Surviving the COVID-19 pandemic: the antecedents of success among European SMEs

Article

Chit, M., Croucher, R. and Rizov, M. 2023. Surviving the COVID-19 pandemic: the antecedents of success among European SMEs. European Management Review. 20 (1), pp. 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12525
TypeArticle
TitleSurviving the COVID-19 pandemic: the antecedents of success among European SMEs
AuthorsChit, M., Croucher, R. and Rizov, M.
Abstract

We research the antecedents of relative success among SMEs in avoiding temporary or permanent closure during the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigate the roles of firm-specific resources and state support policies in influencing SME fortunes, in a sizeable group of European countries covered in the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES). Using resource dependency, Varieties of Capitalism and Systems theories, we find that innovative capacities, institutional connectedness, governance and management experience were major antecedents of success across all SMEs. Significant differences in outcomes were found between SMEs operating in old and new EU member states, and non-EU countries.
Keywords: Enterprise survival, innovativeness, COVID-19, World Bank Enterprise Survey, SMEs, government support

KeywordsCOVID-19 ; enterprise survival; government support; innovativeness; SMEs; World Bank Enterprise Survey
Sustainable Development Goals3 Good health and well-being
Research GroupEmployment Relations group
PublisherWiley
JournalEuropean Management Review
ISSN1740-4754
Electronic1740-4762
Publication dates
Online23 May 2022
PrintMar 2023
Publication process dates
Deposited10 Jun 2022
Submitted28 Jan 2021
Accepted09 May 2022
Output statusPublished
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Open
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Restricted
Copyright Statement

© 2022 The Authors. European Management Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Academy of Management (EURAM).
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12525
LanguageEnglish
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The Coventry branch of the minority movement
Croucher, R. 1975. The Coventry branch of the minority movement. Society for the study of labour history bulletin. 30, pp. 37-41.
Women and militancy in the munitions industries, 1935-45
Croucher, R. 1979. Women and militancy in the munitions industries, 1935-45. Society for the study of labour history bulletin. 38, pp. 8-9.
Flexible working practices and the trade unions
Croucher, R. and Brewster, C. 1998. Flexible working practices and the trade unions. Employee Relations. 20 (5), pp. 443-452.
The management of trust-based working time in Germany
Singe, I. and Croucher, R. 2003. The management of trust-based working time in Germany. Personnel Review. 32 (4), pp. 492-509.
The right to request flexible working in Britain: the Law and organisational realities
Croucher, R. and Kelliher, C. 2005. The right to request flexible working in Britain: the Law and organisational realities. International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations. 21 (3), pp. 503-520.
Union influence in post-socialist Europe.
Croucher, R. and Rizov, M. 2011. Union influence in post-socialist Europe. London Middlesex University.
Is there a rural–urban divide? location and productivity of UK manufacturing
Rizov, M. and Walsh, P. 2011. Is there a rural–urban divide? location and productivity of UK manufacturing. Regional Studies. 45 (5), pp. 641-656. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343401003713449
The impact of the UK national minimum wage on productivity by low-paying sectors and firm-size groups: report to the Low Pay Commission.
Rizov, M. and Croucher, R. 2011. The impact of the UK national minimum wage on productivity by low-paying sectors and firm-size groups: report to the Low Pay Commission. London The Low Pay Commission.
The impact of minimum wages on the youth labour market: an international literature review for the Low Pay Commission
Croucher, R. and White, G. 2011. The impact of minimum wages on the youth labour market: an international literature review for the Low Pay Commission. London The Low Pay Commission.
Labour management in Belarus: transcendent retrogression.
Danilovich, H. and Croucher, R. 2011. Labour management in Belarus: transcendent retrogression. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 27 (2), pp. 241-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523279.2011.564095
Measuring competing explanations of human resource management practices through the Cranet survey: cultural versus institutional explanations
Brookes, M., Croucher, R., Fenton-O'Creevy, M. and Gooderham, P. 2011. Measuring competing explanations of human resource management practices through the Cranet survey: cultural versus institutional explanations. Human Resource Management Review. 21 (1), pp. 68-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.09.012
Decision-taking on human resource issues.
Croucher, R. and Druker, J. 2001. Decision-taking on human resource issues. Employee Relations. 23 (1), pp. 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450110366273
Chinese migrant worker representation and institutional change: social or centralist corporatism?
Croucher, R. and Miles, L. 2010. Chinese migrant worker representation and institutional change: social or centralist corporatism? Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1245
The rise of obesity in transition: theory and empirical evidence from Russia.
Huffman, S. and Rizov, M. 2010. The rise of obesity in transition: theory and empirical evidence from Russia. Journal of Development Studies. 46 (3), pp. 574-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380903383230
Corporate governance and employees in South Africa.
Croucher, R. and Miles, L. 2010. Corporate governance and employees in South Africa. Journal of Corporate Law Studies. 10 (2), pp. 367-389. https://doi.org/10.5235/147359710793129435
Employee involvement in Ukrainian companies
Croucher, R. 2010. Employee involvement in Ukrainian companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management. 21 (14), pp. 2659-2676. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.523582
National institutions and employers' age management practices in Britain and Germany: path dependence and option exploration
Muller-Camen, M., Croucher, R., Flynn, M. and Schroeder, H. 2011. National institutions and employers' age management practices in Britain and Germany: path dependence and option exploration. Human Relations. 64 (4), pp. 507-530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726710396246
Moldovan employment relations: path dependency?
Morrison, C. and Croucher, R. 2010. Moldovan employment relations: path dependency? Employee Relations. 32 (3), pp. 227-247. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425451011038771
Context, strategy and financial participation: a comparative analysis
Croucher, R., Brookes, M., Wood, G. and Brewster, C. 2010. Context, strategy and financial participation: a comparative analysis. Human Relations. 63 (6), pp. 835-855. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709343654
Exchange rate volatility and exports: new empirical evidence from the emerging East Asian economies.
Chit, M., Rizov, M. and Willenbockel, D. 2010. Exchange rate volatility and exports: new empirical evidence from the emerging East Asian economies. World Economy. 33 (2), pp. 239-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01230.x
Determinants of obesity in transition economies: the case of Russia
Huffman, S. and Rizov, M. 2007. Determinants of obesity in transition economies: the case of Russia. Economics and Human Biology. 5 (3), pp. 379-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2007.07.001
Productivity and trade orientation in UK manufacturing
Rizov, M. and Walsh, P. 2009. Productivity and trade orientation in UK manufacturing. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 71 (6), pp. 821-849. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2009.00564.x
The influences on direct communication in British and Danish Firms: country, 'strategic HRM' or unionisation?
Croucher, R., Parry, E. and Gooderham, P. 2006. The influences on direct communication in British and Danish Firms: country, 'strategic HRM' or unionisation? European Journal of Industrial Relations. 12 (3), pp. 267-286. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680106068913
A German employee network and union renewal: the Siemenskonflikt
Croucher, R., Martens, H. and Singe, I. 2007. A German employee network and union renewal: the Siemenskonflikt. Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations. 62 (1), pp. 143-169. https://doi.org/10.7202/015801ar
The legal structuring of women's collective voice in the South Korean workplace
Croucher, R. and Miles, L. 2009. The legal structuring of women's collective voice in the South Korean workplace. Journal of contemporary Asia. 39 (2), pp. 231-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330902723816
Was the change in land ownership necessary?
Rizov, M. 2001. Was the change in land ownership necessary? in: Dixon-Gough, R. and Mansberger, R. (ed.) Transactions in International Land Management Aldershot Ashgate.
The growth of individual farming in Romania.
Rizov, M. and Swinnen, J. 2003. The growth of individual farming in Romania. in: Davidova, S. and Thomson, K. (ed.) Romanian Agriculture and Transition towards the EU Lanham, USA Lexington Books. pp. 31-43
Farm survival and growth in transition economies: theory and empirical evidence from Hungary
Rizov, M. and Mathijs, E. 2003. Farm survival and growth in transition economies: theory and empirical evidence from Hungary. Post-Communist Economies. 15 (2), pp. 227-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631370308093
Employee communication
Croucher, R. and Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 2008. Employee communication. in: Muller-Camen, M., Croucher, R. and Leigh, S. (ed.) Human resource management : a case study approach London Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. pp. 355-376
Institutions, reform policies, and productivity growth in agriculture: evidence from former communist countries.
Rizov, M. 2008. Institutions, reform policies, and productivity growth in agriculture: evidence from former communist countries. NJAS Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences. 55 (4), pp. 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-5214(08)80023-1
Corporate capital structure and how soft budget constraints may affect it
Rizov, M. 2008. Corporate capital structure and how soft budget constraints may affect it. Journal of Economic Surveys. 22 (4), pp. 648-684. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00545.x
Rural development perspectives in enlarging Europe: the implications of CAP reforms and agricultural transition in accession countries
Rizov, M. 2006. Rural development perspectives in enlarging Europe: the implications of CAP reforms and agricultural transition in accession countries. European Planning Studies. 14 (2), pp. 219-238.
Review of "Agriculture in transition: land policies and evolving farm structures in post-Soviet countries" by Z. Lerman, C. Csaki, and G.Feder.
Rizov, M. 2005. Review of "Agriculture in transition: land policies and evolving farm structures in post-Soviet countries" by Z. Lerman, C. Csaki, and G.Feder. European Review of Agricultural Economics. 32 (2), pp. 291-293.
Pull and push: individual farming in Hungary
Rizov, M. 2005. Pull and push: individual farming in Hungary. Food Policy. 30 (1), pp. 43-62.
Human capital and the agrarian structure in transition
Rizov, M. 2005. Human capital and the agrarian structure in transition. Economic and Industrial Democracy. 26 (1), pp. 119-149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X05049405
Does individualization help the productivity of transition agriculture?
Rizov, M. 2005. Does individualization help the productivity of transition agriculture? Agricultural Economics. 33 (2), pp. 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2005.00408.x
The price of EU accession: an insight into the Bulgarian real estate market
Rizov, M. 2004. The price of EU accession: an insight into the Bulgarian real estate market. Property Management. 22 (1), pp. 72-83. https://doi.org/10.1108/02637470410525509
Rural development and welfare implications of CAP reforms
Rizov, M. 2004. Rural development and welfare implications of CAP reforms. Journal of Policy Modeling. 26 (2), pp. 209-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2004.03.003
Firm investment in transition: evidence from Romanian manufacturing
Rizov, M. 2004. Firm investment in transition: evidence from Romanian manufacturing. Economics of Transition. 12 (4), pp. 721-746.
Credit constraints and profitability: evidence from a transition economy
Rizov, M. 2004. Credit constraints and profitability: evidence from a transition economy. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. 40 (4), pp. 63-83.
EU accession and the Bulgarian real-estate market
Rizov, M. 2003. EU accession and the Bulgarian real-estate market. European Planning Studies. 11 (8), pp. 1001-1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965431032000146178
Endogenous production organization during market liberalization: farm level evidence from Romania
Rizov, M. 2003. Endogenous production organization during market liberalization: farm level evidence from Romania. Economic Systems. 27 (2), pp. 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-3625(03)00038-4
Capital structure theory and its practical implications for firm financial management in Central and Eastern Europe.
Rizov, M. 2001. Capital structure theory and its practical implications for firm financial management in Central and Eastern Europe. EMERGO Journal of Transforming Economies and Societies. 8 (4), pp. 74-86.
The spirit of capitalism? Immigration, religion and self-employment in early 20th century Canada
Minns, C. and Rizov, M. 2005. The spirit of capitalism? Immigration, religion and self-employment in early 20th century Canada. Explorations in Economic History. 42 (2), pp. 259-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2004.07.002
Agriculture.
Bevan, A., Falcetti, E., Mitchell-Thompson, V., Steves, F. and Rizov, M. 2002. Agriculture. in: EBRD Transition Report 2002: Agriculture and Rural Transition. London EBRD. pp. 75-87
Transnationale Gewerkschaftskooperationen-Erfahrung und Forschungsfragen.
Croucher, R., Kruse, W., Martens, H., Singe, I. and Tech, D. 2004. Transnationale Gewerkschaftskooperationen-Erfahrung und Forschungsfragen. Dortmund Beiträge aus der Forschung, SFS Dortmund.
Flexible working time and interest representation in German and British banking.
Croucher, R. and Singe, I. 2002. Flexible working time and interest representation in German and British banking. in: Zeytinoglu, I. (ed.) Flexible work arrangements: conceptualizations and international experiences. Kluwer Law International. pp. 147-160
Unions and the informal sector: the case of Ghana.
Croucher, R. 2007. Unions and the informal sector: the case of Ghana. in: Wood, G. and Brewster, C. (ed.) Industrial Relations in Africa Palgrave. pp. 209-215
Industrial relations in Francophone Africa: the case of Niger.
Croucher, R. 2007. Industrial relations in Francophone Africa: the case of Niger. in: Wood, G. and Brewster, C. (ed.) Industrial Relations in Africa Palgrave. pp. 198-204
Human resource management: a case study approach.
Muller-Camen, M., Croucher, R. and Leigh, S. 2008. Human resource management: a case study approach. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
German employers' inputs to employee skills development
Croucher, R. and Brookes, M. 2009. German employers' inputs to employee skills development. Industrial relations. 48 (2), pp. 231-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2009.00555.x
Varieties of firm: complementarity and bounded diversity
Wood, G., Croucher, R., Brewster, C., Collings, D. and Brookes, M. 2009. Varieties of firm: complementarity and bounded diversity. Journal of Economic Issues. XLIII (1), pp. 241-260.
Skills and training: a strategic role for trade unions or the limits of neoliberalism?
McIlroy, J. and Croucher, R. 2008. Skills and training: a strategic role for trade unions or the limits of neoliberalism? in: Daniels, G. and McIlroy, J. (ed.) Trade Unions in a Neoliberal World: British Trade Unions under New Labour London Routledge. pp. 283-315
Global unions, global business: global union federations and international business
Croucher, R. and Cotton, E. 2009. Global unions, global business: global union federations and international business. London, UK Middlesex University Press.
Human resource management and performance in European firms
Rizov, M. and Croucher, R. 2009. Human resource management and performance in European firms. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 33 (2), pp. 253-272. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/ben037
Transition and enterprise restructuring: the role of budget constraints and bankruptcy costs
Rizov, M. 2005. Transition and enterprise restructuring: the role of budget constraints and bankruptcy costs. Economics Letters. 86 (1), pp. 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2004.05.004
Human capital, market imperfections and labor reallocation in transition
Rizov, M. and Swinnen, J. 2004. Human capital, market imperfections and labor reallocation in transition. Journal of Comparative Economics. 32 (4), pp. 745-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2004.08.002
Investment and financial constraints in transition economies: micro evidence from Poland, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Romania
Rizov, M., Vandenbussche, H. and Konings, J. 2003. Investment and financial constraints in transition economies: micro evidence from Poland, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Romania. Economics Letters. 78 (2), pp. 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(02)00210-0
Transitional and enterprise restructuring: the development of individual farming in Romania
Rizov, M., Gavrilescu, D., Mathijs, E., Gow, H. and Swinnen, J. 2001. Transitional and enterprise restructuring: the development of individual farming in Romania. World Development. 29 (7), pp. 1257-1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00030-4
Retired members in a British union
Flynn, M. and Croucher, R. 2006. Retired members in a British union. Work, Employment and Society. 20 (3), pp. 593-603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017006067004
The impact of trade union education; a study of three countries in Eastern Europe
Croucher, R. 2004. The impact of trade union education; a study of three countries in Eastern Europe. European Journal of Industrial Relations. 10 (1), pp. 90-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680104041190
Enforcing a national minimum wage: the British case
Croucher, R. and White, G. 2007. Enforcing a national minimum wage: the British case. Policy Studies. 28 (2), pp. 145-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870701309080
'Peak' employers' organisations: international attempts at transferring experience
Croucher, R., Tyson, S. and Wild, A. 2006. 'Peak' employers' organisations: international attempts at transferring experience. Economic and Industrial Democracy. 27 (3), pp. 463-484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X06065964
Are Works Councils and Joint Consultative Committees a threat to Trade Unions? A comparative analysis
Brewster, C., Wood, G., Croucher, R. and Brookes, M. 2007. Are Works Councils and Joint Consultative Committees a threat to Trade Unions? A comparative analysis. Economic and Industrial Democracy. 28 (1), pp. 49-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X07073027
Collective and individual voice: convergence in Europe?
Brewster, C., Croucher, R., Wood, G. and Brookes, M. 2007. Collective and individual voice: convergence in Europe? International Journal of Human Resource Management. 18 (7), pp. 1246-1262. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701393582
Rural development under the European CAP: the role of diversity
Rizov, M. 2005. Rural development under the European CAP: the role of diversity. The Social Science Journal. 42 (4), pp. 621-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2005.09.003
An essay on the agricultural production organization in former communist countries
Rizov, M. 2003. An essay on the agricultural production organization in former communist countries. The Social Science Journal. 40 (4), pp. 665-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0362-3319(03)00078-8