The accreditation of work experience: whose interest does it serve?
Article
Gibbs, P. and Morris, A. 2001. The accreditation of work experience: whose interest does it serve? The Learning Organization. 8 (2), pp. 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1108/09696470110388044
| Type | Article |
|---|---|
| Title | The accreditation of work experience: whose interest does it serve? |
| Authors | Gibbs, P. and Morris, A. |
| Abstract | Analyses of work based learning (such as that offered by Brennan and Little) have typically ignored the issue of ownership of knowledge. Here the authors consider this issue as it relates to accreditation in the UK higher education sector, arguing that the points raised have relevance for the international community. The main argument is that employing organisations are the main beneficiaries of accreditation, and as such universities need to make a much clearer case for work based learning to safeguard learners – and society – from exploitation and the universities from becoming vessels for narrowly defined performance statements, unworthy of higher education. |
| Research Group | Centre for Education Research and Scholarship (CERS) |
| Publisher | MCB University Press |
| Journal | The Learning Organization |
| ISSN | 0969-6474 |
| Publication dates | |
| 01 May 2001 | |
| Publication process dates | |
| Deposited | 23 Jun 2009 |
| Output status | Published |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1108/09696470110388044 |
| Language | English |
Permalink -
https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/item/81v47
54
total views0
total downloads3
views this month0
downloads this month
Export as
Related outputs
Coda
Gibbs, P. 2024. Coda. in: Waddington, K. and Bonaparte, B. (ed.) Developing Pedagogies of Compassion in Higher Education: A Practice First Approach Cham Springer. pp. 283-290Is student wellbeing better served by an ethic of care or a duty of care? A perspective on the current debate in English higher educational establishments
Gibbs, P. and Dalingwater, L. 2024. Is student wellbeing better served by an ethic of care or a duty of care? A perspective on the current debate in English higher educational establishments. The International Journal of Health, Wellness and Society. 14 (3), pp. 31-43. https://doi.org/10.18848/2156-8960/CGP/v14i03/31-43Improving the administrative environment to boost international student enrollment in Georgia
Gibbs, P. 2024. Improving the administrative environment to boost international student enrollment in Georgia. Tbilisi, Georgia Investors Council of Georgia.How do scholars and academics differ?
Gibbs, P. 2024. How do scholars and academics differ? in: Gibbs, P., de Rijke, V. and Peterson, A. (ed.) The contemporary scholar in higher education: forms, ethos and world view Cham Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 5-19Quality assurance of higher education in the South Caucasus
Gibbs, P., Tavadze, G. and Grdzelidze, I. 2023. Quality assurance of higher education in the South Caucasus. Quality in Higher Education. 29 (1), pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2022.2100598Conceptualizing a transdisciplinary nexus for addressing complex problems
Gibbs, P. and McGregor, S. 2023. Conceptualizing a transdisciplinary nexus for addressing complex problems. Futures. 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2023.103261Transdisciplinarity as subversion: in space and place
Gibbs, P. 2023. Transdisciplinarity as subversion: in space and place. Quality in Higher Education. 29 (3), pp. 374-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2022.2156027A study into Georgian universities' approach to the national standards of quality for teaching and learning
Gibbs, P., Sharvashidze, G., Grdzelidze, I., Cherkezishvili, D., Sanikdz, T., lazarashvili, G. and Tavadze, G. 2023. A study into Georgian universities' approach to the national standards of quality for teaching and learning. Journal of Further and Higher Education. 47 (1), pp. 59-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2022.2091922A transdisciplinary currere
Gibbs, P. 2022. A transdisciplinary currere. Journal of Educational Studies. 21 (2), pp. 6-17.Transcending a single reality: transdisciplinarity, the emerging forces of spirituality and a pedagogy of self-cultivation
Gibbs, P. 2022. Transcending a single reality: transdisciplinarity, the emerging forces of spirituality and a pedagogy of self-cultivation. in: Bengtsen, S. and Gildersleeve, R. (ed.) Transformation of the University: Hopeful Futures for Higher Education Routledge. pp. 44-58Student Relational Bonding - the key to focusing on needs of the individual - a UK study
Gibbs, P., Dean, A. and Mclean, J. 2022. Student Relational Bonding - the key to focusing on needs of the individual - a UK study. Journal of Further and Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2022.2089943The struggling towards a transdisciplinary metaphysics
Gibbs, P. 2022. The struggling towards a transdisciplinary metaphysics. Postdigital Science and Education. 4 (3), pp. 649-657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-021-00278-wCan academics be trusted to be truth-tellers more than the rest of society?
Gibbs, P. 2021. Can academics be trusted to be truth-tellers more than the rest of society? in: Bengtsen, S., Robinson, S. and Shumar, W. (ed.) The University Becoming: Perspectives from Philosophy and Social Theory Cham Switzerland Springer International.Review Symposium: Claudia Rozas Gómez, Paul Gibbs and Petra Mikulan on Peter Roberts and Herner Saeverot’s Education and the limits of reason: Reading Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Nabokov, with a response from the authors, Roberts, P., & Saeverot, H. (2018). Education and the limits of reason: Reading Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Nabokov. Routledge.
Gibbs, P., Rozas Gómez, C. and Mikulan, P. 2021. Review Symposium: Claudia Rozas Gómez, Paul Gibbs and Petra Mikulan on Peter Roberts and Herner Saeverot’s Education and the limits of reason: Reading Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Nabokov, with a response from the authors, Roberts, P., & Saeverot, H. (2018). Education and the limits of reason: Reading Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Nabokov. Routledge. Educational Philosophy and Theory. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2021.1923005Modern challenges: the socio-political issues of introducing professional and practice in doctoral education in the emerging economy of Georgia
Cherkezishvili, D., Sanikidze, T. and Gibbs, P. 2020. Modern challenges: the socio-political issues of introducing professional and practice in doctoral education in the emerging economy of Georgia. Quality in Higher Education. 26 (1), pp. 98-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2020.1728834Islam on campus: contested identities and the cultures of higher education in Britain [Book review]
Gibbs, P. 2021. Islam on campus: contested identities and the cultures of higher education in Britain [Book review]. Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00688-6Scholasticism with a transdisciplinary attitude
Gibbs, P. 2021. Scholasticism with a transdisciplinary attitude. Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering and Science. 12, pp. 137-146. https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00161The contribution to climate change research of the Professional Doctorate and PhD: more of the same but of a different flavour?
Gibbs, P. 2021. The contribution to climate change research of the Professional Doctorate and PhD: more of the same but of a different flavour? in: Barnacle, R. and Cuthbert, D. (ed.) The PhD at the End of the World: Provocations for the Doctorate and a Future Contested Cham, Switzerland Springer.A pedagogy of emergent self-cultivation; why students should have a “sameness” and why they should not
Gibbs, P. 2021. A pedagogy of emergent self-cultivation; why students should have a “sameness” and why they should not. Philosophy and Theory in Higher Education. 3 (2), pp. 43-58. https://doi.org/10.3726/ptihe022021.0003Contemporary thinking on transdisciplinary knowledge: what those who know, know
Gibbs, P. and Beavis, A. 2020. Contemporary thinking on transdisciplinary knowledge: what those who know, know. Cham, Switzerland Springer.Being in the hidden third: Insights into transdisciplinary ontology
McGregor, S. and Gibbs, P. 2020. Being in the hidden third: Insights into transdisciplinary ontology. Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering and Science. 11, pp. 142-157. https://doi.org/10.22545/2020/00139The paths and the ways: an insight into transdisciplinarity
Gibbs, P. 2020. The paths and the ways: an insight into transdisciplinarity. Educação e Filosofia. 33 (69), pp. 1295-1322. https://doi.org/10.14393/REVEDFIL.v33n69a2019-56406What might the Pandemic have done to and for higher education?
Gibbs, P. 2020. What might the Pandemic have done to and for higher education? Softic, K., Teixeira, A. and Szucs, A. (ed.) EDEN 2020 Online Research Workshop. Virtual hosted by Universidade Aberta, Portugal 21 - 23 Oct 2020 European Distance and E-Learning Network (EDEN). pp. 417-421 https://doi.org/10.38069/edenconf-2020-rw-0046Martin Heidegger (1889–1976): Higher Education as Thinking
Gibbs, P. 2020. Martin Heidegger (1889–1976): Higher Education as Thinking. in: Barnett, R. and Fulford, A. (ed.) Philosophers on the University: Reconsidering Higher Education Cham, Switzerland Springer.Why academics should have a duty of truth telling in an epoch of post-truth?
Gibbs, P. 2019. Why academics should have a duty of truth telling in an epoch of post-truth? Higher Education. 78 (3), pp. 501-510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0354-yThe three goods of higher education; as education, in its educative and in its institutional practices
Gibbs, P. 2019. The three goods of higher education; as education, in its educative and in its institutional practices. Oxford Review of Education. 45 (3), pp. 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2018.1552127A transcending a single reality
Gibbs, P. 2018. A transcending a single reality. Educational Philosophy and Theory. 50 (50), pp. 1391-1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2018.1474628An investigation into the dialectic of Academic Teaching Identity: Some preliminary findings [Presentation]
Ryder, A., Lazar, G., Gibbs, P. and Davis, C. 2016. An investigation into the dialectic of Academic Teaching Identity: Some preliminary findings [Presentation]. London, United Kingdom Society for Research into Higher Education.Trust in the university
Gibbs, P. 2018. Trust in the university. in: Barnett, R. and Peters, M. (ed.) The Idea of the University: Contemporary Perspectives, Volume 2 Peter Lang.The marketingization of higher education
Gibbs, P. 2018. The marketingization of higher education. in: Peters, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory Singapore Springer.To be or not to be professional: the case for higher education teaching as an occupation
Gibbs, P. 2018. To be or not to be professional: the case for higher education teaching as an occupation. in: Peters, M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory Singapore Springer.Why universities should seek happiness and contentment
Gibbs, P. 2017. Why universities should seek happiness and contentment. London Bloomsbury Academic.Literature review on the use of action research in higher education
Gibbs, P., Cartney, P., Wilkinson, K., Parkinson, J., Cunningham, S., James-Reynolds, C., Zoubir, T., Brown, V., Barter, P., Sumner, P., MacDonald, A., Dayananda, A. and Pitt, A. 2017. Literature review on the use of action research in higher education. Educational Action Research. 25 (1), pp. 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2015.1124046Should contentment be a key aim in higher education?
Gibbs, P. 2017. Should contentment be a key aim in higher education? Educational Philosophy and Theory. 49 (3), pp. 242-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2016.1214898Higher education marketing – does inducing anxiety facilitate critical thinking or more consumerism?
Gibbs, P. 2018. Higher education marketing – does inducing anxiety facilitate critical thinking or more consumerism? Journal of Marketing for Higher Education. 28 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2017.1311979The professional and personal values and their revelation through professional doctorates
Gibbs, P. and Maguire, K. 2016. The professional and personal values and their revelation through professional doctorates. Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning. 6 (3), pp. 237-248. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-02-2016-0010Thinking transdisciplinarily on a country path: rooting enquiry and pedagogy by learning from Heidegger and the Zhongyong (中庸)
Gibbs, P. 2016. Thinking transdisciplinarily on a country path: rooting enquiry and pedagogy by learning from Heidegger and the Zhongyong (中庸). Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering and Science. 7, pp. 33-42. https://doi.org/10.22545/2016/00075Do higher education institutes communicate trust well?
Gibbs, P. and Dean, A. 2015. Do higher education institutes communicate trust well? Journal of Marketing for Higher Education. 25 (2), pp. 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2015.1059918Contentment and education
Gibbs, P. 2016. Contentment and education. Journal of East-West Thought. 6 (2), pp. 23-34.Transdisciplinarity as epistemology, ontology or principles of practical judgement
Gibbs, P. 2015. Transdisciplinarity as epistemology, ontology or principles of practical judgement. in: Gibbs, P. (ed.) Transdisciplinary Professional Learning and Practcie Dordrecht Springer. pp. 151-164Privacy, analytics and marketing higher education
Gibbs, P. 2014. Privacy, analytics and marketing higher education. in: Menon, M., Terkla, D. and Gibbs, P. (ed.) Using data to improve Higher Education: Research Policy and Practice Rotterdam Sense.Happiness not salaries: the decline of universities and the emergence of higher education
Gibbs, P. 2014. Happiness not salaries: the decline of universities and the emergence of higher education. in: Gibbs, P. and Barnett, R. (ed.) Thinking about higher education Cham Springer. pp. 37-50If time doesn't exist, why are we learning about the past?
Gibbs, P. 2015. If time doesn't exist, why are we learning about the past? in: Gibbs, P., Ylijoki, O., Guzmán-Valenzuela, C. and Barnett, R. (ed.) Universities in the flux of time: An exploration of time and temporality in university life London Routledge. pp. 46-56An evaluation of the link between subjects studied in hospitality courses in Cyprus and career success: Perceptions of industry professionals
Marneros, S. and Gibbs, P. 2015. An evaluation of the link between subjects studied in hospitality courses in Cyprus and career success: Perceptions of industry professionals. Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning. 5 (3), pp. 228-241. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-01-2015-0001Student satisfaction or happiness? : a preliminary rethink of what is important in the student experience
Gibbs, P. and Dean, A. 2015. Student satisfaction or happiness? : a preliminary rethink of what is important in the student experience. Quality Assurance in Education.. 23 (1), pp. 5-19. https://doi.org/0.1108/QAE-10-2013-0044Happiness and education: troubling students for their own contentment
Gibbs, P. 2015. Happiness and education: troubling students for their own contentment. Time & Society. 24 (1), pp. 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X14561780Troubling the notion of satisfied students
Gibbs, P. and Dean, A. 2014. Troubling the notion of satisfied students. Higher Education Quarterly. 68 (4), pp. 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12039Deliberation, capability and action research: knowledge and becoming
Gibbs, P. 2014. Deliberation, capability and action research: knowledge and becoming. Educational Action Research. 22 (3), pp. 428-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2013.874955Research paradigms of practice, work and learning
Gibbs, P. 2014. Research paradigms of practice, work and learning. in: Billett, S., Harteis, C. and Gruber, H. (ed.) International Handbook of Research in Professional and Practice-based Learning Springer. pp. 257-277Role virtue ethics and academic ethics: a consideration of academic freedom
Gibbs, P. 2013. Role virtue ethics and academic ethics: a consideration of academic freedom. International Journal of Educational Management. 27 (7).The phenomenology of professional practice: a currere
Gibbs, P. 2014. The phenomenology of professional practice: a currere. Studies in Continuing Education. 36 (2), pp. 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2013.825765Guest editorial: UALL Conference 2012. Higher Education Skills and Work-Based Learning, 3 (2) . pp. 88-93. ISSN 2042-3896
Gibbs, P., Jones, W. and Oosthuizen, S. 2013. Guest editorial: UALL Conference 2012. Higher Education Skills and Work-Based Learning, 3 (2) . pp. 88-93. ISSN 2042-3896. Emerald Publishing Limited.Happiness and education: recognising a fundamental attunement
Gibbs, P. 2014. Happiness and education: recognising a fundamental attunement. in: Papastephanou, M. (ed.) Philosophical Perspectives on Compulsory Education Springer. pp. 183-191When will I be a teacher?
Gibbs, P. 2014. When will I be a teacher? in: Reid, A., Hart, E. and Peters, M. (ed.) A Companion to Research in Education Springer. pp. 193-195Adopting consumer time and the marketing of higher education
Gibbs, P. 2010. Adopting consumer time and the marketing of higher education. in: Molesworth, M., Scullion, R. and Nixon, E. (ed.) The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer London Routledge. pp. 52-63Doing work based research: approaches to enquiry for insider research
Costley, C., Elliott, G. and Gibbs, P. 2010. Doing work based research: approaches to enquiry for insider research. London Sage.Exploring the notion of quality in quality higher education assessment in a collaborative future
Maguire, K. and Gibbs, P. 2013. Exploring the notion of quality in quality higher education assessment in a collaborative future. Quality in Higher Education. 19 (1), pp. 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2013.774220A model for student adoption of online interactivity
Karamanos, N. and Gibbs, P. 2012. A model for student adoption of online interactivity. Research in Post-Compulsory Education. 17 (3), pp. 321-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/13596748.2012.700108A Heideggerian phenomenology approach to higher education as workplace: a consideration of academic professionalism
Gibbs, P. 2009. A Heideggerian phenomenology approach to higher education as workplace: a consideration of academic professionalism. Studies in Philosophy and Education. 29 (3), pp. 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-009-9175-xHeidegger: time, work and the challenges for higher education
Gibbs, P. 2010. Heidegger: time, work and the challenges for higher education. Time & Society. 19 (3), pp. 387-403. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X09354438Higher education quality and work-based learning: two concepts not yet fully integrated
Gibbs, P. and Armsby, P. 2010. Higher education quality and work-based learning: two concepts not yet fully integrated. Quality in Higher Education. 16 (2), pp. 185-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2010.485729The community of workers' university: a pragmatic institution for the future?
Gibbs, P. and Costley, C. 2012. The community of workers' university: a pragmatic institution for the future? Higher Education Quarterly. 66 (1), pp. 90-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2273.2011.00507.xAn Aristotelian model for ethical higher education marketing: the role of practical wisdom
Gibbs, P. 2011. An Aristotelian model for ethical higher education marketing: the role of practical wisdom. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education. 21 (2), pp. 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2011.623732The concept of profound boredom: learning from moments of vision
Gibbs, P. 2011. The concept of profound boredom: learning from moments of vision. Studies in Philosophy and Education. 30 (6), pp. 601-613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-011-9256-5Finding quality in being good enough conversations
Gibbs, P. 2011. Finding quality in being good enough conversations. Quality in Higher Education. 17 (2), pp. 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2011.582798Heidegger’s contribution to the understanding of work-based studies.
Gibbs, P. 2011. Heidegger’s contribution to the understanding of work-based studies. Springer.The metaphor of therapy and its use in the learning of a workplace identity
Maguire, K. and Gibbs, P. 2011. The metaphor of therapy and its use in the learning of a workplace identity. Journal of Vocational Education and Training. 63 (4), pp. 619-628. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2011.600834What have friends got to do with critical friendship? – an Aristotelian approach.
Gibbs, P. 2007. What have friends got to do with critical friendship? – an Aristotelian approach. British Educational Research Association (BERA2007). Institute of Education, University of London 05 - 08 Sep 2007Marketing and education - utility and wisdom or immanence and transcendence.
Gibbs, P. 2007. Marketing and education - utility and wisdom or immanence and transcendence. Academy of Marketing Conference (AM2007). Royal Holloway Conference Centre, Egham, Surrey 03 - 06 Jul 2007Marketing of higher education in Europe.
Gibbs, P. 2005. Marketing of higher education in Europe. ERACON (European Erasmus Coordinators) Conference. Nicosia, Cyprus 02 - 03 Jun 2005Skills, knowledge wisdom: what are the issues for good higher education marketing?
Gibbs, P. 2007. Skills, knowledge wisdom: what are the issues for good higher education marketing? European Conference on Higher Education Marketing. Budapest, Hungary 04 - 06 Apr 2007In the university’s mission of utility and wisdom how do you market wisdom?
Gibbs, P. 2007. In the university’s mission of utility and wisdom how do you market wisdom? 5th International conference: Researching Work and Learning on "Rethinking the 'Centre' and the 'Margins'. Cape Town, South Africa 02 - 05 Dec 2007Practical wisdom and the worker researcher.
Gibbs, P. 2007. Practical wisdom and the worker researcher. 5th International conference: Researching Work and Learning on "Rethinking the 'Centre' and the 'Margins'. Cape Town, South Africa 02 - 05 Dec 2007Quality in work based learning and studies - hidden or merely undiscovered?
Gibbs, P. 2008. Quality in work based learning and studies - hidden or merely undiscovered? Society for Research into Higher Education. Liverpool 09 - 11 Dec 2008The implementation of ethical higher education marketing.
Gibbs, P. 2008. The implementation of ethical higher education marketing. Society for Research into Higher Education. Liverpool 09 - 11 Dec 2008What is work? A Heideggerian insight into work as a site for learning.
Gibbs, P. 2008. What is work? A Heideggerian insight into work as a site for learning. Society for Research into Higher Education. Liverpool 09 - 11 Dec 2008Ethical marketing of higher education: what might be done to encourage its adoption?
Gibbs, P. and Murphy, P. 2009. Ethical marketing of higher education: what might be done to encourage its adoption? Higher Education Management and Policy. 21 (3), pp. 67-82.Implementation of ethical higher education marketing.
Gibbs, P. and Murphy, P. 2009. Implementation of ethical higher education marketing. Tertiary Education and Management. 15 (4), pp. 341-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583880903335472A Rresponse to 'Gibbs and the problems of satisfaction and well-being'.
Gibbs, P. 2009. A Rresponse to 'Gibbs and the problems of satisfaction and well-being'. Business Ethics: A European Review. 18 (4), pp. 412-413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01573.xMarketing-isation of higher education
Gibbs, P. 2008. Marketing-isation of higher education. DProf thesis Middlesex University Work based learningOld versus young generation values in Cyprus a world apart? Gender roles, family and sexual norms, and value change.
Gibbs, P. and Epaminonda, N. 2002. Old versus young generation values in Cyprus a world apart? Gender roles, family and sexual norms, and value change. in: Koiranen, M. and Karlsson, N. (ed.) The future of family business: values and social responsibility; research forum proceedings. Helsinki University of Jyväskylä..An exploratory use of the stakeholder approach to defining and measuring quality: the case of a Cypriot Higher Education Institution
Iacovidou, M., Gibbs, P. and Zopiatisc, A. 2009. An exploratory use of the stakeholder approach to defining and measuring quality: the case of a Cypriot Higher Education Institution. Quality in Higher Education. 15 (2), pp. 147 -165. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320902995774Adopting consumer time: the dangers for higher education
Gibbs, P. 2009. Adopting consumer time: the dangers for higher education. London Review of Education. 7 (2), pp. 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/14748460902990369Quality in work based studies not lost, merely undiscovered
Gibbs, P. 2009. Quality in work based studies not lost, merely undiscovered. Quality in Higher Education. 15 (2), pp. 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320902995782Gratitude in workplace research: a Rossian approach
Gibbs, P. 2009. Gratitude in workplace research: a Rossian approach. Journal of Education and Work. 22 (1), pp. 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080802709638Leading change in higher education
Gibbs, P. and McRoy, I. 2009. Leading change in higher education. Educational Management Administration and Leadership. 37 (5), pp. 687-704. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143209339655What is work? A Heideggerian insight into work as a site for learning
Gibbs, P. 2008. What is work? A Heideggerian insight into work as a site for learning. Journal of Education and Work. 21 (5), pp. 423-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080802580351