Reliability of quadriceps twitch muscle properties and explosive voluntary contractions at different knee joint angles

Article

Zimmermann, H., Knihs, D., Sakugawa, R., Bishop, C. and Dal Pupo, J. 2024. Reliability of quadriceps twitch muscle properties and explosive voluntary contractions at different knee joint angles. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2024.2370533
TypeArticle
TitleReliability of quadriceps twitch muscle properties and explosive voluntary contractions at different knee joint angles
AuthorsZimmermann, H., Knihs, D., Sakugawa, R., Bishop, C. and Dal Pupo, J.
Abstract

Background: Measures that assess muscle strength and its development, either voluntarily or involuntarily, are important in the clinical and research context. The main aim of this study was to verify the inter day reliability and the minimum detectable change (MDC) of the knee extensors muscles torque using evoked contractions and explosive voluntary contractions (EVC), across 6 different joint angles.
Methods: 20 participants, 16 men and 4 women (26.5 ± 6.6 years; 174.5 ± 11.1 cm; 73.7 ± 11.3 kg) participated in this study. Evoked twitch contractions and voluntary explosive contractions of the knee extensors were performed in 2 days (test-retest) at 20, 40, 70, 90, 105 and 115 degrees.
Results: The most reliable twitch parameters were peak torque (PT), contraction time (CT), half relaxation-time (½ time), total impulse and peak rate of torque development (RTDPeak), with coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from ~8% at 20o to 5% at 115o angle. It was verified that CT and ½ time become more reliable as the knee angle changed from 20 to 115 degrees, from shorter to longer muscle lengths (7.3 to 2.7% and 8.8% to 4.0%, respectively). The more reliable parameters for voluntary contraction were PT, RTD250ms, RTDPeak and impulse250ms (CV from around ~8% at 20o/115o and 5% at 70o/ 90o). For voluntary contractions, all measures performed at 70o angle were more reliable compared to the other angles.
Conclusion: It was concluded that for the knee extensor muscles, evoked twitch contractions presented greater reliability across knee angles, with lower CV values when compared to the voluntary measures for the same time windows. Specifically, for the evoked twitch contractions, angles from 70 to 115-degree proved to be highly reliable. On the other hand, for the voluntary contractions, the central angles (70 and 90-degree) were the most reliable.

KeywordsConditioning contraction; explosive performance; twitch properties; voluntary performance
Sustainable Development Goals3 Good health and well-being
Middlesex University ThemeHealth & Wellbeing
PublisherTaylor & Francis (Routledge)
JournalMeasurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science
ISSN1091-367X
Electronic1532-7841
Publication dates
Online24 Jun 2024
Publication process dates
Accepted18 Jun 2024
Deposited21 Jun 2024
Output statusPublished
Accepted author manuscript
File Access Level
Open
Copyright Statement

This is an original manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science on 24 June 2024, available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2024.2370533.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2024.2370533
Web of Science identifierWOS:001262739700001
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Gonzalo-Skok, O., Dos'Santos, T. and Bishop, C. 2023. Assessing limb dominance and inter-limb asymmetries over multiple angles during change of direction speed tests in basketball players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (12), pp. 2423-2430. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004558
Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation
Galati, D., Turner, A., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2023. Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (11), pp. 2241-2250. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004541
Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions
Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2023. Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2657-2662. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004511
A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comfort, P., Harry, J., McMahon, J., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Sports Medicine. 53 (5), pp. 1055-1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01828-x
Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations
Bishop, C., de Keijzer, K., Turner, A. and Beato, M. 2023. Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (3), pp. 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004384
A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance
Collins, J., Bishop, C., Hills, F., Spiegelhalter, A., Cohen, R. and Turner, A. 2023. A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (1), pp. 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004220
Inter-limb asymmetries in swimming and their impact on performance: evidence from a scoping review
Knihs, D., Bishop, C., Zimmerman, H. and Dal Pupo, J. 2023. Inter-limb asymmetries in swimming and their impact on performance: evidence from a scoping review. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (6), pp. 642-662. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000769
Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed
Brennan, A., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Broadie, M., Coughlan, D., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (6), pp. 631-641. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000764
Optimal velocity loss threshold for inducing post activation potentiation in track and field athletes
Yuan, Z., Liao, K., Zhang, Y., Han, M., Bishop, C., Chen, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, G. and Li, Y. 2023. Optimal velocity loss threshold for inducing post activation potentiation in track and field athletes. Biology of Sport. 40 (2), pp. 603-609. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.119284
Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change?
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Loturco, I., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2023. Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change? The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (2), pp. 358-365.
Why sports should embrace bilateral asymmetry: A narrative review
Afonso, J., Pena, J., Sa, M., Virgile, A., Garcia-de-Alcaraz, A. and Bishop, C. 2022. Why sports should embrace bilateral asymmetry: A narrative review. Symmetry. 14 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14101993
The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting
Bettariga, F., Maestroni, L., Martorelli, L., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004424
Post-activation performance enhancement in sprinters: effects of hard versus sand surfaces
Pereira, L., Boullosa, D., Moura, T., Mercer, V., Fernandes, V., Bishop, C. and Loturco, I. 2022. Post-activation performance enhancement in sprinters: effects of hard versus sand surfaces. Journal of Human Kinetics. 82 (1), pp. 173-180. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0062
Associations between differing magnitudes of inter-limb asymmetry and linear and change of direction speed performance in male youth soccer players
Işın, A., Akdağ, E., Özdoğan, E. and Bishop, C. 2022. Associations between differing magnitudes of inter-limb asymmetry and linear and change of direction speed performance in male youth soccer players. Biomedical Human Kinetics. 14 (1), pp. 67-74. https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2022-0009
The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Bettariga, F., Turner, A., Maloney, S., Maestroni, L., Jarvis, P. and Bishop, C. 2022. The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (5), pp. 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000701
Bilateral deficit in the countermovement jump and its associations with judo-specific performance
Kons, R., Ache-Dias, J., Gheller, R., Bishop, C. and Detanico, D. 2023. Bilateral deficit in the countermovement jump and its associations with judo-specific performance. Research in Sports Medicine. 31 (5), pp. 638-649. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2021.2024542
Does size matter? Effects of small vs. large pitch small-sided game training on speed and endurance in collegiate soccer players
Faga, J., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2022. Does size matter? Effects of small vs. large pitch small-sided game training on speed and endurance in collegiate soccer players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 18 (6), pp. 2033-2043. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221126955
Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application
Bishop, C., Jarvis, P., Turner, A. and Balsalobre-Fernández, C. 2022. Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application. Journal of Human Kinetics. 83, pp. 185-195. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0098
Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players
Bishop, C., Manuel, J., Drury, B., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2022. Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2552-2557. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004303
Momentum-based load prescriptions: applications to jump squat training
Harry, J., Krzyszkowski, J., Harris, K., Chowning, L., Mackey, E., Bishop, C. and Barker, L. 2022. Momentum-based load prescriptions: applications to jump squat training. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2657-2662. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004294
Strength and conditioning for golf athletes: biomechanics, injury risk, physical requirements, and recommendations for testing and training
Bishop, C., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Brearley, S., Brennan, A. and Coughlan, D. 2022. Strength and conditioning for golf athletes: biomechanics, injury risk, physical requirements, and recommendations for testing and training. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (64), pp. 7-18.
Effects of direction-specific training interventions on physical performance and inter-limb asymmetries
Gonzalo-Skok, O., Sánchez-Sabaté, J., Tous-Fajardo, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Bishop, C. and Piedrafita, E. 2022. Effects of direction-specific training interventions on physical performance and inter-limb asymmetries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (3), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031029
Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training
Turner, A., Read, P., Maestroni, L., Chavda, S., Yao, X., Papadopoulos, K., Virgile, A., Spiegelhalter, A. and Bishop, C. 2022. Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000681
Effects of unilateral vs. bilateral resistance training interventions on measures of strength, jump, linear and change of direction speed: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Liao, K., Nassis, G., Bishop, C., Yang, W., Bian, C. and Li, Y. 2022. Effects of unilateral vs. bilateral resistance training interventions on measures of strength, jump, linear and change of direction speed: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biology of Sport. 39 (3), pp. 485-497. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.107024
“Small steps, or giant leaps?” Comparing game demands of U23, U18, and U16 English academy soccer and their associations with speed and endurance
Smalley, B., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2022. “Small steps, or giant leaps?” Comparing game demands of U23, U18, and U16 English academy soccer and their associations with speed and endurance. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 17 (1), pp. 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211018771
Effects of a resistance training intervention on the strength-deficit of elite young soccer players
Loturco, I., Pereira, L., Bishop, C., Zanetti, V., Freitas, T. and Pareja-Blanco, J. 2022. Effects of a resistance training intervention on the strength-deficit of elite young soccer players. Biology of Sport. 39 (3), pp. 615-619. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.106157
Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S., Jarvis, P., Brazier, J., Bromley, T. and Turner, A. 2022. Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (4), pp. 1031-1037. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003565
The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Bromley, T., Brazier, J., Jarvis, P., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2022. The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (3), pp. 787-795. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003526
Effects of three different combined training interventions on jump, change of direction, power performance, and inter-limb asymmetry in male youth soccer players
Moreno-Azze, A., Arjol-Serrano, J., Falcón-Miguel, D., Bishop, C. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2021. Effects of three different combined training interventions on jump, change of direction, power performance, and inter-limb asymmetry in male youth soccer players. Sports. 9 (12), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9120158
No relationship between lean mass and functional asymmetry in high-level female tennis players
Chapelle, L., Bishop, C., Clarys, P. and D’Hondt, E. 2021. No relationship between lean mass and functional asymmetry in high-level female tennis players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211928
A comparison of vertical and horizontal reactive strength index variants and association with change of direction performance
Šarabon, N., Kozinc, Ž. and Bishop, C. 2021. A comparison of vertical and horizontal reactive strength index variants and association with change of direction performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004193
Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Read, P. and Bishop, C. 2021. Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 52 (2), pp. 301-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01566-y
Strength and conditioning in schools: a strategy to optimise health, fitness and physical activity in youths
Till, K., Bruce, A., Green, T., Morris, S., Boret, S. and Bishop, C. 2021. Strength and conditioning in schools: a strategy to optimise health, fitness and physical activity in youths. British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104509
Effects of strength training on jump performance and bilateral deficit in Premier League academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Read, P., Loturco, I., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2021. Effects of strength training on jump performance and bilateral deficit in Premier League academy soccer players. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (62), pp. 7-14.
Intra- and inter-limb strength asymmetry in soccer: a comparison of professional and under-18 players
Bishop, C., Coratella, G. and Beato, M. 2021. Intra- and inter-limb strength asymmetry in soccer: a comparison of professional and under-18 players. Sports. 9 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9090129
Seasonal variation of inter-limb jumping asymmetries in youth team-sport athletes
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Bishop, C., Buscà, B., Vicens-Bordas, J. and Arboix-Alió, J. 2021. Seasonal variation of inter-limb jumping asymmetries in youth team-sport athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39 (24), pp. 2850-2858. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1968123
Assessing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in unilateral jump and change of direction speed tasks in youth female team-sport athletes
Arboix-Alió, J., Bishop, C., Benet, A., Buscà, B., Aguilera-Castells, J. and Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A. 2021. Assessing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in unilateral jump and change of direction speed tasks in youth female team-sport athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics. 79 (1), pp. 15-27. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0061
A framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jordan, M., Harry, J., Loturco, I., Lake, J. and Comfort, P. 2022. A framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000677
Comparison of three eccentric overload training strategies on power output and interlimb asymmetry in youth soccer players
Moreno-Azze, A., Arjol-Serrano, J.L., Falcón-Miguel, D., Bishop, C. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2021. Comparison of three eccentric overload training strategies on power output and interlimb asymmetry in youth soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168270
Percentage-based change of direction deficit: a new approach to standardize time- and velocity-derived calculations
Freitas, T., Pereira, L., Alcaraz, P., Azevedo, P., Bishop, C. and Loturco, I. 2021. Percentage-based change of direction deficit: a new approach to standardize time- and velocity-derived calculations. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004118
Inter-limb jump asymmetries and their association with sport-specific performance in young male and female swimmers
Phukan, M., Thapa, R., Kumar, G., Bishop, C., Chaabene, H. and Ramirez-Campillo, R. 2021. Inter-limb jump asymmetries and their association with sport-specific performance in young male and female swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147324
Post-activation potentiation: is there an optimal training volume and intensity to induce improvements in vertical jump ability in highly-trained subjects?
Kobal, R., Pereira, L., Kitamura, K., Paulo, A., Ramos, H., Carmo, E., Roschel, H., Tricoli, V., Bishop, C. and Loturco, I. 2019. Post-activation potentiation: is there an optimal training volume and intensity to induce improvements in vertical jump ability in highly-trained subjects? Journal of Human Kinetics. 66 (1), pp. 195-203. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0071
Variations in the physical performance of Olympic boxers over a four-day national qualifying tournament
Loturco, I., McGuigan, M., Freitas, T., Bishop, C., Alcaraz, P., Romano, F., Alves, M., Reis, V., Pereira, L. and Franchini, E. 2021. Variations in the physical performance of Olympic boxers over a four-day national qualifying tournament. Sports. 9 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9050062
International vs. National female tennis players: a comparison of upper and lower extremity functional asymmetries
Chapelle, L., Bishop, C., Clarys, P. and D'Hondt, E. 2021. International vs. National female tennis players: a comparison of upper and lower extremity functional asymmetries. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12482-X
Associations between inter-limb asymmetries in jump and change of direction speed tests and physical performance in adolescent female soccer players
Pardos-Mainer, E., Bishop, C., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Nobari, H., Pérez-Gómez, J. and Lozano, D. 2021. Associations between inter-limb asymmetries in jump and change of direction speed tests and physical performance in adolescent female soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073474
Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Marshall, J., Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Haff, G. 2021. Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 51 (6), pp. 1245-1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01430-z
Strength and conditioning practices and perspectives of volleyball coaches and players
Weldon, A., Mak, J., Wong, S., Duncan, M., Clarke, N. and Bishop, C. 2021. Strength and conditioning practices and perspectives of volleyball coaches and players. Sports. 9 (2), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9020028
Effects of training on sand or hard surfaces on sprint and jump performance of team-sport players: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Pereira, L., Freitas, T., Marín-Cascales, E., Bishop, C., McGuigan, M. and Loturco, I. 2021. Effects of training on sand or hard surfaces on sprint and jump performance of team-sport players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (3), pp. 56-66. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000634
Unilateral vs. bilateral hamstring strength assessments: comparing reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in female soccer players
Cuthbert, M., Comfort, P., Ripley, N., McMahon, J., Evans, M. and Bishop, C. 2021. Unilateral vs. bilateral hamstring strength assessments: comparing reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in female soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39 (13), pp. 1481-1488. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1880180
Enhancing high-intensity actions during a basketball game after a strength training program with random recovery times between sets
Arede, J., Leite, N., Tous-Fajardo, J., Bishop, C. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2022. Enhancing high-intensity actions during a basketball game after a strength training program with random recovery times between sets. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (7), pp. 1989-1997. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004002
Effects of flywheel training on strength-related variables in female populations. A systematic review
Raya-González, J., de Keijzer, K., Bishop, C. and Beato, M. 2022. Effects of flywheel training on strength-related variables in female populations. A systematic review. Research in Sports Medicine. 30 (4), pp. 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2020.1870977
Video-based biomechanical analysis of an unexpected Achilles tendon rupture in an Olympic sprinter
Loturco, I., De la Fuente, C., Bishop, C., Nichioka, H., Lessio, D., Moreno, C., Pereira, L. and Carpes, F. 2021. Video-based biomechanical analysis of an unexpected Achilles tendon rupture in an Olympic sprinter. Journal of Biomechanics. 117, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110246
Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations
Beato, M., Maroto, S., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2021. Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (3), pp. 456-461. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0862
Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications
Turner, A., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Read, P., Mundy, P. and Lake, J. 2021. Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (1), pp. 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000544
Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance
Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Dawes, J., Madruga, M., Romero-Rodrigues, D., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2021. Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35, pp. S144-S151. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003079
Levels of agreement for the direction of inter-limb asymmetry during four simple change-of-direction tests in young male handball players: a pilot study
Kozinc, Ž., Bishop, C., Pleša, J. and Šarabon, N. 2021. Levels of agreement for the direction of inter-limb asymmetry during four simple change-of-direction tests in young male handball players: a pilot study. Symmetry. 13 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101940
An assessment of the hopping strategy and inter-limb asymmetry during the triple hop test: a test–retest pilot study
Davey, K., Read, P., Coyne, J., Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Brazier, J., Šarabon, N., Jordan, M. and Bishop, C. 2021. An assessment of the hopping strategy and inter-limb asymmetry during the triple hop test: a test–retest pilot study. Symmetry. 13 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101890
Validity and reliability of a phone App and stopwatch for the measurement of 505 change of direction performance: a test-retest study design
Chen, Z., Bian, C., Liao, K., Bishop, C. and Li, Y. 2021. Validity and reliability of a phone App and stopwatch for the measurement of 505 change of direction performance: a test-retest study design. Frontiers in Physiology. 12, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.743800
Assessing inter-limb asymmetries in soccer players: magnitude, direction and association with performance
Madruga-Parera, M., Dos'Santos, T., Bishop, C., Turner, A., Blanco, D., Beltran-Garrido, V., Moreno-Pérez, V. and Romero-Rodríguez, D. 2021. Assessing inter-limb asymmetries in soccer players: magnitude, direction and association with performance. Journal of Human Kinetics. 79 (1), pp. 41-53. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0081
Relationships between jumping asymmetry and performance in skateboarders
Clark, L., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2021. Relationships between jumping asymmetry and performance in skateboarders. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning. 29 (1).
Physical profiling of international cricket players: an investigation between bowlers and batters
Weldon, A., Clarke, N., Pote, L. and Bishop, C. 2021. Physical profiling of international cricket players: an investigation between bowlers and batters. Biology of Sport. 38 (4), pp. 507-515. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2021.100148
Anthropometric profiles and physical characteristics in competitive female English premiership rugby union players
Yao, X., Curtis, C., Turner, A., Bishop, C., Austerberry, A. and Chavda, S. 2021. Anthropometric profiles and physical characteristics in competitive female English premiership rugby union players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (9), pp. 1234-1241. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0017
Train the engine or the brakes? Influence of momentum on the change of direction deficit
Fernandes, R., Bishop, C., Turner, A., Chavda, S. and Maloney, S. 2021. Train the engine or the brakes? Influence of momentum on the change of direction deficit. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (1), pp. 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-1007
Asymmetry thresholds for common screening tests and their effects on jump performance in professional soccer players
Read, P., McAuliffe, S., Bishop, C., Oliver, J., Graham-Smith, P. and Farooq, M. 2021. Asymmetry thresholds for common screening tests and their effects on jump performance in professional soccer players. Journal of Athletic Training. 56 (1), pp. 46-53. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0013.20
Change-of-direction deficit vs. deceleration deficit: a comparison of limb dominance and inter-limb asymmetry between forwards and backs in elite male rugby union players
Bishop, C., Clarke, R., Freitas, T., Arruda, A., Guerriero, A., Ramos, M., Pereira, L. and Loturco, I. 2021. Change-of-direction deficit vs. deceleration deficit: a comparison of limb dominance and inter-limb asymmetry between forwards and backs in elite male rugby union players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39 (10), pp. 1088-1095. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1857578
Seasonal variation of physical performance and inter-limb asymmetry in professional cricket athletes
Bishop, C., Weldon, A., Hughes, J., Brazier, J., Loturco, I., Turner, A. and Read, P. 2021. Seasonal variation of physical performance and inter-limb asymmetry in professional cricket athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (4), pp. 941-948. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003927
Traditional free-weight vs. variable resistance training applied to elite young soccer players during a short preseason: effects on strength, speed, and power performance
Loturco, I., Pereira, L., Reis, V., Zanetti, V., Bishop, C. and McGuigan, M. 2022. Traditional free-weight vs. variable resistance training applied to elite young soccer players during a short preseason: effects on strength, speed, and power performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (12), pp. 3432-3439. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003899
Strength, jumping and change of direction speed asymmetries in soccer, basketball and tennis players
Sarabon, N., Smajla, D., Maffiuletti, N. and Bishop, C. 2020. Strength, jumping and change of direction speed asymmetries in soccer, basketball and tennis players. Symmetry. 12 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12101664
Effects of successive judo matches on interlimb asymmetry and bilateral deficit
Kons, R., Pupo, J., Gheller, R., Costa, F., Rodrigues, M., Bishop, C. and Detanico, D. 2021. Effects of successive judo matches on interlimb asymmetry and bilateral deficit. Physical Therapy in Sport. 47, pp. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PTSP.2020.10.007
Maximum strength, relative strength, and strength deficit: relationships with performance and differences between elite sprinters and professional rugby union players
Loturco, I., Pereira, L., Freitas, T., Bishop, C., Pareja-Blanco, F. and McGuigan, M. 2021. Maximum strength, relative strength, and strength deficit: relationships with performance and differences between elite sprinters and professional rugby union players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (8), pp. 1148-1153. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0342
Inter-limb strength asymmetry in adolescent distance runners: test-retest reliability and relationships with performance and running economy
Blagrove, R., Bishop, C., Howatson, G. and Hayes, P. 2021. Inter-limb strength asymmetry in adolescent distance runners: test-retest reliability and relationships with performance and running economy. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39 (3), pp. 312-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1820183
A narrative review of limb dominance: task specificity and the importance of fitness testing
Virgile, A. and Bishop, C. 2021. A narrative review of limb dominance: task specificity and the importance of fitness testing. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (3), pp. 846-858. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003851
Higher vertical jumping asymmetries and lower physical performance are indicators of increased injury incidence in youth team-sport athletes
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Mila-Villarroel, R., Pujol-Marzo, M., Arboix-Alio, J. and Bishop, C. 2020. Higher vertical jumping asymmetries and lower physical performance are indicators of increased injury incidence in youth team-sport athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003828
The Pallof press
Mullane, M., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2021. The Pallof press. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (2), pp. 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000596
Rotational flywheel training in youth female team sport athletes: could inter-repetition movement variability be beneficial?
Arede, J., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Bishop, C., Schöllhorn, W. and Leite, N. 2020. Rotational flywheel training in youth female team sport athletes: could inter-repetition movement variability be beneficial? Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 60 (11), pp. 1444-1452. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10962-9
The benefits of strength training on musculoskeletal system health: practical applications for interdisciplinary care
Maestroni, L., Read, P., Bishop, C., Papadopoulos, K., Suchomel, T., Comfort, P. and Turner, A. 2020. The benefits of strength training on musculoskeletal system health: practical applications for interdisciplinary care. Sports Medicine. 50 (8), pp. 1431-1450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01309-5
Assessing the reliability and validity of agility testing in team sports: a systematic review
Morral Yepes, M., Moras Feliu, G., Bishop, C. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2020. Assessing the reliability and validity of agility testing in team sports: a systematic review. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003753
Does a loaded warm-up influence jump asymmetry and badminton-specific change of direction performance?
Yeung, W., Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Maloney, S. 2021. Does a loaded warm-up influence jump asymmetry and badminton-specific change of direction performance? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (4), pp. 578-584. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0313
Factors influencing bilateral deficit and inter-limb asymmetry of maximal and explosive strength: motor task, outcome measure and muscle group
Sarabon, N., Kozinc, Z., Bishop, C. and Maffiuletti, N. 2020. Factors influencing bilateral deficit and inter-limb asymmetry of maximal and explosive strength: motor task, outcome measure and muscle group. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 120 (7), pp. 1681-1688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04399-1
Bilateral vs. unilateral countermovement jumps: comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Turner, A., Lake, J. and Read, P. 2020. Bilateral vs. unilateral countermovement jumps: comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003679
Interlimb asymmetries: are thresholds a usable concept?
Bishop, C. 2021. Interlimb asymmetries: are thresholds a usable concept? Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (1), pp. 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000554
Comparison of bilateral vs. unilateral-biased strength and power training interventions on measures of physical performance in elite youth soccer players
Stern, D., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Loturco, I., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2020. Comparison of bilateral vs. unilateral-biased strength and power training interventions on measures of physical performance in elite youth soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 34 (8), pp. 2105-2111. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003659
Inter-limb asymmetry during rehabilitation understanding formulas and monitoring the "magnitude" and "direction"
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Gonzalo-Skok, O. and Read, P. 2020. Inter-limb asymmetry during rehabilitation understanding formulas and monitoring the "magnitude" and "direction". Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal. 9 (1), pp. 18-22.
Determining the reliability and usability of change of direction speed tests in adolescent female soccer players: a systematic review
Pardos-Mainer, E., Casajus, J., Julian, C., Bishop, C. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2020. Determining the reliability and usability of change of direction speed tests in adolescent female soccer players: a systematic review. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 60 (5), pp. 720-732. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10178-6
Corrigendum: Strength, jumping, and change of direction speed asymmetries are not associated with athletic performance in elite academy soccer players
Raya-González, J., Bishop, C., Gómez-Piqueras, P., Veiga, S., Viejo-Romero, D. and Navandar, A. 2020. Corrigendum: Strength, jumping, and change of direction speed asymmetries are not associated with athletic performance in elite academy soccer players. Frontiers Media S.A.. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00518
Effects of 8-weeks of isoinertial vs. cable-resistance training on motor skills performance and interlimb asymmetries
Madruga-Parera, M., Bishop, C., Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Beato, M., Gonzalo-Skok, O. and Romero-Rodríguez, D. 2022. Effects of 8-weeks of isoinertial vs. cable-resistance training on motor skills performance and interlimb asymmetries. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (5), pp. 1200-1208. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003594
A comparison of 3 different unilateral strength training strategies to enhance jumping performance and decrease interlimb asymmetries in soccer players
Gonzalo-Skok, O., Moreno-Azze, A., Arjol-Serrano, J., Tous-Fajardo, J. and Bishop, C. 2019. A comparison of 3 different unilateral strength training strategies to enhance jumping performance and decrease interlimb asymmetries in soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 14 (9), pp. 1256-1264. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0920
Inter-limb asymmetries are associated with decrements in physical performance in youth elite team sports athletes
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Bishop, C., Buscà, B., Aguilera-Castells, J., Vicens-Bordas, J. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2020. Inter-limb asymmetries are associated with decrements in physical performance in youth elite team sports athletes. PLoS ONE. 15 (3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229440
Jump and change of direction speed asymmetry using smartphone apps: between-session consistency and associations with physical performance
Bishop, C., Rubio, M., Gullon, I., Maloney, S. and Balsalobre-Fernández, C. 2022. Jump and change of direction speed asymmetry using smartphone apps: between-session consistency and associations with physical performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (4), pp. 927-934. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003567
Strength, jumping, and change of direction speed asymmetries are not associated with athletic performance in elite academy soccer players
Raya-Gonzalez, J., Bishop, C., Gomez-Piqueras, P., Veiga, S., Viejo-Romero, D. and Navander, A. 2020. Strength, jumping, and change of direction speed asymmetries are not associated with athletic performance in elite academy soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology. 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00175
Hamstring strain injuries: incidence, mechanisms, risk factors and training recommendations
Wing, C. and Bishop, C. 2020. Hamstring strain injuries: incidence, mechanisms, risk factors and training recommendations. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 42 (3), pp. 40-57. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000538
Developing powerful athletes, part 1: mechanical underpinnings
Turner, A., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Read, P., Mundy, P. and Lake, J. 2020. Developing powerful athletes, part 1: mechanical underpinnings. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 42 (3), pp. 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000543
Inter-limb asymmetry: longitudinal monitoring and associations with speed and change of direction speed in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C. 2020. Inter-limb asymmetry: longitudinal monitoring and associations with speed and change of direction speed in elite academy soccer players. PhD thesis Middlesex University School of Science and Technology
Residual deficits in reactive strength indicate incomplete restoration of athletic qualities following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in professional soccer players
Read, P., Davies, W., Bishop, C., Mc Auliffe, S., Wilson, M. and Turner, A. 2020. Residual deficits in reactive strength indicate incomplete restoration of athletic qualities following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in professional soccer players. Journal of Athletic Training. https://doi.org/10.4085/169-20
Validity and reliability of the new Basic Functional Assessment protocol (BFA)
Hernández-García, R., Gil-López, M., Martínez-Pozo, D., Martínez-Romero, M., Aparicio-Sarmiento, A., Cejudo, A., de Baranda, P. and Bishop, C. 2020. Validity and reliability of the new Basic Functional Assessment protocol (BFA). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134845
A practical guide to analyzing the force-time curve of isometric tasks in Excel
Chavda, S., Turner, A., Comfort, P., Haff, G., Williams, S., Bishop, C. and Lake, J. 2020. A practical guide to analyzing the force-time curve of isometric tasks in Excel. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 42 (2), pp. 26-37. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000507
Effects of soccer match-play on unilateral jumping and Inter-limb asymmetry: a repeated measures design
Bishop, C., Read, P., Stern, D. and Turner, A. 2022. Effects of soccer match-play on unilateral jumping and Inter-limb asymmetry: a repeated measures design. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (1), pp. 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003389
Effects of combined strength and power training on physical performance and interlimb asymmetries in adolescent female soccer players
Pardos-Mainer, E., Casajus, J., Bishop, C. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2020. Effects of combined strength and power training on physical performance and interlimb asymmetries in adolescent female soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15 (8), pp. 1147-1155. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0265
Post‐activation potentiation: is there an optimal training volume and intensity to Induce improvements in vertical jump ability in highly‐trained subjects?
Kobal, R., Pereira, L., Kitamura, K., Paulo, A., Ramos, H., Carmo, E., Roschel, H., Tricoli, V., Bishop, C. and Loturco, I. 2019. Post‐activation potentiation: is there an optimal training volume and intensity to Induce improvements in vertical jump ability in highly‐trained subjects? Journal of Human Kinetics. 69 (1), pp. 239-247. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0016
Jumping-based asymmetries are negatively associated with jump, change of direction, and repeated sprint performance, but not linear speed, in adolescent handball athletes
Madruga-Parera, M., Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Brazier, J. and Romero-Rodríguez, D. 2020. Jumping-based asymmetries are negatively associated with jump, change of direction, and repeated sprint performance, but not linear speed, in adolescent handball athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics. 71 (1), pp. 47-58. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0095
Vertical force production in soccer: mechanical aspects and applied training strategies
Loturco, I., Bishop, C., Freitas, T., Pereira, L. and Jeffreys, I. 2020. Vertical force production in soccer: mechanical aspects and applied training strategies. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 42 (2), pp. 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000513
Strength and power training in rehabilitation: underpinning principles and practical strategies to return athletes to high performance
Maestroni, L., Read, P., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2020. Strength and power training in rehabilitation: underpinning principles and practical strategies to return athletes to high performance. Sports Medicine. 50 (2), pp. 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01195-6
Validity and reliability of the rear foot elevated split squat 5 repetition maximum to determine unilateral leg strength symmetry
Helme, M., Bishop, C., Emmonds, S. and Low, C. 2019. Validity and reliability of the rear foot elevated split squat 5 repetition maximum to determine unilateral leg strength symmetry. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33 (12), pp. 3269-3275. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003378
Relationship between inter-limb asymmetries and speed and change of direction speed in youth handball players
Madruga-Parera, M., Bishop, C., Beato, M., Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Gonzalo-Skok, O. and Romero-Rodríguez, D. 2019. Relationship between inter-limb asymmetries and speed and change of direction speed in youth handball players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003328
Acute effect of repeated sprints on inter-limb asymmetries during unilateral jumping
Bishop, C., McAuley, W., Read, P., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Lake, J. and Turner, A. 2019. Acute effect of repeated sprints on inter-limb asymmetries during unilateral jumping. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003109
Effect of post activation potentiation on weightlifting performance
Chavda, S., Sorensen, A., Vernau, J., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2019. Effect of post activation potentiation on weightlifting performance. NSCA 2019 National Conference. Washington D.C, US 10 - 13 Jul 2019
Total score of athleticism: holistic athlete profiling to enhance decision-making
Turner, A., Jones, B., Stewart, P., Bishop, C., Parmar, N., Chavda, S. and Read, P. 2019. Total score of athleticism: holistic athlete profiling to enhance decision-making. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 41 (6), pp. 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000506
Power training in elite young soccer players: effects of using loads above or below the optimum power zone
Loturco, I., Pereira, L., Reis, V., Bishop, C., Zanetti, V., Alcaraz, P., Freitas, T. and McGuigan, M. 2020. Power training in elite young soccer players: effects of using loads above or below the optimum power zone. Journal of Sports Sciences. 38 (11-12), pp. 1416-1422. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1651614
Comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry during the squat, countermovement and drop jump tests in elite youth female soccer players
Bishop, C., Pereira, L., Reis, V., Read, P., Turner, A. and Loturco, I. 2020. Comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry during the squat, countermovement and drop jump tests in elite youth female soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 38 (11-12), pp. 1296-1303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1649525
Selective influences of maximum dynamic strength and bar-power output on team sports performance: a comprehensive study of four different disciplines
Loturco, I., Suchomel, T., James, L., Bishop, C., Abad, C., Pereira, L. and McGuigan, M. 2018. Selective influences of maximum dynamic strength and bar-power output on team sports performance: a comprehensive study of four different disciplines. Frontiers in Physiology. 9, p. 1820. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01820
Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on acceleration and change of direction speed: a between-sport comparison of professional soccer and cricket athletes
Bishop, C., Read, P., Brazier, J., Jarvis, P., Chavda, S., Bromley, T. and Turner, A. 2019. Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on acceleration and change of direction speed: a between-sport comparison of professional soccer and cricket athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (8), pp. 2095-2101. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003135
The validity and reliability of a novel app for the measurement of change of direction performance
Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Bishop, C., Beltrán-Garrido, J., Cecilia-Gallego, P., Cuenca-Amigó, A., Romero-Rodríguez, D. and Madruga-Parera, M. 2019. The validity and reliability of a novel app for the measurement of change of direction performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 37 (21), pp. 2420-2424. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1640029
Effects of maturation on lower limb neuromuscular asymmetries in elite youth tennis players
Madruga-Parera, M., Romero-Rodríguez, D., Bishop, C., Beltran-Valls, M., Latinjak, A., Beato, M. and Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A. 2019. Effects of maturation on lower limb neuromuscular asymmetries in elite youth tennis players. Sports. 7 (5), p. e106. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7050106
Using unilateral strength, power and reactive strength tests to detect the magnitude and direction of asymmetry: A test-retest design
Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S., Jarvis, P. and Turner, A. 2019. Using unilateral strength, power and reactive strength tests to detect the magnitude and direction of asymmetry: A test-retest design. Sports. 7 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030058
Drop jump asymmetry is associated with reduced sprint and change-of-direction speed performance in adult female soccer players
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Maloney, S., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Bromley, T. and Read, P. 2019. Drop jump asymmetry is associated with reduced sprint and change-of-direction speed performance in adult female soccer players. Sports. 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7010029
Acute and chronic effects of foam rolling vs eccentric exercise on ROM and force output of the plantar flexors
Aune, A., Bishop, C., Turner, A., Papadopoulos, K., Budd, S., Richardson, M. and Maloney, S. 2019. Acute and chronic effects of foam rolling vs eccentric exercise on ROM and force output of the plantar flexors. Journal of Sports Sciences. 37 (2), pp. 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1486000
Heavy barbell hip thrusts do not effect sprint performance: an 8-week randomized–controlled study
Jarvis, P., Cassone, N., Turner, A., Chavda, S., Edwards, M. and Bishop, C. 2019. Heavy barbell hip thrusts do not effect sprint performance: an 8-week randomized–controlled study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33, pp. S78-S84. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002146
Postactivation potentiation and change of direction speed in elite academy rugby players
Marshall, J., Turner, A., Jarvis, P., Maloney, S., Cree, J. and Bishop, C. 2019. Postactivation potentiation and change of direction speed in elite academy rugby players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33 (6), pp. 1551-1556. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001834
A novel approach for athlete profiling: the unilateral dynamic strength index
Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Loturco, I. and Turner, A. 2018. A novel approach for athlete profiling: the unilateral dynamic strength index. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002871
Interlimb asymmetries: the need for an individual approach to data analysis
Bishop, C., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Papadopoulos, K., Turner, A. and Read, P. 2018. Interlimb asymmetries: the need for an individual approach to data analysis. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002729
One-repetition-maximum measures or maximum bar-power output: which Is more related to sport performance?
Loturco, I., Suchomel, T., Bishop, C., Kobal, R., Pereira, L. and McGuigan, M. 2019. One-repetition-maximum measures or maximum bar-power output: which Is more related to sport performance? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 14 (1), pp. 33-37. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0255
Reliability and measurement of inter-limb asymmetries in four unilateral jump tests in elite youth female soccer players
McCubbine, J., Turner, A., Dos'Santos, T. and Bishop, C. 2018. Reliability and measurement of inter-limb asymmetries in four unilateral jump tests in elite youth female soccer players. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (49), pp. 7-12.
Be as upright as possible when squatting: reply
Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2018. Be as upright as possible when squatting: reply. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (3), p. 111. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000388
Advertising paid and unpaid job roles in sport: an updated position statement from the UK Strength and Conditioning Association
Bishop, C., McKnight, P., Alexander, C., Archer, E., Hunwicks, R. and Cleather, D. 2019. Advertising paid and unpaid job roles in sport: an updated position statement from the UK Strength and Conditioning Association. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 53 (13), pp. 789-790. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099047
The importance of strength and power on key performance indicators in elite youth soccer
Wing, C., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2020. The importance of strength and power on key performance indicators in elite youth soccer. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 34 (7), pp. 2006-2014. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002446
Strength and conditioning considerations for hurling: an amateur Gaelic Games sport
Mullane, M., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2018. Strength and conditioning considerations for hurling: an amateur Gaelic Games sport. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (4), pp. 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000381
The validity and reliability of the my jump 2 app for measuring the reactive strength index and drop jump performance
Haynes, T., Bishop, C., Antrobus, M. and Brazier, J. 2019. The validity and reliability of the my jump 2 app for measuring the reactive strength index and drop jump performance. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 59 (2), pp. 253-258. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08195-1
Vertical and horizontal asymmetries are related to slower sprinting and jump performance in elite youth female soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., McCubbine, J. and Turner, A. 2021. Vertical and horizontal asymmetries are related to slower sprinting and jump performance in elite youth female soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (1), pp. 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002544
Change of direction deficit in national team rugby union players: is there an influence of playing position?
Freitas, T., Alcaraz, P., Bishop, C., Calleja-González, J., Arruda, A., Guerriero, A., Reis, V., Pereira, L. and Loturco, I. 2018. Change of direction deficit in national team rugby union players: is there an influence of playing position? Sports. 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7010002
Effects of a competitive soccer match on jump performance and interlimb asymmetries in elite academy soccer players
Bromley, T., Turner, A., Read, P., Lake, J., Maloney, S., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2018. Effects of a competitive soccer match on jump performance and interlimb asymmetries in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35 (6), pp. 1707-1714. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002951
Optimum power loads for elite boxers: case study with the Brazilian national olympic team
Loturco, I., Bishop, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Romano, F., Alves, M., Pereira, L. and McGuigan, M. 2018. Optimum power loads for elite boxers: case study with the Brazilian national olympic team. Sports. 6 (3), p. 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030095
Force-time characteristics of the countermovement jump: analyzing the curve in Excel
Chavda, S., Bromley, T., Jarvis, P., Williams, S., Bishop, C., Turner, A., Lake, J. and Mundy, P. 2018. Force-time characteristics of the countermovement jump: analyzing the curve in Excel. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (2), pp. 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000353
Interlimb asymmetries: understanding how to calculate differences from bilateral and unilateral tests
Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2018. Interlimb asymmetries: understanding how to calculate differences from bilateral and unilateral tests. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (4), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000371
Exercise technique: the push press
Bishop, C., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2018. Exercise technique: the push press. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (3), pp. 104-108. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000321
Training methods and considerations for practitioners to reduce interlimb asymmetries
Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Read, P. 2018. Training methods and considerations for practitioners to reduce interlimb asymmetries. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 40 (2), pp. 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000354
Validation of a crane scale for the assessment of portable isometric mid-thigh pulls
Urquhart, M., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2018. Validation of a crane scale for the assessment of portable isometric mid-thigh pulls. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning. 26 (5).
Within - and between - session reliability of the spider drill test to assess Change of Direction Speed in youth tennis athletes
Huggins, J., Jarvis, P., Brazier, J., Kyriacou, Y. and Bishop, C. 2017. Within - and between - session reliability of the spider drill test to assess Change of Direction Speed in youth tennis athletes. International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine. 3. https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-5718/1510074
Lower extremity stiffness: considerations for testing, performance enhancement and injury risk
Brazier, J., Maloney, S., Bishop, C., Read, P. and Turner, A. 2019. Lower extremity stiffness: considerations for testing, performance enhancement and injury risk. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 33 (4), pp. 1156-1166. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002283
Integrated approach to correcting the high-bar back squat from "excessive forward leaning"
Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2017. Integrated approach to correcting the high-bar back squat from "excessive forward leaning". Strength and Conditioning Journal. 39 (6), pp. 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000337
Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on physical and sports performance: a systematic review
Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Read, P. 2018. Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on physical and sports performance: a systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences. 36 (10), pp. 1135-1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1361894
Monitoring changes in power, speed, agility and endurance in elite cricketers during the off-season
Herridge, R., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2020. Monitoring changes in power, speed, agility and endurance in elite cricketers during the off-season. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 34 (8), pp. 2285-2293. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002077
Holistic hamstring health: not just the Nordic hamstring exercise
Oakley, A., Jennings, J. and Bishop, C. 2018. Holistic hamstring health: not just the Nordic hamstring exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52 (13), pp. 816-817. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097137
The single leg squat: when to prescribe this exercise
Bishop, C., Brierly, S. and Turner, A. 2016. The single leg squat: when to prescribe this exercise. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Profile of a strength and conditioning coach: backgrounds, duties, and perceptions
Hartshorn, M., Read, P., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2016. Profile of a strength and conditioning coach: backgrounds, duties, and perceptions. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 38 (6), pp. 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000255
Using the split squat to potentiate bilateral and unilateral jump performance
Bishop, C., Tarrant, J., Jarvis, P. and Turner, A. 2017. Using the split squat to potentiate bilateral and unilateral jump performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31 (8), pp. 2216-2222. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001696
Physiological demands of sabre competitions in elite fencers
Turner, A., Dimitriou, L., Marshall, G., Russell, M., Bannock, L. and Bishop, C. 2018. Physiological demands of sabre competitions in elite fencers. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning. 26 (1).
The acute effects of heavy sled towing on subsequent sprint acceleration performance
Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2017. The acute effects of heavy sled towing on subsequent sprint acceleration performance. Journal of Trainology. 6 (1), pp. 18-25. https://doi.org/10.17338/trainology.6.1_18
Considerations for selecting field-based strength and power fitness tests to measure asymmetries
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jarvis, P., Chavda, S. and Read, P. 2017. Considerations for selecting field-based strength and power fitness tests to measure asymmetries. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31 (9), pp. 2635-2644. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002023
Do fencers require a weapon-specific approach to strength and conditioning training?
Turner, A., Bishop, C., Cree, J., Edwards, M., Chavda, S., Read, P. and Kirby, D. 2017. Do fencers require a weapon-specific approach to strength and conditioning training? The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31 (6), pp. 1662-1668. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001637
Identifying readiness to train: when to push and when to pull
Turner, A., Bishop, C., Springham, M. and Stewart, P. 2016. Identifying readiness to train: when to push and when to pull. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Screening movement dysfunctions using the overhead squat
Bishop, C., Edwards, M. and Turner, A. 2016. Screening movement dysfunctions using the overhead squat. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
How to monitor training load and mode using sRPE
Turner, A., Bishop, C., Marshall, G. and Read, P. 2015. How to monitor training load and mode using sRPE. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Asymmetries of the lower limb: the calculation conundrum in strength training and conditioning
Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2016. Asymmetries of the lower limb: the calculation conundrum in strength training and conditioning. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 38 (6), pp. 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000264
Addressing movement patterns by using the overhead squat
Bishop, C., Villiere, A. and Turner, A. 2016. Addressing movement patterns by using the overhead squat. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Determinants of club head speed in PGA professional golfers
Lewis, A., Ward, N., Bishop, C., Maloney, S. and Turner, A. 2016. Determinants of club head speed in PGA professional golfers. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 30 (6), pp. 2266-2270. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001362
Physical characteristics underpinning lunging and change of direction speed in fencing
Turner, A., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Edwards, M., Brazier, J. and Kilduff, L. 2016. Physical characteristics underpinning lunging and change of direction speed in fencing. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 30 (8), pp. 2235-2241. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001320
Assessing movement using a variety of screening tests
Bishop, C., Read, P., Walker, S. and Turner, A. 2015. Assessing movement using a variety of screening tests. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
A needs analysis and testing battery for field hockey
Bishop, C., Brazier, J., Cree, J. and Turner, A. 2015. A needs analysis and testing battery for field hockey. Professional Strength and Conditioning. 36, pp. 15-26.
Strength and conditioning for swimming: a practical approach
Bishop, C., Cree, J., Read, P., Barter, P. and Turner, A. 2014. Strength and conditioning for swimming: a practical approach. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Determinants of repeat sprint ability
Turner, A., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Edwards, M. and Barter, P. 2013. Determinants of repeat sprint ability. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Avoid overtraining and monitor fatigue
Turner, A., Stewart, P., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Edwards, M. and Read, P. 2013. Avoid overtraining and monitor fatigue. Professional Strength and Conditioning.
Lower extremity stiffness: effects on performance and injury and implications for training
Brazier, J., Bishop, C., Simons, C., Antrobus, M., Read, P. and Turner, A. 2014. Lower extremity stiffness: effects on performance and injury and implications for training. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 36 (5), pp. 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000094
Data analysis for strength and conditioning coaches: using Excel to analyze reliability, differences, and relationships
Turner, A., Brazier, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Cree, J. and Read, P. 2015. Data analysis for strength and conditioning coaches: using Excel to analyze reliability, differences, and relationships. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 37 (1), pp. 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000113
Hamstring strain prevention in elite soccer players
Turner, A., Cree, J., Comfort, P., Jones, L., Chavda, S., Bishop, C. and Reynolds, A. 2014. Hamstring strain prevention in elite soccer players. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 36 (5), pp. 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000076
A needs analysis and field-based testing battery for basketball
Read, P., Hughes, J., Stewart, P., Chavda, S., Bishop, C., Edwards, M. and Turner, A. 2014. A needs analysis and field-based testing battery for basketball. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 36 (3), pp. 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000051
Strength and conditioning for sprint swimming
Bishop, C., Cree, J., Read, P., Chavda, S., Edwards, M. and Turner, A. 2013. Strength and conditioning for sprint swimming. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 35 (6), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000019