Can better working conditions improve the performance of SMEs? An international literature review

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Croucher, R., Stumbitz, B., Quinlan, M. and Vickers, I. 2013. Can better working conditions improve the performance of SMEs? An international literature review. Geneva, Switzerland International Labour Organization.
TitleCan better working conditions improve the performance of SMEs? An international literature review
AuthorsCroucher, R., Stumbitz, B., Quinlan, M. and Vickers, I.
Abstract

This study reviews the literature on the link between working conditions, safety and health and skills development, on the one hand, and increased productivity on the other, with a specific focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The writers find research evidence of an association between good workplace practices and various types of positive enterprise-level outcomes. These positive outcomes include reduced employee turnover, improved profitability and higher levels of customer satisfaction.
The literature surveyed consists in the main of studies of high-income economies and rather than unpacking the influence of different practices these studies serves to affirm that practices have best results when they are employed together. So, for example, a coherent ‘bundle of practices’ , combining good occupational safety and health and training with improved working hours and wages will generally improve productivity, innovation and employee retention. The review also finds evidence of a cause and effect, suggesting that better management practices lead to improved business outcomes rather than vice versa.
Despite all of the above, the review highlights that more research is needed. In particular, the researchers note the lack of literature analysing the complexity of the relationship between working conditions, safety and health, skills development, and firm outcomes. They also note the need for research in this area in developing and emerging economies.

Keywordsworking conditions / occupational safety / occupational health / labour productivity / small enterprise / literature survey
Research GroupEmployment Relations group
ISBN
Hardcover9789221275503
PublisherInternational Labour Organization
Place of publicationGeneva, Switzerland
Publication dates
Print2013
Publication process dates
Deposited25 Nov 2013
Output statusPublished
Additional information

Ebook ISBN: 9789221275510

Web address (URL)http://www.ilo.org/empent/Publications/WCMS_227760/lang--en/index.htm
LanguageEnglish
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Miles, L. and Croucher, R. 2013. Gramsci, counter-hegemony and labour union–civil society organisation coalitions in Malaysia. Journal of contemporary Asia. 43 (3), pp. 413-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2013.775754
Political congruence: a conceptual framework and historical case study
Croucher, R. and Upchurch, M. 2012. Political congruence: a conceptual framework and historical case study. Labor History. 53 (2), pp. 205-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2012.679396
Employees' entrepreneurial contributions to firms in Russia, 1995–2004
Croucher, R. and Rizov, M. 2011. Employees' entrepreneurial contributions to firms in Russia, 1995–2004. Human Resource Management Journal. 21 (4), pp. 415-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2011.00184.x
Employee turnover, HRM and institutional contexts.
Croucher, R., Wood, G., Brewster, C. and Brookes, M. 2012. Employee turnover, HRM and institutional contexts. Economic and Industrial Democracy. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X11424768
Co-determination and working time accounts in the German finance industry
Singe, I. and Croucher, R. 2004. Co-determination and working time accounts in the German finance industry. Industrial Relations Journal. 35 (2), pp. 153-168.
US multi-nationals and the German industrial relations system
Singe, I. and Croucher, R. 2005. US multi-nationals and the German industrial relations system. Management revue. 16 (1), pp. 123-137.
Consultation in a British utilities company: reinforcing the hierarchy?
Croucher, R. and Singe, I. 2005. Consultation in a British utilities company: reinforcing the hierarchy? Journal of Industrial Relations. 47 (4), pp. 471-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-9296.2005.00186.x
Die Einführung des britischen Mindestlohns.
Croucher, R. 2005. Die Einführung des britischen Mindestlohns. Arbeit. 2, pp. 94-102.
Divisions in the movement: the national unemployed workers’ movement and its rivals in comparative perspective
Croucher, R. 1995. Divisions in the movement: the national unemployed workers’ movement and its rivals in comparative perspective. in: Andrews, G., Fishman, N. and Morgan, K. (ed.) Opening the books: essays on the social and cultural history of British Communism London Pluto Press. pp. 23-43
Potential future developments in HRM
Croucher, R. and Mayo, A. 2008. Potential future developments in HRM. in: Muller-Camen, M., Croucher, R. and Leigh, S. (ed.) Human resource management: a case study approach Chartered Institute of Personnel Development. pp. 489-490
Employment relations
Croucher, R. and Higgins, P. 2008. Employment relations. in: Muller-Camen, M., Croucher, R. and Leigh, S. (ed.) Human resource management: a case study approach Chartered Institute of Personnel Development. pp. 317-338
Critical issues in employee relations (2): global unions
Croucher, R. 2010. Critical issues in employee relations (2): global unions. in: Roper, I., Prouska, R. and Chatrakul Na Ayudhya, U. (ed.) Critical issues in human resource management London Chartered Institute of Personnel Development. pp. 195-211
The Coventry branch of the minority movement
Croucher, R. 1975. The Coventry branch of the minority movement. Society for the study of labour history bulletin. 30, pp. 37-41.
Women and militancy in the munitions industries, 1935-45
Croucher, R. 1979. Women and militancy in the munitions industries, 1935-45. Society for the study of labour history bulletin. 38, pp. 8-9.
Flexible working practices and the trade unions
Croucher, R. and Brewster, C. 1998. Flexible working practices and the trade unions. Employee Relations. 20 (5), pp. 443-452.
The management of trust-based working time in Germany
Singe, I. and Croucher, R. 2003. The management of trust-based working time in Germany. Personnel Review. 32 (4), pp. 492-509.
The right to request flexible working in Britain: the Law and organisational realities
Croucher, R. and Kelliher, C. 2005. The right to request flexible working in Britain: the Law and organisational realities. International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations. 21 (3), pp. 503-520.
Union influence in post-socialist Europe.
Croucher, R. and Rizov, M. 2011. Union influence in post-socialist Europe. London Middlesex University.
The impact of the UK national minimum wage on productivity by low-paying sectors and firm-size groups: report to the Low Pay Commission.
Rizov, M. and Croucher, R. 2011. The impact of the UK national minimum wage on productivity by low-paying sectors and firm-size groups: report to the Low Pay Commission. London The Low Pay Commission.
The impact of minimum wages on the youth labour market: an international literature review for the Low Pay Commission
Croucher, R. and White, G. 2011. The impact of minimum wages on the youth labour market: an international literature review for the Low Pay Commission. London The Low Pay Commission.
Labour management in Belarus: transcendent retrogression.
Danilovich, H. and Croucher, R. 2011. Labour management in Belarus: transcendent retrogression. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 27 (2), pp. 241-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523279.2011.564095
Measuring competing explanations of human resource management practices through the Cranet survey: cultural versus institutional explanations
Brookes, M., Croucher, R., Fenton-O'Creevy, M. and Gooderham, P. 2011. Measuring competing explanations of human resource management practices through the Cranet survey: cultural versus institutional explanations. Human Resource Management Review. 21 (1), pp. 68-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.09.012
Decision-taking on human resource issues.
Croucher, R. and Druker, J. 2001. Decision-taking on human resource issues. Employee Relations. 23 (1), pp. 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450110366273
Chinese migrant worker representation and institutional change: social or centralist corporatism?
Croucher, R. and Miles, L. 2010. Chinese migrant worker representation and institutional change: social or centralist corporatism? Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1245
Corporate governance and employees in South Africa.
Croucher, R. and Miles, L. 2010. Corporate governance and employees in South Africa. Journal of Corporate Law Studies. 10 (2), pp. 367-389. https://doi.org/10.5235/147359710793129435
Employee involvement in Ukrainian companies
Croucher, R. 2010. Employee involvement in Ukrainian companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management. 21 (14), pp. 2659-2676. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.523582
National institutions and employers' age management practices in Britain and Germany: path dependence and option exploration
Muller-Camen, M., Croucher, R., Flynn, M. and Schroeder, H. 2011. National institutions and employers' age management practices in Britain and Germany: path dependence and option exploration. Human Relations. 64 (4), pp. 507-530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726710396246
Moldovan employment relations: path dependency?
Morrison, C. and Croucher, R. 2010. Moldovan employment relations: path dependency? Employee Relations. 32 (3), pp. 227-247. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425451011038771
Context, strategy and financial participation: a comparative analysis
Croucher, R., Brookes, M., Wood, G. and Brewster, C. 2010. Context, strategy and financial participation: a comparative analysis. Human Relations. 63 (6), pp. 835-855. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709343654
SMEs in a low carbon economy: final report for BERR enterprise directorate.
Vickers, I., Vaze, P., Corr, L., Kasparova, E., Lyon, F. and CEEDR (Centre for Enterprise and Economic Development Research) 2009. SMEs in a low carbon economy: final report for BERR enterprise directorate. London Department for Business, Innovation & Skills..
Review of the enterprise promotion fund
Vickers, I., Owen, R., Etherington, D., North, D. and CEEDR (Centre for Enterprise and Economic Development Research) 2006. Review of the enterprise promotion fund. Small Business Service..
Cultural influences on health and safety attitudes and behaviour in small firms.
Vickers, I., Owen, R., Smallbone, D., James, P., Ekanem, I., Bertotti, M. and CEEDR (Centre for Enterprise and Economic Development Research) 2003. Cultural influences on health and safety attitudes and behaviour in small firms. London Health & Safety Executive Research Report, HSE Books.
Evaluation of the deprived urban post office fund.
North, D., Vickers, I., Owen, R., Ekanem, I. and CEEDR (Centre for Enterprise and Economic Development Research) 2005. Evaluation of the deprived urban post office fund. London Office of the Deputy Prime Minister..
Local alchemy in the East Midlands
Vickers, I. 2007. Local alchemy in the East Midlands. in: North, D., Syrett, S. and Etherington, D. (ed.) Political devolution, regional governance and tackling deprivation York, UK Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Policy support for R and D in SMEs: the UK government’s SMART award scheme.
Smallbone, D., North, D., Vickers, I. and McCarthy, I. 2000. Policy support for R and D in SMEs: the UK government’s SMART award scheme. in: During, W., Oakey, R. and Kipling, M. (ed.) New technology-based firms at the turn of the century. Oxford Pergamon. pp. 143-159
SMEs and the innovative capability of regions: London’s Lee Valley region in a European context
North, D., Smallbone, D. and Vickers, I. 2003. SMEs and the innovative capability of regions: London’s Lee Valley region in a European context. in: Kirby, D. and Watson, A. (ed.) Small firms and economic development in developed and transition economies: a reader Aldershot Ashgate.
Interventions to tackle the economic needs of deprived areas: analysis of six policy case studies.
North, D., Syrett, S., Etherington, D., Vickers, I. and CEEDR (Centre for Enterprise and Economic Development Research) 2007. Interventions to tackle the economic needs of deprived areas: analysis of six policy case studies. York Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Regional technology initiatives: some insights from the English regions
Vickers, I. and North, D. 2000. Regional technology initiatives: some insights from the English regions. European Planning Studies. 8 (3), pp. 301-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/713666413
Regulating health and safety in small firms.
Smallbone, D., Vickers, I., James, P. and Owen, R. 2005. Regulating health and safety in small firms. in: Gray, C. and Bannock, G. (ed.) Government regulation and the small firm Milton Keynes, UK Open University Business School.
The role and characteristics of SMEs.
Smallbone, D., North, D. and Vickers, I. 2003. The role and characteristics of SMEs. in: Asheim, B. (ed.) Regional innovation policy for small-medium enterprises. Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing .
Social enterprise and the environment: a review of the literature
Vickers, I. 2010. Social enterprise and the environment: a review of the literature. Third Sector Research Centre, University of Birmingham.
Better regulation and enterprise: the case of environmental health risk regulation in Britain
Vickers, I. 2008. Better regulation and enterprise: the case of environmental health risk regulation in Britain. Policy Studies. 29 (2), pp. 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870802033514
The influences on direct communication in British and Danish Firms: country, 'strategic HRM' or unionisation?
Croucher, R., Parry, E. and Gooderham, P. 2006. The influences on direct communication in British and Danish Firms: country, 'strategic HRM' or unionisation? European Journal of Industrial Relations. 12 (3), pp. 267-286. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680106068913
A German employee network and union renewal: the Siemenskonflikt
Croucher, R., Martens, H. and Singe, I. 2007. A German employee network and union renewal: the Siemenskonflikt. Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations. 62 (1), pp. 143-169. https://doi.org/10.7202/015801ar
The legal structuring of women's collective voice in the South Korean workplace
Croucher, R. and Miles, L. 2009. The legal structuring of women's collective voice in the South Korean workplace. Journal of contemporary Asia. 39 (2), pp. 231-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330902723816
Employee communication
Croucher, R. and Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 2008. Employee communication. in: Muller-Camen, M., Croucher, R. and Leigh, S. (ed.) Human resource management : a case study approach London Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. pp. 355-376
Transnationale Gewerkschaftskooperationen-Erfahrung und Forschungsfragen.
Croucher, R., Kruse, W., Martens, H., Singe, I. and Tech, D. 2004. Transnationale Gewerkschaftskooperationen-Erfahrung und Forschungsfragen. Dortmund Beiträge aus der Forschung, SFS Dortmund.
Flexible working time and interest representation in German and British banking.
Croucher, R. and Singe, I. 2002. Flexible working time and interest representation in German and British banking. in: Zeytinoglu, I. (ed.) Flexible work arrangements: conceptualizations and international experiences. Kluwer Law International. pp. 147-160
Unions and the informal sector: the case of Ghana.
Croucher, R. 2007. Unions and the informal sector: the case of Ghana. in: Wood, G. and Brewster, C. (ed.) Industrial Relations in Africa Palgrave. pp. 209-215
Industrial relations in Francophone Africa: the case of Niger.
Croucher, R. 2007. Industrial relations in Francophone Africa: the case of Niger. in: Wood, G. and Brewster, C. (ed.) Industrial Relations in Africa Palgrave. pp. 198-204
Human resource management: a case study approach.
Muller-Camen, M., Croucher, R. and Leigh, S. 2008. Human resource management: a case study approach. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
German employers' inputs to employee skills development
Croucher, R. and Brookes, M. 2009. German employers' inputs to employee skills development. Industrial relations. 48 (2), pp. 231-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2009.00555.x
Varieties of firm: complementarity and bounded diversity
Wood, G., Croucher, R., Brewster, C., Collings, D. and Brookes, M. 2009. Varieties of firm: complementarity and bounded diversity. Journal of Economic Issues. XLIII (1), pp. 241-260.
Skills and training: a strategic role for trade unions or the limits of neoliberalism?
McIlroy, J. and Croucher, R. 2008. Skills and training: a strategic role for trade unions or the limits of neoliberalism? in: Daniels, G. and McIlroy, J. (ed.) Trade Unions in a Neoliberal World: British Trade Unions under New Labour London Routledge. pp. 283-315
Global unions, global business: global union federations and international business
Croucher, R. and Cotton, E. 2009. Global unions, global business: global union federations and international business. London, UK Middlesex University Press.
Human resource management and performance in European firms
Rizov, M. and Croucher, R. 2009. Human resource management and performance in European firms. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 33 (2), pp. 253-272. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/ben037
Retired members in a British union
Flynn, M. and Croucher, R. 2006. Retired members in a British union. Work, Employment and Society. 20 (3), pp. 593-603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017006067004
Innovation and the use of technology in manufacturing plants and SMEs: an interregional study
Vickers, I., North, D., Smallbone, D. and Roper, S. 2003. Innovation and the use of technology in manufacturing plants and SMEs: an interregional study. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. 21 (1), pp. 37-52. https://doi.org/10.1068/c0218
Influences on small firm compliance-related behaviour: the case of workplace health and safety.
Owen, R., James, P., Smallbone, D. and Vickers, I. 2006. Influences on small firm compliance-related behaviour: the case of workplace health and safety. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. 24 (6), pp. 827-846. https://doi.org/10.1068/c0564
Understanding small firm responses to regulation: the case of workplace health and safety
Vickers, I., Smallbone, D., James, P. and Owen, R. 2005. Understanding small firm responses to regulation: the case of workplace health and safety. Policy Studies. 26 (2), pp. 149-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870500127626
Public sector support for innovating SMEs
North, D., Smallbone, D. and Vickers, I. 2001. Public sector support for innovating SMEs. Small Business Economics. 16 (4), pp. 303-317. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011164801073
The impact of trade union education; a study of three countries in Eastern Europe
Croucher, R. 2004. The impact of trade union education; a study of three countries in Eastern Europe. European Journal of Industrial Relations. 10 (1), pp. 90-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680104041190
Enforcing a national minimum wage: the British case
Croucher, R. and White, G. 2007. Enforcing a national minimum wage: the British case. Policy Studies. 28 (2), pp. 145-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870701309080
'Peak' employers' organisations: international attempts at transferring experience
Croucher, R., Tyson, S. and Wild, A. 2006. 'Peak' employers' organisations: international attempts at transferring experience. Economic and Industrial Democracy. 27 (3), pp. 463-484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X06065964
Are Works Councils and Joint Consultative Committees a threat to Trade Unions? A comparative analysis
Brewster, C., Wood, G., Croucher, R. and Brookes, M. 2007. Are Works Councils and Joint Consultative Committees a threat to Trade Unions? A comparative analysis. Economic and Industrial Democracy. 28 (1), pp. 49-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X07073027
The use of external sources of health and safety information and advice: the case of small firms
Vickers, I., Smallbone, D. and Owen, R. 2004. The use of external sources of health and safety information and advice: the case of small firms. Policy and Practice in Health and Safety. 2 (1), pp. 91-104.
Collective and individual voice: convergence in Europe?
Brewster, C., Croucher, R., Wood, G. and Brookes, M. 2007. Collective and individual voice: convergence in Europe? International Journal of Human Resource Management. 18 (7), pp. 1246-1262. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701393582
Cleaner production: organisational learning or business as usual? An example from the domestic appliance industry
Vickers, I. 2000. Cleaner production: organisational learning or business as usual? An example from the domestic appliance industry. Business Strategy and the Environment. 9 (4), pp. 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0836(200007/08)9:4<255::AID-BSE252>3.0.CO;2-A