Riding a golf cart versus walking: a study on the physiological and performance differences in tournament golf
Article
O'Donnell, A., Murray, A., Jones, A., Harrison, J.E., Lindsay, A., Bennett, T., Bishop, C., Donovan, T.F., Morton, J., Langan‐Evans, C. and Close, G. 2026. Riding a golf cart versus walking: a study on the physiological and performance differences in tournament golf. European Journal of Sport Science. 26 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70099
| Type | Article |
|---|---|
| Title | Riding a golf cart versus walking: a study on the physiological and performance differences in tournament golf |
| Authors | O'Donnell, A., Murray, A., Jones, A., Harrison, J.E., Lindsay, A., Bennett, T., Bishop, C., Donovan, T.F., Morton, J., Langan‐Evans, C. and Close, G. |
| Abstract | Golf demands sustained physical effort and effective fatigue management, especially in competitive play. Allowing players to ride golf carts in elite play has raised concerns about potential performance advantages, yet well-controlled studies are lacking. This study examined the effects of golf cart use on physiological, physical and cognitive outcomes in competitive golfers. Sixteen males (mean age: 21 ± 3 years; handicap: 2.3 ± 3.7) completed two randomised competitive rounds on a championship course (6587m; 19°C), either walking with a caddie or riding a golf cart. Physiological measures included activity energy expenditure (Actiheart), core temperature, heart rate and perceived exertion (0–100). Physical outcomes were step count, carry distance, clubhead speed, ball speed and muscle power. Cognitive workload (NASA-Task Load Index) was assessed post-round. The step count and activity energy expenditure were significantly higher for walking than using a golf cart (17,007 ± 1708 vs. 6274 ± 1111 steps; 880 ± 279 vs. 456 ± 155 kilocalories). Core temperature was higher for walking at holes 6, 12, and 18 (p = 0.022). The heart rate increased across the round when walking but decreased while using a cart (p < 0.01), and post-round exertion was higher for walking (41 ± 19 vs. 25 ± 14 and p < 0.001). Carry distance, clubhead and ball speed did not differ. NASA-Task Load Index subscales of physical demand and performance (reverse scored) were higher for walking. Relative to walking, golf cart use lowered internal physiological and external physical load, without impairing muscle power or shot performance. Cognitively, walking imposed higher physical strain and reduced perceived performance. Further research should explore whether these physiological, physical and cognitive outcomes impact performance across multiday tournaments. |
| Keywords | cognitive; performance; golf‐cart; golf; energy expenditure; equality |
| Sustainable Development Goals | 3 Good health and well-being |
| Middlesex University Theme | Health & Wellbeing |
| Publisher | Wiley |
| Journal | European Journal of Sport Science |
| ISSN | 1746-1391 |
| Electronic | 1536-7290 |
| Publication dates | |
| Online | 08 Dec 2025 |
| 01 Jan 2026 | |
| Publication process dates | |
| Submitted | 15 May 2025 |
| Accepted | 24 Nov 2025 |
| Deposited | 10 Dec 2025 |
| Output status | Published |
| Publisher's version | License File Access Level Open |
| Copyright Statement | © 2025 The Author(s). European Journal of Sport Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH on behalf of European College of Sport Science. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70099 |
| PubMed ID | 41360681 |
| PubMed Central ID | PMC12685474 |
| National Library of Medicine ID | 101146739 |
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Knihs, D., Bishop, C., Zimmermann, H. and Dal Pupo, J. 2024. Between-session reliability of dry-land and in-water tests to measure inter-limb asymmetries in swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2363695Relationships and within-group differences in physical attributes and golf performance in elite amateur female players
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Coughlan, D., Mountjoy, M., Wells, J., Hembrough, R., Glover, D., Scott, F., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Relationships and within-group differences in physical attributes and golf performance in elite amateur female players. Life. 14 (6). https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060674The Dynamic Strength Index: is it a useful tool to guide programming decisions?
Brearley, S., Buckthorpe, M., Xu, J. and Bishop, C. 2024. The Dynamic Strength Index: is it a useful tool to guide programming decisions? Professional Strength and Conditioning. (71), pp. 13-22.Lower and upper body isometric strength in climbers: reliability and associations with an assessment of climbing performance
Bettariga, F., Maestroni, L., Lancellotti, L., Mario, C., Turner, A., Newton, R. and Bishop, C. 2024. Lower and upper body isometric strength in climbers: reliability and associations with an assessment of climbing performance. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning.The association between countermovement rebound jump metrics and independent measures of athletic performance
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comyns, T., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2024. The association between countermovement rebound jump metrics and independent measures of athletic performance. Applied Sciences. 14 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093718Seasonal variations in performance and asymmetry data for jump and change of direction abilities in female soccer players
Pardos-Mainer, E., Bishop, C. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2024. Seasonal variations in performance and asymmetry data for jump and change of direction abilities in female soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (10), pp. 1768-1777. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004863Exercise training mode effects on myokine expression in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Bettariga, F., Taaffe, D., Galvao, D., Lopez, P., Bishop, C., Markarian, A., Natalucci, V., Kim, J-S. and Newton, R. 2024. Exercise training mode effects on myokine expression in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 13 (6), pp. 764-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.04.005How to hit a golf ball farther, according to research; these are the physical attributes that can make a big difference—and those that won't.
Bishop, C. 2024. How to hit a golf ball farther, according to research; these are the physical attributes that can make a big difference—and those that won't. Dow Jones & Company.Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning training in female golf: A cross-sectional survey study of high-level amateur players
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Mountjoy, M., Wells, J., Coughlan, D., Glover, D., Hembrough, R., Scott, F., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning training in female golf: A cross-sectional survey study of high-level amateur players. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2328971Associations and within-group differences in physical characteristics and golf performance data in high-level amateur players
Brennan, A., Murray, A., Coughlan, D., Wells, J., Xu, J., Turner, A., Brearley, S. and Bishop, C. 2024. Associations and within-group differences in physical characteristics and golf performance data in high-level amateur players. Applied Sciences. 14 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051854Enthusiasm versus reality: a job analysis of Chinese sport scientists
Zhong, Y., Weldon, A., Dwyer, D., Bishop, C. and Li, Y. 2024. Enthusiasm versus reality: a job analysis of Chinese sport scientists. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 19 (5), pp. 1961-1971. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241231662Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning in female golf: a survey study of touring professionals
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Mountjoy, M., Scott, F., Glover, D., Coughlan, D., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Practices and perceptions of strength and conditioning in female golf: a survey study of touring professionals. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 19 (5), pp. 1972-1983. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241234793Associations between physical characteristics and golf clubhead speed: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Brennan, A., Murray, A., Mountjoy, M., Hellstrom, J., Coughlan, D., Wells, J., Brearley, S., Ehlert, A., Jarvis, P., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2024. Associations between physical characteristics and golf clubhead speed: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02004-5Resistance training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches: toward a deeper understanding of their choices and insights (part III)
Loturco, I., Zabaloy, S., Pereira, L., Moura, T., Mercer, V., Fernandes, V., Zajac, A., Matusinski, A., Freitas, T. and Bishop, C. 2024. Resistance training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches: toward a deeper understanding of their choices and insights (part III). Journal of Human Kinetics. 90/2024, pp. 183-214. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/182888Seasonal variation and positional differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics in English premiership women's rugby union players
Yao, X., Austerberry, A., Bishop, C., Chiang, C., Wilson, L. and Turner, A. 2024. Seasonal variation and positional differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics in English premiership women's rugby union players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (5), pp. 924-931. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004736Effects of plyometric jump training on measures of physical fitness and lower-limb asymmetries in prepubertal male soccer players: a randomized controlled trial
Sammoud, S., Negra, Y., Bouguezzi, R., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Moran, J., Bishop, C. and Chabeene, H. 2024. Effects of plyometric jump training on measures of physical fitness and lower-limb asymmetries in prepubertal male soccer players: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 16 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-00821-9Accuracy and reproducibility of a novel device for monitoring resistance training performed at self-selected movement velocity
Külkamp, W., Kons, R., de Souza, J., Kunzler, D.H. and Bishop, C. 2024. Accuracy and reproducibility of a novel device for monitoring resistance training performed at self-selected movement velocity. Sports Engineering. 27 (1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-024-00450-yGround reaction forces, asymmetries and performance of change of direction tasks in youth elite female basketball players
Arboix-Alio, J., Busca, B., Miro, A., Bishop, C. and Van-Meerhaeghe, A. 2024. Ground reaction forces, asymmetries and performance of change of direction tasks in youth elite female basketball players. Sports. 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12010021Variations in strength-speed-power performance across the season: do true changes occur in elite rugby players?
Loturco, I., Bishop, C., Zabaloy, S., Moura, T., Ramos, M., Pereira, L. and McGuigan, M. 2024. Variations in strength-speed-power performance across the season: do true changes occur in elite rugby players? Biology of Sport. 41 (3), pp. 201-211. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2024.135201Statistical tests for sports science practitioners: identifying performance gains in individual athletes
Harry, J., Hurwitz, J., Agnew, C. and Bishop, C. 2024. Statistical tests for sports science practitioners: identifying performance gains in individual athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (5), pp. e264-e272. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004727Testing limb symmetry and asymmetry after Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury: 4 considerations to increase its utility
Jordan, M.J. and Bishop, C. 2024. Testing limb symmetry and asymmetry after Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury: 4 considerations to increase its utility. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 46 (4), pp. 406-414. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000821Assessing asymmetries and predicting performance in semiprofessional soccer players
Arede, J., Fernandes, J., Singh, H., Bishop, C., Romero-Rodriguez, D. and Madruga Parera, M. 2024. Assessing asymmetries and predicting performance in semiprofessional soccer players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 19 (1), pp. 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221146220Influence of maturation and determinants of repeated sprint ability in youth basketball players
Gonzalo-Skok, O. and Bishop, C. 2024. Influence of maturation and determinants of repeated sprint ability in youth basketball players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (2), pp. 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004631Association between dynamic strength index derived from isometric squat and squat jump or countermovement jump and force-velocity profile
Pleša, J., Kozinc, Ž., Bishop, C. and Šarabon, N. 2024. Association between dynamic strength index derived from isometric squat and squat jump or countermovement jump and force-velocity profile. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 28 (1), pp. 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2023.2223619Concurrent validity and technological error-based reliability of a novel device for velocity-based training
Külkamp, W., Bishop, C., Kons, R., Antunes, L., Carmo, E., Hizume-Kunzler, D. and Dal Pupo, J. 2024. Concurrent validity and technological error-based reliability of a novel device for velocity-based training. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 28 (1), pp. 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367x.2023.2207570Effects of physical training and associations between physical performance characteristics and golf performance in female players: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Robinson, L., Murray, A., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Glover, D., Coughlan, D., Hembrough, R. and Bishop, C. 2024. Effects of physical training and associations between physical performance characteristics and golf performance in female players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 38 (2), pp. 374-383. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004570Test–retest reliability of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in the countermovement jump, drop jump, and countermovement rebound jump
Xu, J., Jordan, M., Chavda, S., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Test–retest reliability of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in the countermovement jump, drop jump, and countermovement rebound jump. Symmetry. 15 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15101960Countermovement rebound jump: a comparison of joint work and joint contribution to the countermovement and drop jump tests
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comyns, T., Harry, J., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. Countermovement rebound jump: a comparison of joint work and joint contribution to the countermovement and drop jump tests. Applied Sciences. 13 (19). https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910680Influence of box height on inter-limb asymmetry and box jump performance
dos Santos, M., Berton, R., Shields, J., Bishop, C, Dinyer-McNeely, T, Anderson, O. and Dawes, J. 2023. Influence of box height on inter-limb asymmetry and box jump performance. Symmetry. 15 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071359Acute effects of a fatiguing protocol on peak force and rate of force development of the hamstring muscles in soccer players
Bettariga, F., Bishop, C., Martorelli, L., Turner, A., Lazzarini, S., Algeri, C. and Maestroni, L. 2023. Acute effects of a fatiguing protocol on peak force and rate of force development of the hamstring muscles in soccer players. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-023-00228-xVariations in power performance and perceptual responses to training in Olympic boxers over a 7-month training period
Pereira, L., Romano, F., Alves, M., Mercer, V., Bishop, C., Franchini, E. and Loturco, I. 2023. Variations in power performance and perceptual responses to training in Olympic boxers over a 7-month training period. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 18 (4), p. 414–419. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2022-0229Ratio data: understanding pitfalls and knowing when to standardise
Bishop, C., Shrier, I. and Jordan, M. 2023. Ratio data: understanding pitfalls and knowing when to standardise. Symmetry. 15 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15020318Selecting metrics that matter: comparing the use of the countermovement jump for performance profiling, neuromuscular fatigue monitoring and injury rehabilitation testing
Bishop, C., Jordan, M., Torres-Ronda, L., Loturco, I., Harry, J., Virgile, A., Mundy, P., Turner, A. and Comfort, P. 2023. Selecting metrics that matter: comparing the use of the countermovement jump for performance profiling, neuromuscular fatigue monitoring and injury rehabilitation testing. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (5), pp. 545-553. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000772Validity of a smartphone app using artificial intelligence for the real-time measurement of barbell velocity in the bench press exercise
Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Xu, J., Jarvis, P., Thompson, S., Tannion, K. and Bishop, C. 2023. Validity of a smartphone app using artificial intelligence for the real-time measurement of barbell velocity in the bench press exercise. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (12), pp. e640-e645. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004593Speed training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches: toward a deeper understanding of their choices and insights (part II)
Loturco, I., Freitas, T., Zabaloy, S., Pereira, L., Moura, T., Fernandes, V., Mercer, V., Alcaraz, P., Zajac, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Speed training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches: toward a deeper understanding of their choices and insights (part II). Journal of Human Kinetics. 89 (1), pp. 187-211. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/174071Trackman 4: Within and between-session reliability and inter-relationships of launch monitor metrics during indoor testing in high-level golfers
Bishop, C., Wells, J., Ehlert, A., Turner, A., Coughlan, D., Sachs, N. and Murray, A. 2023. Trackman 4: Within and between-session reliability and inter-relationships of launch monitor metrics during indoor testing in high-level golfers. Journal of Sports Sciences. 41 (23), pp. 2138-2143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2024.2314864Change of direction speed and deficit over single and multiple changes of direction: Influence of biological age in youth basketball players
Gonzalo-Skok, O. and Bishop, C. 2023. Change of direction speed and deficit over single and multiple changes of direction: Influence of biological age in youth basketball players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 41 (15), pp. 1490-1497. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2279817Relationship between kinetic and kinematic measures of the countermovement jump and national weightlifting performance
Chavda, S., Lake, J., Comfort, P., Bishop, C., Joffe, S. and Turner, A. 2023. Relationship between kinetic and kinematic measures of the countermovement jump and national weightlifting performance. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-023-00245-wChange-of-direction and deceleration deficits in national-team female rugby sevens players: interrelationships and associations with speed-related performance
Freitas, T., Pereira, L., Zabaloy, S., Alcaraz, P., Arruda, A., Mercer, V., Bishop, C. and Loturco, I. 2023. Change-of-direction and deceleration deficits in national-team female rugby sevens players: interrelationships and associations with speed-related performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 18 (9), pp. 1079-1084. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2023-0150Strength and conditioning practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches
Loturco, I., Haugen, T., Freitas, T., Bishop, C., Moura, T., Mercer, V., Alcaraz, P., Pereira, L. and Weldon, A. 2023. Strength and conditioning practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches. Journal of Human Kinetics. 86, pp. 175-194. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/159646Monitoring lower limb biomechanical asymmetry and psychological measures in athletic populations - A scoping review
Keogh, J., Waddington, E., Masood, Z., Mahmood, S., Palanisamy, A., Ruder, M., Karsan, S., Bishop, C., Jordan, M., Heisz, J. and Kobsar, D. 2023. Monitoring lower limb biomechanical asymmetry and psychological measures in athletic populations - A scoping review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 33 (11), pp. 2125-2148. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14460Plyometric training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches: Toward a deeper understanding of their choices and insight
Loturco, I., Pereira, L., Freitas, T., Moura, T.B.M.A., Mercer, V., Fernandes, V., Moura, N.S.A., Moura, N.A., Zajac, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Plyometric training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches: Toward a deeper understanding of their choices and insight. Journal of Human Kinetics. 88, pp. 131-150. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/169167Time to consider the potential role of alternative resistance training methods in cancer management?
Bettariga, F., Bishop, C., Taaffe, D., Galvao, D., Maestroni, L. and Newton, R. 2023. Time to consider the potential role of alternative resistance training methods in cancer management? Journal of Sport and Health Science. 12 (6), pp. 715-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.007Tracking the reliability of force plate-derived countermovement jump metrics over time in female basketball athletes: a comparison of principal component analysis vs. conventional methods
Keogh, J., Bishop, C., Ruder, M. and Kobsar, D. 2023. Tracking the reliability of force plate-derived countermovement jump metrics over time in female basketball athletes: a comparison of principal component analysis vs. conventional methods. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-023-00239-8Assessment of movement variability and time in a football reactive agility task depending on constraints
Morral Yepes, M., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Fernandez-Valdes, B., Bishop, C., Tuya, S. and Moras Feliu, G. 2023. Assessment of movement variability and time in a football reactive agility task depending on constraints. Sports Biomechanics. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2023.2214533Practices of strength and conditioning coaches across Chinese high-performance sports
Zhong, Y., Weldon, A., Bishop, C. and Li, Y. 2023. Practices of strength and conditioning coaches across Chinese high-performance sports. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 18 (5), pp. 1442-1455. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541231176491Physical preparation for golf
Coughlan, D., Tilley, N., Mackey, L., Scott, F., Brearley, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. Physical preparation for golf. Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal. 12, pp. 116-122.Assessing limb dominance and inter-limb asymmetries over multiple angles during change of direction speed tests in basketball players
Gonzalo-Skok, O., Dos'Santos, T. and Bishop, C. 2023. Assessing limb dominance and inter-limb asymmetries over multiple angles during change of direction speed tests in basketball players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (12), pp. 2423-2430. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004558Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation
Galati, D., Turner, A., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2023. Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in high-level male ice hockey: a survey-based investigation. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (11), pp. 2241-2250. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004541Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions
Chavda, S., Comfort, P., Lake, J., Bishop, C. and Turner, A. 2023. Predicting weight category specific performance zones for Olympic, World and European weightlifting competitions. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2657-2662. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004511A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Xu, J., Turner, A., Comfort, P., Harry, J., McMahon, J., Chavda, S. and Bishop, C. 2023. A systematic review of the different calculation methods for measuring jump height during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Sports Medicine. 53 (5), pp. 1055-1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01828-xMeasuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations
Bishop, C., de Keijzer, K., Turner, A. and Beato, M. 2023. Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (3), pp. 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004384A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance
Collins, J., Bishop, C., Hills, F., Spiegelhalter, A., Cohen, R. and Turner, A. 2023. A survey into the use of priming techniques implemented by athletes and coaches to improve athletic performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (1), pp. 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004220Interlimb asymmetries in swimming and their impact on performance: evidence from a scoping review
Knihs, D., Bishop, C., Zimmerman, H. and Dal Pupo, J. 2023. Interlimb asymmetries in swimming and their impact on performance: evidence from a scoping review. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (6), pp. 642-662. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000769Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed
Brennan, A., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Broadie, M., Coughlan, D., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. Monitoring performance in golf: more than just clubhead speed. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 45 (6), pp. 631-641. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000764The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting
Bettariga, F., Maestroni, L., Martorelli, L., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2023. The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (7), pp. 1390-1396. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004424Optimal velocity loss threshold for inducing post activation potentiation in track and field athletes
Yuan, Z., Liao, K., Zhang, Y., Han, M., Bishop, C., Chen, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, G. and Li, Y. 2023. Optimal velocity loss threshold for inducing post activation potentiation in track and field athletes. Biology of Sport. 40 (2), pp. 603-609. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.119284Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit, and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change?
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Loturco, I., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2023. Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit, and inter-limb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: which metrics are sensitive to change? The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (2), pp. 358-365. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004248A comparison of vertical and horizontal reactive strength index variants and association with change of direction performance
Šarabon, N., Kozinc, Ž. and Bishop, C. 2023. A comparison of vertical and horizontal reactive strength index variants and association with change of direction performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37 (1), pp. 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004193Residual deficits in reactive strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in soccer players
Read, P.J., Davies, W.T., Bishop, C., Mc Auliffe, S., Wilson, M.G. and Turner, A. 2023. Residual deficits in reactive strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in soccer players. Journal of Athletic Training. 58 (5), pp. 423-429. https://doi.org/10.4085/0169-20Why sports should embrace bilateral asymmetry: A narrative review
Afonso, J., Pena, J., Sa, M., Virgile, A., Garcia-de-Alcaraz, A. and Bishop, C. 2022. Why sports should embrace bilateral asymmetry: A narrative review. Symmetry. 14 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14101993The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Bettariga, F., Turner, A., Maloney, S., Maestroni, L., Jarvis, P. and Bishop, C. 2022. The effects of training interventions on inter-limbs asymmetries: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (5), pp. 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000701Bilateral deficit in the countermovement jump and its associations with judo-specific performance
Kons, R., Ache-Dias, J., Gheller, R., Bishop, C. and Detanico, D. 2023. Bilateral deficit in the countermovement jump and its associations with judo-specific performance. Research in Sports Medicine. 31 (5), pp. 638-649. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2021.2024542Does size matter? Effects of small vs. large pitch small-sided game training on speed and endurance in collegiate soccer players
Faga, J., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2022. Does size matter? Effects of small vs. large pitch small-sided game training on speed and endurance in collegiate soccer players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 18 (6), pp. 2033-2043. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221126955Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application
Bishop, C., Jarvis, P., Turner, A. and Balsalobre-Fernández, C. 2022. Validity and reliability of strategy metrics to assess countermovement jump performance using the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone application. Journal of Human Kinetics. 83, pp. 185-195. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0098Post-activation performance enhancement in sprinters: effects of hard versus sand surfaces
Pereira, L., Boullosa, D., Moura, T., Mercer, V., Fernandes, V., Bishop, C. and Loturco, I. 2022. Post-activation performance enhancement in sprinters: effects of hard versus sand surfaces. Journal of Human Kinetics. 82 (1), pp. 173-180. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0062Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players
Bishop, C., Manuel, J., Drury, B., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2022. Assessing eccentric hamstring strength using the Nordbord: between-session reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2552-2557. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004303Momentum-based load prescriptions: applications to jump squat training
Harry, J., Krzyszkowski, J., Harris, K., Chowning, L., Mackey, E., Bishop, C. and Barker, L. 2022. Momentum-based load prescriptions: applications to jump squat training. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (9), pp. 2657-2662. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004294Strength and conditioning for golf athletes: biomechanics, injury risk, physical requirements, and recommendations for testing and training
Bishop, C., Ehlert, A., Wells, J., Brearley, S., Brennan, A. and Coughlan, D. 2022. Strength and conditioning for golf athletes: biomechanics, injury risk, physical requirements, and recommendations for testing and training. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (64), pp. 7-18.Associations between differing magnitudes of inter-limb asymmetry and linear and change of direction speed performance in male youth soccer players
Işın, A., Akdağ, E., Özdoğan, E. and Bishop, C. 2022. Associations between differing magnitudes of inter-limb asymmetry and linear and change of direction speed performance in male youth soccer players. Biomedical Human Kinetics. 14 (1), pp. 67-74. https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2022-0009Effects of direction-specific training interventions on physical performance and inter-limb asymmetries
Gonzalo-Skok, O., Sánchez-Sabaté, J., Tous-Fajardo, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Bishop, C. and Piedrafita, E. 2022. Effects of direction-specific training interventions on physical performance and inter-limb asymmetries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (3), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031029Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training
Turner, A., Read, P., Maestroni, L., Chavda, S., Yao, X., Papadopoulos, K., Virgile, A., Spiegelhalter, A. and Bishop, C. 2022. Reverse engineering in strength and conditioning: applications to agility training. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000681Percentage-based change of direction deficit: a new approach to standardize time- and velocity-derived calculations
Freitas, T., Pereira, L., Alcaraz, P., Azevedo, P., Bishop, C. and Loturco, I. 2022. Percentage-based change of direction deficit: a new approach to standardize time- and velocity-derived calculations. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (12), pp. 3521-3526. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004118Effects of unilateral vs. bilateral resistance training interventions on measures of strength, jump, linear and change of direction speed: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Liao, K., Nassis, G., Bishop, C., Yang, W., Bian, C. and Li, Y. 2022. Effects of unilateral vs. bilateral resistance training interventions on measures of strength, jump, linear and change of direction speed: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biology of Sport. 39 (3), pp. 485-497. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.107024“Small steps, or giant leaps?” Comparing game demands of U23, U18, and U16 English academy soccer and their associations with speed and endurance
Smalley, B., Bishop, C. and Maloney, S. 2022. “Small steps, or giant leaps?” Comparing game demands of U23, U18, and U16 English academy soccer and their associations with speed and endurance. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 17 (1), pp. 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211018771Effects of a resistance training intervention on the strength-deficit of elite young soccer players
Loturco, I., Pereira, L., Bishop, C., Zanetti, V., Freitas, T. and Pareja-Blanco, J. 2022. Effects of a resistance training intervention on the strength-deficit of elite young soccer players. Biology of Sport. 39 (3), pp. 615-619. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.106157Enhancing high-intensity actions during a basketball game after a strength training program with random recovery times between sets
Arede, J., Leite, N., Tous-Fajardo, J., Bishop, C. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2022. Enhancing high-intensity actions during a basketball game after a strength training program with random recovery times between sets. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (7), pp. 1989-1997. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004002Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Chavda, S., Jarvis, P., Brazier, J., Bromley, T. and Turner, A. 2022. Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (4), pp. 1031-1037. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003565The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Read, P., Bromley, T., Brazier, J., Jarvis, P., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2022. The association between Interlimb asymmetry and athletic performance tasks: a season long study in elite academy soccer players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 36 (3), pp. 787-795. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003526
Effects of three different combined training interventions on jump, change of direction, power performance, and inter-limb asymmetry in male youth soccer players
Moreno-Azze, A., Arjol-Serrano, J., Falcón-Miguel, D., Bishop, C. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2021. Effects of three different combined training interventions on jump, change of direction, power performance, and inter-limb asymmetry in male youth soccer players. Sports. 9 (12), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9120158No relationship between lean mass and functional asymmetry in high-level female tennis players
Chapelle, L., Bishop, C., Clarys, P. and D’Hondt, E. 2021. No relationship between lean mass and functional asymmetry in high-level female tennis players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211928Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Read, P. and Bishop, C. 2021. Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 52 (2), pp. 301-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01566-yStrength and conditioning in schools: a strategy to optimise health, fitness and physical activity in youths
Till, K., Bruce, A., Green, T., Morris, S., Boret, S. and Bishop, C. 2021. Strength and conditioning in schools: a strategy to optimise health, fitness and physical activity in youths. British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104509Effects of strength training on jump performance and bilateral deficit in Premier League academy soccer players
Bishop, C., Abbott, W., Brashill, C., Read, P., Loturco, I., Beato, M. and Turner, A. 2021. Effects of strength training on jump performance and bilateral deficit in Premier League academy soccer players. Professional Strength and Conditioning. (62), pp. 7-14.Intra- and inter-limb strength asymmetry in soccer: a comparison of professional and under-18 players
Bishop, C., Coratella, G. and Beato, M. 2021. Intra- and inter-limb strength asymmetry in soccer: a comparison of professional and under-18 players. Sports. 9 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9090129Seasonal variation of inter-limb jumping asymmetries in youth team-sport athletes
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Bishop, C., Buscà, B., Vicens-Bordas, J. and Arboix-Alió, J. 2021. Seasonal variation of inter-limb jumping asymmetries in youth team-sport athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39 (24), pp. 2850-2858. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1968123A framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests
Bishop, C., Turner, A., Jordan, M., Harry, J., Loturco, I., Lake, J. and Comfort, P. 2022. A framework to guide practitioners when selecting metrics during the countermovement and drop jump tests. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 44 (4), pp. 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000677Comparison of three eccentric overload training strategies on power output and interlimb asymmetry in youth soccer players
Moreno-Azze, A., Arjol-Serrano, J.L., Falcón-Miguel, D., Bishop, C. and Gonzalo-Skok, O. 2021. Comparison of three eccentric overload training strategies on power output and interlimb asymmetry in youth soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168270Inter-limb jump asymmetries and their association with sport-specific performance in young male and female swimmers
Phukan, M., Thapa, R., Kumar, G., Bishop, C., Chaabene, H. and Ramirez-Campillo, R. 2021. Inter-limb jump asymmetries and their association with sport-specific performance in young male and female swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147324Variations in the physical performance of Olympic boxers over a four-day national qualifying tournament
Loturco, I., McGuigan, M., Freitas, T., Bishop, C., Alcaraz, P., Romano, F., Alves, M., Reis, V., Pereira, L. and Franchini, E. 2021. Variations in the physical performance of Olympic boxers over a four-day national qualifying tournament. Sports. 9 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9050062International vs. National female tennis players: a comparison of upper and lower extremity functional asymmetries
Chapelle, L., Bishop, C., Clarys, P. and D'Hondt, E. 2021. International vs. National female tennis players: a comparison of upper and lower extremity functional asymmetries. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12482-XAssociations between inter-limb asymmetries in jump and change of direction speed tests and physical performance in adolescent female soccer players
Pardos-Mainer, E., Bishop, C., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Nobari, H., Pérez-Gómez, J. and Lozano, D. 2021. Associations between inter-limb asymmetries in jump and change of direction speed tests and physical performance in adolescent female soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073474Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Marshall, J., Bishop, C., Turner, A. and Haff, G. 2021. Optimal training sequences to develop lower body force, velocity, power, and jump height: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. 51 (6), pp. 1245-1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01430-zStrength and conditioning practices and perspectives of volleyball coaches and players
Weldon, A., Mak, J., Wong, S., Duncan, M., Clarke, N. and Bishop, C. 2021. Strength and conditioning practices and perspectives of volleyball coaches and players. Sports. 9 (2), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9020028Effects of training on sand or hard surfaces on sprint and jump performance of team-sport players: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Pereira, L., Freitas, T., Marín-Cascales, E., Bishop, C., McGuigan, M. and Loturco, I. 2021. Effects of training on sand or hard surfaces on sprint and jump performance of team-sport players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (3), pp. 56-66. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000634Unilateral vs. bilateral hamstring strength assessments: comparing reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in female soccer players
Cuthbert, M., Comfort, P., Ripley, N., McMahon, J., Evans, M. and Bishop, C. 2021. Unilateral vs. bilateral hamstring strength assessments: comparing reliability and inter-limb asymmetries in female soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 39 (13), pp. 1481-1488. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1880180Effects of flywheel training on strength-related variables in female populations. A systematic review
Raya-González, J., de Keijzer, K., Bishop, C. and Beato, M. 2022. Effects of flywheel training on strength-related variables in female populations. A systematic review. Research in Sports Medicine. 30 (4), pp. 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2020.1870977Video-based biomechanical analysis of an unexpected Achilles tendon rupture in an Olympic sprinter
Loturco, I., De la Fuente, C., Bishop, C., Nichioka, H., Lessio, D., Moreno, C., Pereira, L. and Carpes, F. 2021. Video-based biomechanical analysis of an unexpected Achilles tendon rupture in an Olympic sprinter. Journal of Biomechanics. 117, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110246Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations
Beato, M., Maroto, S., Turner, A. and Bishop, C. 2021. Implementing strength training strategies for injury prevention in soccer: scientific rationale and methodological recommendations. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 16 (3), pp. 456-461. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0862Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications
Turner, A., Comfort, P., McMahon, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Read, P., Mundy, P. and Lake, J. 2021. Developing powerful athletes part 2: practical applications. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 43 (1), pp. 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000544Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance
Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Dawes, J., Madruga, M., Romero-Rodrigues, D., Chavda, S. and Turner, A. 2021. Unilateral isometric squat: test reliability, interlimb asymmetries, and relationships with limb dominance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 35, pp. S144-S151. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003079Levels of agreement for the direction of inter-limb asymmetry during four simple change-of-direction tests in young male handball players: a pilot study
Kozinc, Ž., Bishop, C., Pleša, J. and Šarabon, N. 2021. Levels of agreement for the direction of inter-limb asymmetry during four simple change-of-direction tests in young male handball players: a pilot study. Symmetry. 13 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101940