers in Sports and Active Living |
| ISSN | |
| Electronic | 2624-9367 |
| Publication dates | |
| Online | 26 Aug 2026 |
| 26 Aug 2026 | |
| Publication process dates | |
| Submitted | 26 May 2026 |
| Accepted | 06 Aug 2026 |
| Deposited | 15 Sep 2026 |
| Output status | Published |
| Publisher's version | License File Access Level Open |
| Copyright Statement | © 2026 Ladlow, Ripley, Cabarkapa, Cabarkapa, Chapman, Geneau, Haff, James, Jones, Lake, Sole, Turner, De Vecchis, Masters, Coussens, Holton, Coppack, Suffield and Comfort. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1891717 |
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Brennan, A., Murray, A., Mountjoy, M., Hellstrom, J., Coughlan, D., Wells, J., Brearley, S., Ehlert, A., Jarvis, P., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Associations between physical characteristics and golf clubhead speed: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02004-5What is evidence-based practice in strength and conditioning?
Turner, A. 2024. What is evidence-based practice in strength and conditioning? Strength and Conditioning Journal. 46 (6), pp. 725-728. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000840Genetics of performance and injury: considerations for the strength and conditioning coach
Brazier, J., Turner, A. and Antrobus, M. 2024. Genetics of performance and injury: considerations for the strength and conditioning coach. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 46 (3), pp. 287-294. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000838Seasonal variation and positional differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics in English premiership women's rugby union players
Yao, X., Austerberry, A., Bishop, C., Chiang, C., Wilson, L. and Turner, A. 2024. Seasonal variation and positional differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics in English premiership women's rugby union players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (5), pp. 924-931. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004736Single leg drop jump is affected by physical capacities in male soccer players following ACL reconstruction
Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Pedley, J., Sideris, V. and Read, P. 2024. Single leg drop jump is affected by physical capacities in male soccer players following ACL reconstruction. Science and Medicine in Football. 8 (3), pp. 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2023.2225481Effects of physical training and associations between physical performance characteristics and golf performance in female players: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Glover, D., Coughlan, D., Hembrough, R. and Bishop, C. 2024. Effects of physical training and associations between physical performance characteristics and golf performance in female players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (2), pp. 374-383. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004570Countermovement rebound jump: a comparison of joint work and joint contribution to the countermovement and drop jump tests
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comyns, T., Harry, J., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. Countermovement rebound jump: a comparison of joint work and joint contribution to the countermovement and drop jump tests. Applied Sciences. 13 (19). https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910680Selecting metrics that matter: comparing the use of the countermovement jump for performance profiling, neuromuscular fatigue monitoring and injury rehabilitation testing
Bishop, C., Jordan, M., Torres-Ronda, L., Loturco, I., Harry, J., Virgile, A., Mundy, P., Turner, A. and Comfort, P. 2023. Selecting metrics that matter: comparing the use of the countermovement jump for performance profiling, neuromuscular fatigue monitoring and injury rehabilitation testing. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (5), pp. 545-553. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000772Trackman 4: Within and between-session reliability and inter-relationships of launch monitor metrics during indoor testing in high-level golfers
Bishop, C., Wells, J., Ehlert, A., Turner, A., Coughlan, D., Sachs, N. and Murray, A. 2023. Trackman 4: Within and between-session reliability and inter-relationships of launch monitor metrics during indoor testing in high-level golfers. Journal of Sports Sciences. 41 (23), pp. 2138-2143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2314864Test–retest reliability of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in the countermovement jump, drop jump, and countermovement rebound jump
Xu, J., Jordan, M., Chavda, S., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Test–retest reliability of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in the countermovement jump, drop jump, and countermovement rebound jump. Symmetry. 15 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15101960Relationship between kinetic and kinematic measures of the countermovement jump and national weightlifting performance
Chavda, S., Lake, J., Comfort, P., Bishop, C., Joffe, S. and Turner, A. 2023. Relationship between kinetic and kinematic measures of the countermovement jump and national weightlifting performance. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-023-00245-wTotal score of athleticism: profiling strength and power characteristics in professional soccer players following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to assess return to sport readiness
Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Sideris, V. and Read, P. 2023. Total score of athleticism: profiling strength and power characteristics in professional soccer players following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to assess return to sport readiness. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 51 (12), pp. 3121-3130. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465231194778Acute effects of a fatiguing protocol on peak force and rate of force development of the hamstring muscles in soccer players
Bettariga, F., Bishop, C., Martorelli, L., Turner, A., Lazzarini, S., Algeri, C. and Maestroni, L. 2023. Acute effects of a fatiguing protocol on peak force and rate of force development of the hamstring muscles in soccer players. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-023-00228-xComparison of strength and power characteristics before ACL rupture and at the end of rehabilitation before return to sport in professional soccer players
Maestroni, L., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Cohen, D., Sideris, V., Graham-Smith, P. and Read, P. 2023. Comparison of strength and power characteristics before ACL rupture and at the end of rehabilitation before return to sport in professional soccer players. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach (SPH). 15 (6), pp. 814-823. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231171566Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation
Galati, D., Turner, A., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2023. Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (11), pp. 2241-2250. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004541Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions
Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2023. Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2657-2662. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004511A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comfort, P., Harry, J., McMahon, J., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Sports Medicine. 53 (5), pp. 1055-1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01828-xMeasuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations
Bishop, C., de Keijzer, K., Turner, A. and Beato, M. 2023. Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (3), pp. 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004384A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance
Collins, J., Bishop, C., Hills, F., Spiegelhalter, A., Cohen, R. and Turner, A. 2023. A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (1), pp. 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004220Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed
Brennan, A., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Broadie, M., Coughlan, D., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (6), pp. 631-641. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000764The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting
Bettariga, F., Maestroni, L., Martorelli, L., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (7), pp. 1390-1396. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004424Alternate leg bounding acutely improves change of direction performance in women’s team sports players irrespective of ground type
Dann, E., Quinn, S., Russell, M., Kilduff, L., Turner, A. and Hills, S. 2023. Alternate leg bounding acutely improves change of direction performance in women’s team sports players irrespective of ground type. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (6), pp. 1199-1203. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004378Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit, and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change?
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Loturco, I., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2023. Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit, and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change? The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (2), pp. 358-365. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004248Residual deficits in reactive strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in soccer players
Read, P.J., Davies, W.T., Bishop, C., Mc Auliffe, S., Wilson, M.G. and Turner, A. 2023. Residual deficits in reactive strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in soccer players. Journal of Athletic Training. 58 (5), pp. 423-429. https://doi.org/10.4085/0169-20The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Bettariga, F., Turner, A., Maloney, S., Maestroni, L., Jarvis, P. and Bishop, C. 2022. The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (5), pp. 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000701Periodisation
Chavda, S., Turner, A. and Comfort, P. 2022. Periodisation. in: Turner, A. and Comfort, P. (ed.) Accessibility symbol Accessibility Information Book Advanced Strength and Conditioning: An Evidence-based Approach Routledge. pp. 111-132Practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional sports: a systematic review
Weldon, A., Duncan, M., Turner, A., Lockie, R. and Loturco, I. 2022. Practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional sports: a systematic review. Biology of Sport. 39 (3), pp. 715-726. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.107480Assessing the prevalence and risk of disordered eating in female netball players
Paice, K., Curtis, C., Papadopoulos, K., Turner, A. and Wilson, L. 2022. Assessing the prevalence and risk of disordered eating in female netball players. BASES conference 2022. Leicester, UK 15 - 16 Nov 2022 Taylor & Francis (Routledge). pp. 32-32 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2125766Do people with musculoskeletal pain differ from healthy cohorts in terms of global measures of strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Verdini, E., Maestroni, L., Clark, M., Turner, A. and Huber, J. 2022. Do people with musculoskeletal pain differ from healthy cohorts in terms of global measures of strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155221128724Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application
Bishop, C., Jarvis, P., Turner, A. and Balsalobre-Fernández, C. 2022. Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application. Journal of Human Kinetics. 83, pp. 185-195. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0098But did my athlete improve!? Assessing performance changes when N = 1
Turner, A. 2022. But did my athlete improve!? Assessing performance changes when N = 1. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (63), pp. 27-31.Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players
Bishop, C., Manuel, J., Drury, B., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2022. Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2552-2557. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004303Intra- and inter-day reliability of weightlifting variables and correlation to performance during cleans
Sorensen, A., Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J. and Turner, A. 2022. Intra- and inter-day reliability of weightlifting variables and correlation to performance during cleans. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (11), pp. 3008-3014. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004241Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training
Turner, A., Read, P., Maestroni, L., Chavda, S., Yao, X., Papadopoulos, K., Virgile, A., Spiegelhalter, A. and Bishop, C. 2022. Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000681Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S., Jarvis, P., Brazier, J., Bromley, T. and Turner, A. 2022. Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (4), pp. 1031-1037. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003565The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Bromley, T., Brazier, J., Jarvis, P., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2022. The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (3), pp. 787-795. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003526Effects of soccer match-play on unilateral jumping and Inter-limb asymmetry: a repeated measures design
Bishop, C., Read, P., Stern, D. and Turner, A. 2022. Effects of soccer match-play on unilateral jumping and Inter-limb asymmetry: a repeated measures design. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (1), pp. 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003389Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Read, P. and Bishop, C. 2021. Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 52 (2), pp. 301-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01566-yA framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jordan, M., Harry, J., Loturco, I., Lake, J. and Comfort, P. 2022. A framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000677The physical characteristics underpinning performance of wheelchair fencing athletes: a Delphi study of Paralympic coaches
Villiere, A., Mason, B., Parmar, N., Maguire, N., Holmes, D. and Turner, A. 2021. The physical characteristics underpinning performance of wheelchair fencing athletes: a Delphi study of Paralympic coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39 (17), pp. 2006-2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1912454Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Marshall, J., Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Haff, G. 2021. Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 51 (6), pp. 1245-1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01430-zAssessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 2: effect sizes and embracing uncertainty through confidence intervals
Turner, A., Parmar, N., Jovonoski, A. and Hearne, G. 2021. Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 2: effect sizes and embracing uncertainty through confidence intervals. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (4), pp. 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000613Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 1: null hypothesis significance testing and the utility of p values
Turner, A., Parmar, N., Jovonoski, A. and Hearne, G. 2021. Assessing group-based changes in high-performance sport. Part 1: null hypothesis significance testing and the utility of p values. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (3), pp. 112-116. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000625Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations
Beato, M., Maroto, S., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2021. Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (3), pp. 456-461. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0862Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications
Turner, A., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Read, P., Mundy, P. and Lake, J. 2021. Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (1), pp. 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000544Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance
Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Dawes, J., Madruga, M., Romero-Rodrigues, D., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2021. Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35, pp. S144-S151. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003079Cold water immersion offers no functional or perceptual benefit compared to a sham intervention during a resistance training program
Wilson, L., Dimitriou, L., Hills, F., Gondek, M., Van Wyk, A., Turek, V., Rivkin, T., Villiere, A., Jarvis, P., Miller, S., Turner, A. and Cockburn, E. 2021. Cold water immersion offers no functional or perceptual benefit compared to a sham intervention during a resistance training program. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (10), pp. 2720-2727. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004097The between-week reliability of neuromuscular, endocrine, and mood markers in soccer players and the repeatability of the movement demands during small-sided games
Sparkes, W., Turner, A., Weston, M., Russell, M., Johnson, M. and Kilduff, L. 2021. The between-week reliability of neuromuscular, endocrine, and mood markers in soccer players and the repeatability of the movement demands during small-sided games. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12993-7